Fractionation and characterization of cell wall polysaccharides from coffee (Coffea arabica L.) pulp.

Cell wall polysaccharides were isolated by sequential extractions from coffee pulp, the main solid waste from coffee processing. Extractions were conducted with distilled water at room and boiling temperatures, 0.5 % ammonium oxalate and 0.05 M Na2CO3 to obtain pectic fractions. Hemicelluloses were extracted by using 2 M and 4 M NaOH. The composition of the hemicellulose fractions suggested the presence of xyloglucans, galactomannans and arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs). The main part of the cell wall polysaccharides recovered from coffee pulp were pectins branched with arabinogalactans. Coffee pulp pectic fractions were low-methoxylated with various amounts of protein (0.5-8.4 %) and phenolics (0.7-8.5 %). Detection at 280 nm in the HPSEC analyses and radial gel diffusion assay using Yariv reagent indicated the presence of AGPs in most of these fractions. NMR analyses of chelating agent (CSP) and dialyzed water (WSPD) extracted pectins were carried out. The results demonstrated that CSP contains only AG I. On the other hand, AG I and AG II are present in WSPD, probably covalently linked to the pectic portion. Comparison with the literature indicated similarities between the cell wall polysaccharides from coffee pulp and green coffee beans.

Ocotea nutans (Nees) Mez: structural elucidation of C-hetorosides flavonoids and evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial properties from ethyl acetate extract.

The Ocotea genus exhibits a variety of pharmacological, antibacterial and antioxidant effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential and antibacterial properties of the ethyl acetate fraction of Ocotea nutans leaves. Isolation and identification of the phenolic compounds from the fraction was also carried out. The isolated compounds were characterised by one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and identified as vitexin (1) and isovitexin (2). The ethyl acetate fraction of Ocotea nutans leaves demonstrated considerable antioxidant potential. The observed minimum inhibitory concentration of 250 µg.mL-1 was classified as a moderate antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis. Findings from this study demonstrate the utility of this plant as a potential source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal activity of extracts and fractions from Ocotea nutans (Nees) Mez against Aedes aegypti.

INTRODUCTION: Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue and yellow fever. Recently, the use of plant-sourced larvicides has gained momentum. METHODS: The hydroethanolic extracts and fractions ofOcotea nutansleaves and stems were bioassayed to determine the larvicidal efficacy of these samples. RESULTS: S-HEX (hexane fraction from the crude stem extract) demonstrated high potential for controlling third-stage larvae, with an LC50 of 14.14 µg.mL-1 (concentration required to inhibit 50% of the treated larvae). CONCLUSIONS: Extracts from O. nutans were effective against third-stage larvae ofA. aegyptiafter 24 h of exposure.

Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal activity of extracts and fractions from Ocotea nutans (Nees) Mez against Aedes aegypti

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue and yellow fever. Recently, the use of plant-sourced larvicides has gained momentum. METHODS: The hydroethanolic extracts and fractions ofOcotea nutansleaves and stems were bioassayed to determine the larvicidal efficacy of these samples. RESULTS: S-HEX (hexane fraction from the crude stem extract) demonstrated high potential for controlling third-stage larvae, with an LC50 of 14.14 µg.mL-1 (concentration required to inhibit 50% of the treated larvae). CONCLUSIONS Extracts from O. nutans were effective against third-stage larvae ofA. aegyptiafter 24 h of exposure.

Assessment of anthelmintic activity and bio-guided chemical analysis of Persea americana seed extracts.

The aim of this study was to characterize the extracts and fractions of Persea americana Mill. (Avocado) seeds and to determine the composition and the in vitro anthelmintic activity against third-stage larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus. The fresh (F) and dried (H) avocado seeds (PA) were subjected to extraction with hot water (W-PAF, W-PAH), ethanol (E-PAF, E-PAH) or methanol 70% (v/v), and partition with solvents of increasing polarity [n-hexane (H-PAF, H-PAH), chloroform (C-PAF, C-PAH), ethyl acetate (Ea-PAF, Ea-PAH), and n-butanol (B-PAF, B-PAH)], yielding a total of 14 extracts/fractions. After considering the yield, water solubility, and the preliminary results of the larval migration test (LMT), the E-PAF, E-PAH, H-PAF, and H-PAH were selected for further experiments. E-PAH presented an efficiency concentration of 50% (EC50) of 36 µg/mL on the LMT. E-PAH showed the greatest efficiency when its EC50 was compared to the other fractions (E-PAF = 147 µg/mL; H-PAF = 801 µg/mL; H-PAH = 77 µg/mL). After that, the E-PAH was chemically characterized, considering its quantitative polyphenolic and flavonoid contents by colorimetric and chromatographic techniques. E-PAH presented 50, 38, and 24 mg/g of dry matter of total phenol, condensed tannins (CT), and flavonoid contents, respectively. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, E-PAH had shown to have epicatechin (4.7 µg/mL), rutin (2.8 µg/mL), and chlorogenic acid (1.4 µg/mL) as its main constituents besides quercetin. These isolated compounds were evaluated using the LMT in order to relate the composition to the anthelmintic activity observed for E-PAH. Quercetin (EC50 = 7.8 µg/mL) and epicatechin (EC50 = 10 µg/mL) presented a higher efficiency than rutin (EC50 = 30 µg/mL). Chlorogenic acid was also tested with the LMT but did not present a significant efficiency. According to the results, the phenolic composition of E-PAH and the EC50 values obtained for the isolated phenols, it can be suggested that, besides the CT content, the presence of epicatechin and rutin contributed to the larvicidal activity of E-PAH. In conclusion, avocado seeds may be used as a source of polyphenols with promising anthelmintic applications.

Efeito anticoccidiano de extrato hidroalcoólico de Artemisia annua em camas de aves contaminadas com Eimeria sp / Anticoccidial effect of Artemisia annua hydroalcoholic extract in poultry beds contaminated with Eimeria sp

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do extrato hidroalcoólico de Artemisia annua frente a oocistos de Eimeria sp. em camas contaminadas. O extrato foi produzido com 7 dias de percolação a 4°C, sendo posteriormente realizada a marcha fitoquímica; dosagem de fenóis totais, quantificação de artemisinina, ensaio antioxidante e teste de toxicidade. Para testar a atividade anticoccidiana, camas de aves compostas de cepilho de árvores foram contaminadas com 5000 oocistos. Foram formados quatro tratamentos, em triplicata, nos quais foram usadas diferentes concentrações, sendo G1: 12mg/mL, G2: 8mg/mL, G3: 4mg/mL e C-: água. Após a contaminação, foram aspergidos, 800 mL dos extratos nas diferentes concentrações sobre as camas e coletadas, em triplicatas, 10 cm2 de cada local, aleatoriamente, nos tempos: 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, e 72 horas após a aplicação. Nas análises fitoquímicas, foram evidenciados diversos compostos com propriedades antiparasitárias, como flavonoides e taninos. O fitoterápico continha 59,409±1,47μg/dL de artemisinina. O produto na concentração de 12mg.mL-1 apresentou eficácia entre 45,5 e 42,1%. Os resultados dos testes bioquímicos, juntamente com os encontrados no teste anticoccidiano, evidenciaram que o extrato produzido possui alto potencial para combater Eimeria sp.

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia annua against oocysts of Eimeria sp. in contaminated poultry beds. The extract was produced after 7 days of storage at 4°C, which was used to perform the phytochemical screening; the artemisinin measurement; the total phenolic; antioxidant testing and toxicity test. To test the anticoccidial activity, the birds space composed of shaver trees, were contaminated with 5000 oocysts. Four treatment were formed, in triplicate, were used in different concentrations as G1: 12mg/mL, G2:= 9mg/mL, G3: 6mg/mL, and C-: water. After contamination 800 mL of the herbal at different concentrations were sprayed on the bed and collected, in triplicate, 10 cm2 each site, randomly, at times: 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after application. In phytochemical analysis, were shown compounds with antiparasitic properties, such as flavonoids and tannins. The herbal contained 59.409±1.47mg/dL artemisinin. The product at a concentration of 12mg.mL-1 showed efficacy from 44.25 to 40.71%. The results of biochemical tests, with the in vitro test showed that the extract has produced high potential for combating Eimeria sp.

Efeito anticoccidiano de extrato hidroalcoólico de Artemisia annua em camas de aves contaminadas com Eimeria sp / Anticoccidial effect of Artemisia annua hydroalcoholic extract in poultry beds contaminated with Eimeria sp

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do extrato hidroalcoólico de Artemisia annua frente a oocistos de Eimeria sp. em camas contaminadas. O extrato foi produzido com 7 dias de percolação a 4°C, sendo posteriormente realizada a marcha fitoquímica; dosagem de fenóis totais, quantificação de artemisinina, ensaio antioxidante e teste de toxicidade. Para testar a atividade anticoccidiana, camas de aves compostas de cepilho de árvores foram contaminadas com 5000 oocistos. Foram formados quatro tratamentos, em triplicata, nos quais foram usadas diferentes concentrações, sendo G1: 12mg/mL, G2: 8mg/mL, G3: 4mg/mL e C-: água. Após a contaminação, foram aspergidos, 800 mL dos extratos nas diferentes concentrações sobre as camas e coletadas, em triplicatas, 10 cm2 de cada local, aleatoriamente, nos tempos: 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, e 72 horas após a aplicação. Nas análises fitoquímicas, foram evidenciados diversos compostos com propriedades antiparasitárias, como flavonoides e taninos. O fitoterápico continha 59,409±1,47μg/dL de artemisinina. O produto na concentração de 12mg.mL-1 apresentou eficácia entre 45,5 e 42,1%. Os resultados dos testes bioquímicos, juntamente com os encontrados no teste anticoccidiano, evidenciaram que o extrato produzido possui alto potencial para combater Eimeria sp...

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia annua against oocysts of Eimeria sp. in contaminated poultry beds. The extract was produced after 7 days of storage at 4°C, which was used to perform the phytochemical screening; the artemisinin measurement; the total phenolic; antioxidant testing and toxicity test. To test the anticoccidial activity, the birds space composed of shaver trees, were contaminated with 5000 oocysts. Four treatment were formed, in triplicate, were used in different concentrations as G1: 12mg/mL, G2:= 9mg/mL, G3: 6mg/mL, and C-: water. After contamination 800 mL of the herbal at different concentrations were sprayed on the bed and collected, in triplicate, 10 cm2 each site, randomly, at times: 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after application. In phytochemical analysis, were shown compounds with antiparasitic properties, such as flavonoids and tannins. The herbal contained 59.409±1.47mg/dL artemisinin. The product at a concentration of 12mg.mL-1 showed efficacy from 44.25 to 40.71%. The results of biochemical tests, with the in vitro test showed that the extract has produced high potential for combating Eimeria sp...