Critical Review III to Standardize the Textbooks of Fundamentals of Nursing: Nutrition, Urinary and Bowel Elimination Needs / 기본간호학회지

Purpose@#To identify the discrepancies in the textbook of fundamentals of nursing in nutrition and elimination needs in terms of number, range, definition and etc. @*Methods@#The 10 textbooks which are the most frequently used were selected and reviewed. After then compared it with the protocols of essential nursing skills of Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing Education and evidence-based clinical nursing practice guidelines of Korean Hospital Nurses’ Association. @*Results@#The most significant discrepancies in nutrition domain were criteria of obesity, confirmation of nasogastric tube placement. In elimination domain, there were several mixed or miss uses of French and number unit in catheter size. And appropriate catheter size for urinary catheterization and enema is different to books and guidelines. @*Conclusion@#In order to conduct an effective resource in education of nursing, textbooks need to be revised constantly and contain the recent researches and guidelines.

Efficacy of a Chinese herbal formula on hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients.

BACKGROUND: No guideline recommends antiviral therapy for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B patients with persistently normal alanine aminotransferase levels and a high hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA viral load. AIM: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of a Chinese herbal formula as a therapeutic option for chronic HBV infection. METHODS: In total, 395 patients (30-65 years old) with confirmed HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B infection and persistently normal alanine aminotransferase were randomized to receive either Chinese herbal formula or placebo for 96 wk. Endpoints to evaluate therapeutic efficacy included: (1) HBV DNA levels decreased to less than 4 log10 IU/mL at weeks 48 and 96; and (2) HBeAg clearance and seroconversion rates at weeks 48 and 96. RESULTS: HBV DNA levels ≤ 4 log10 IU/mL were 10.05% at week 48 and 18.59% at week 96 in the treatment group. The HBeAg clearance and conversion rates were 8.54% and 8.04% at week 48 and 16.08% and 14.57% at week 96, respectively. However, HBV DNA levels ≤ 4 log10 IU/mL were 2.55% and 2.55% at weeks 48 and 96, respectively, and the HBeAg clearance rates were 3.06% and 5.61% at weeks 48 and 96, respectively, in the control group. The quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen and HBeAg levels at baseline and changes during the treatment period as well as the alanine aminotransferase elevation at weeks 12 and 24 were strong predictors of HBeAg clearance. CONCLUSION: High rates of HBV DNA reduction, HBeAg clearance and seroconversion could be achieved with Chinese herbal formula treatments, and the treatments were relatively safe for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B-infected patients with persistently normal alanine aminotransferase. The ability of the compound to modulate host immune function probably contributed to this effect.

Ginsenoside Rg5/Rk1 ameliorated sleep via regulating the GABAergic/serotoninergic signaling pathway in a rodent model.

As the most common sleep disorder, insomnia seriously affects people's everyday lives. Phytochemicals have been shown to have excellent sleep-promoting effects. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate whether Rg5 and Rk1 extracted from ginseng had sleep-promoting effects and to explore their potential mechanisms. The results showed that Rg5 and Rk1 could significantly lessen the locomotor activity of mice and promote the sleep quality index, including increasing the amount of sleep in a pentobarbital sodium experiment with a threshold dose. In parallel, Rg5 and Rk1 could significantly shorten the sleep latency of mice and prolong the sleep time of mice. Furthermore, Rg5 and Rk1 augmented the GABA/Glu ratio, up-regulating the expression of the GABAA receptor and the GABAB receptor, whereas the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin could antagonize the sleep quality of Rg5/Rk1. In addition, 5-HTP, the precursor of 5-HT, could enhance the sleep effect of Rg5 and Rk1 in mice, and both Rg5 and Rk1 could up-regulate the expression of 5-HT1A. These results were also confirmed by the detection of GABA and 5-HT in mouse cecum content. In conclusion, ginsenoside Rg5/Rk1 can exert sedative and hypnotic effects by affecting the GABA nervous system and the serotonin nervous system.

Folic acid-modified ginsenoside Rg5-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ginsenoside Rg5 (Rg5), a triterpene saponin, extracted from the natural herbal plant ginseng, is one of the most potent anticancer drugs against various carcinoma cells. However, the therapeutic potential of Rg5 is limited by its low solubility in water, poor bioavailability, and nontargeted delivery. Therefore, we prepared folic acid (FA)-modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles (FA-Rg5-BSA NPs) to improve the therapeutic efficacy and tumor targetability of Rg5. METHODS: Various aspects of the FA-Rg5-BSA NPs were characterized, including size, polydispersity, zeta potential, morphology, entrapment efficiency (EE), drug loading (DL), in vitro drug release, thermal stability, in vitro cytotoxicity, cell apoptosis, cellular uptake, in vivo antitumor effects and in vivo biodistribution imaging. RESULTS: The FA-Rg5-BSA NPs showed a particle size of 201.4 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.081, uniform spherical shape, and drug loading of 12.64±4.02%. The aqueous solution of FA-Rg5-BSA NPs had favorable stability for 8 weeks at 4°C. The FA-Rg5-BSA NPs dissolved under acidic conditions. Moreover, the Rg5-BSA NPs and FA-Rg5-BSA NPs had advanced anticancer activity compared with Rg5 in MCF-7 cells, while poor cytotoxicity was observed in L929 cells. The FA-Rg5-BSA NPs facilitated cellular uptake and induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. In addition, in an MCF-7 xenograft mouse model, the in vivo antitumor evaluation revealed that FA-Rg5-BSA NPs were more effective in inhibiting tumor growth than Rg5 and Rg5-BSA NPs. The in vivo real-time bioimaging study showed that the FA-Rg5-BSA NPs exhibited superior tumor accumulation ability. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that FA-Rg5-BSA NPs could serve as a promising system to improve the antitumor effect of Rg5.

In vitro activity and clinical efficacy of macrolides, cefoperazone-sulbactam and piperacillin/piperacillin-tazobactam against Bordetella pertussis and the clinical manifestations in pertussis patients due to these isolates: A single-centre study in Zhejiang Province, China.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Macrolides are the recommended antibiotics for treating pertussis and preventing transmission. The causative bacterium, Bordetella pertussis, has high macrolide resistance and has recently circulated in China. The objective of this study was to find effective alternative antibiotics for treatment by assessing the in vitro activity and clinical efficacy of antibiotics against Bordetella pertussis. METHODS: Bordetella pertussis was confirmed by agglutination with specific antisera and mass spectrometry. The MICs of antibiotics against isolates were determined using the Etest method. Treatment outcomes were clinically and microbiologically evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 126 pertussis patients were diagnosed based on culture, 69.8% of whom were aged ≤6 months and 72.1% were treated with previous macrolides. Leucocytosis and lymphocytosis were observed in 29.4% and 54.8% of all patients, respectively. Both MIC50 and MIC90 of erythromycin, azithromycin, and clindamycin were >256mg/L, and 75.4% were highly macrolide resistant. The MIC90 of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone and cefoperazone-sulbactam were 0.38mg/L, 0.25mg/L, 0.19mg/L, 12mg/L, 0.19mg/L and 0.047mg/L, respectively. The MICs of piperacillin in all of the isolations were <0.016mg/L. Of the patients treated with single cefoperazone-sulbactam or piperacillin-tazobactam, 30 of 32 (93.8%) had significantly improved clinical symptoms and 24 of 25 (96%) had negative culture results after 2 weeks of therapy. CONCLUSION: Macrolide resistance in Bordetella pertussis is a serious problem in Zhejiang Province, China. Piperacillin/piperacillin-tazobactam and cefoperazone-sulbactam have potent antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo, and may become the alternative choice for treating pertussis caused by macrolide-resistant isolates.

Microencapsulation of Phosphorylated Human-Like Collagen-Calcium Chelates for Controlled Delivery and Improved Bioavailability.

The bioavailability of Phosphorylated Human-like Collagen-calcium chelates (PHLC-Ca) as calcium supplement is influenced by the extremely low pH and proteolytic enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. This study addresses these issues by microencapsulation technology using alginate (ALG) and chitosan (CS) as wall materials. The different ratio of ALG to PHLC-Ca on microcapsules encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) was evaluated and 1:1/2 was selected as the optimal proportion. The microcapsules were micron-sized and spherical in shape. PHLC-Ca was successfully entrapped into the matrix of ALG through forming intermolecular hydrogen bonding or other interactions. The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) indicated that CS was coated on ALG microspheres. The MTT assay exhibited that CS/ALG-(PHLC-Ca) microcapsules extracts were safe to L929. The animal experiment showed that CS/ALG-(PHLC-Ca) microcapsules was superior to treating osteoporosis than PHLC-Ca. These results illustrated that the bioavailability of PHLC-Ca was improved by microencapsulated.

[EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SPECIFIC ACTIVITY OF 1.3-DIAZINON-4 COM- POUND PYaTd1 DERIVATIVE IN VIVO].

AIM: Study anti-leprosy activity of.a 1.3-diazinon-4 compound derivative under the labora- tory code PYaTd1 on the model of intra-plantar infection of mice and evaluate the character of its antibacterial effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study of specific activity was carried out in vivo on the experimental model of leprosy, proposed by Shepard C.C., that assumes execution of intraplantar infection of mice with a suspension of mycobacteria, produced from lepromas or autopsy tissue of a non-treated leprosy infected, or from tissues of experimental mice, previously infected with Mycobacterium leprae from non-treated patients. The study was carried out on 120 CBA line-mice infected with M.leprae (VIII passage) from patient M; Dapsone and PYaTdl compound were administered to animals next day after the infection with forage at a dose of 25 mg/kg for 4.5, 6, 9 and 11 months. The mice were split into 3 groups: control (infected.without treatment), com- parison (infected, receiving.dapsone), experimental (infected, receiving PYaTdl). After.the control term the mice were euthanized under chloroform anesthesia. Suspensions for quantification of mycobacteria were prepared from paw pads. Smears were stained by Ziehl-Nilsson. RESULTS: After 4.5 months the intensity of infect reproduction under, the effect of dapsone and PYaTd1 was reduced compared with control by 18 - 25 times. After a 6-mont course - by 50 - 75% and after 9 months - by 85 - 90%. After 11 months in mice that had received PYaTd1, an intensive suppression of microorganism reproduction as observed: the yield in paws was 70 times lower than in control. In the group that had received dapsone, a reduction of the number of mycobacteria by 20 - 25 times was detected, it was significantly less effective than under the conditions of PYaTd1 admnistration. CONCLUSION: A novel 1.3-diazinon- 4 derivative under the code PYaTd1 can actively supress reproduction of-M. leprae, that gives evidence regarding its specific anti-mycobacterial activity and determines perspectives of its further studies.

A novel thiolated human-like collage zinc complex as a promising zinc supplement: physicochemical characteristics and biocompatibility.

To improve zinc binding ability to human-like collagen (HLC) and stability of metal complex, HLC was thiolated by mercaptosuccinylation reaction with S-acetylmercaptosuccinic anhydride (S-AMSA) at pH8.0. One mole of thiolated HLC-Zn (SHLC-Zn) complex possessed 24.3mol zinc ions when pH was 8.0 and zinc concentration was 15 mM. The physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of thiolated HLC-Zn (SHLC-Zn) complex were investigated by UV-vis, CD, electrophoresis analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cell viability assay, respectively. The results showed that SHLC-Zn complex(1) exhibited higher zinc ions than that of native HLC and still maintained the secondary structure of HLC though interaction occurred between SHLC and zinc ions, (2) increased the apparent molecular weight when compared with native HLC, (3) exhibited greater thermal stability than native HLC, and (4) presented toxicity free for BHK cells. This study suggests that the SHLC-Zn complex is a potential nutrition as well as zinc supplement in the medical application.

Withaferin A-Caused Production of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Modulates Apoptosis via PI3K/Akt and JNKinase in Rabbit Articular Chondrocytes

Withaferin A (WFA) is known as a constituent of Ayurvedic medicinal plant, Withania somnifera, and has been used for thousands of years. Although WFA has been used for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) and has a wide range of biochemical and pharmacologic activities, there are no findings suggesting its properties on chondrocytes or cartilage. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of WFA on apoptosis with focus on generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we showed that WFA significantly increased the generation of intracellular ROS in a dose-dependent manner. We also determined that WFA markedly leads to apoptosis as evidenced by accumulation of p53 by Western blot analysis. N-Acetyl-L-Cystein (NAC), an antioxidant, prevented WFA-caused expression of p53 and inhibited apoptosis of chondrocytes. We also found that WFA causes the activation of PI3K/Akt and JNKinase. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt and JNKinase with LY294002 (LY)/triciribine (TB) or SP600125 (SP) in WFA-treated cells reduced accumulation of p53 and inhibited fragmented DNA. Our findings suggested that apoptosis caused by WFA-induced intracellular ROS generation is regulated through PI3K/Akt and JNKinase in rabbit articular chondrocytes.

Multimodality treatment of cancer with herceptin conjugated, thermomagnetic iron oxides and docetaxel loaded nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers.

We developed a system of nanoparticles of poly(lactide)-d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (PLA-TPGS) and carboxyl group-terminated TPGS (TPGS-COOH) copolymer blend for multimodality treatment of cancer, which formulated docetaxel for chemotherapy, herceptin for biotherapy and targeting, and iron oxides (IOs) for hyperthermia therapy, which are denoted as MMNPs. It is demonstrated that the MMNPs achieved a significantly higher therapeutic effects than the various combination of the corresponding individual modality treatment NPs and the dual modality treatment NPs due to the synergistic effects among the chemo, bio, and thermo therapies. We further developed a method by employing the concept of NPs IC50, the concentration of the agent-, or agents-loaded nanoparticles that is needed to kill 50% of the cancer cells, to quantitatively access the synergistic effects of the multimodality treatment. It is shown by employing the SK-BR-3 cell line as an in vitro model of the HER2-positive breast cancer that the NPs IC50 is 0.42 mg/mL DCL-NPs plus 1.33 mg/mL Her-NPs plus 0.59 mg/mL IOs-NPs, a total NPs concentration of 2.34 mg/mL for the treatment of a physical mixture of the DCL-NPs, Her-NPs and IOs-NPs at the 1:2:7 weight ratio, while it is only 0.0011 mg/mL for the MMNPs for 24 h, which is 2130 fold more efficient than the physical mixture of the corresponding single modality treatments.

Formulation of Docetaxel by folic acid-conjugated d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate 2000 (Vitamin E TPGS(2k)) micelles for targeted and synergistic chemotherapy.

Although high efficacy has been showed, Paclitaxel and Docetaxel cause serious side effects due to the adjuvant used in their clinical formulation Taxol® and Taxotere®. We developed a micelle system with a newly synthesized TPGS(2k) polymer, which shows lower CMC of 0.0219 mg/ml compared with 0.2 mg/ml for traditional micelles with TPGS involved, to achieve sustained and controlled drug delivery with Docetaxel used as a model anti-cancer drug. The TPGS(2k) micelles were further conjugated to folic acid (FA) for targeted drug delivery. The Docetaxel-loaded TPGS(2k) micelles with and without FA conjugation were found of desired size and size distribution, high drug encapsulation efficiency and favorable drug release. In vitro studies using MCF-7 cancer cells demonstrated significantly the higher cellular uptake of the formulated drug for TPGS(2k) micelle formulation than that for Taxotere®. The targeting effects for the FA conjugated TPGS(2k) micelles are also demonstrated. The IC50 value, which is the drug concentration needed for 50% cell viability in the designated time period, is 103.4, 1.280 and 0.1480 µg/ml for MCF-7 cancer cells after 24, 48, and 72 h treatment respectively, which is greatly decreased to be 0.526, 0.251 and 0.233 µg/ml, i.e. a 99.5%, 80.4% decrease and 57.5% increase for the TPGS(2k) micelle formulation, and further decreased to be 0.1780, 0.1520 and 0.1140 µg/ml, i.e. a 99.8%, 88.1% and 23.0% decrease for the folic acid conjugated micelles, respectively. A synergistic effect between TPGS(2k) and Docetaxel is also achieved. The present work represents a new concept in the design of drug delivery systems--the carrier materials of the drug delivery system can also have therapeutic effects, which either modulate the side effects of, or promote a synergistic interaction with the formulated drug.

Analysis on chemical compositions of Artemisia Argyi from Qichun of different years and moxa wool refined in different proportions / 中国针灸

The article aims at providing theoretical foundation for security of moxibustion through analyzing chemical compositions of Artemisia Argyi of different years from Qichun County, Hubei Province, and moxa wool refined in different proportions. Artemisia Argyi from Qichun on 2007, 2008 and 2009 were taken as raw materials, and processed into moxa wool with the proportions of raw material and product as 3 : 1, 5 : 1, 8 : 1 and 15 : 1, respectively. Essential oils of Artemisia Argyi and the refined moxa wool were extracted by steam distillation. Their chemical compositions were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and calculated with semiquantitative method. The result showed that chemical compositions of Artemisia Argyi of different years and moxa wool refined in different proportions were almost the same, but their contents were with obvious difference. The relative content of volatile substances decreased with the age prolonged and a rise in the proportion of the refined moxa wool, while the involatile material increased. Therefore it can be concluded that the essential oil of Artemisia Argyi from Qichun and the refined moxa wool is basically safe. Involatile substances such as Juniper camphor, Caryophyllene oxide and Caryophyllene etc. are the main contents of high proportional moxa wool of old year. And these substances may be the effective components in moxibustion treatment.

[Relationship between HBV-DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and syndrome types of TCM in chronic hepatitis B patients].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between TCM syndrome type and HBV-DNA in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. METHODS: The serum HBV markers,HBV-DNA levels in serum and PBMCs, were quantitatively detected in 220 CHB patients by PCR method, and TCM syndrome type of 205 patients were differentiated. RESULTS: Arranged from low to high, the percentages of CHB patients with the serum HBV-DNA > or = 1.0 x l0(5) copy/mL (high viral loading) in the five syndrome types were as follows: damp-heat retention in middle-jiao syndrome (DHRS, 55.2%), blood stasis blocking collateral syndrome (BSBC), Gan-Shen yin deficiency syndrome (GSYS), Pi-Shen yang deficiency syndrome (PSDS) and Gan stagnation with Pi deficiency syndrome (GSPS, 82.5%), the difference was significant between DHRS and GSPS; those with HBV-DNA in PBMCs infection were: GSYS (27.3%), DHRS (34.3%), BSBC (53.1%) and GSPS (77.2%). The percentage in GSPS was the highest, which was significantly different to that in other syndromes. CONCLUSION: Amount of serum HBV-DNA and PBMCs HBV-DNA infection has certain correlation with the TCM syndrome type of CHB. The highest percentage of patients with HBV-DNA > or = 1.0 x l0(5) copy/mL and PBMCs HBV-DNA infection presented in CHB patients of GSPS type. We should pay more attention to strengthen genuine qi to eliminate pathogenic factors in treatment of CHB.

[Studies on chemical components of essential oil of crude semen sinapis and roasted semen sinapis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical components of the essential oil of the Semen Sinapis with the different processing methods. METHOD: The essential oils of the crude Semen Sinapis and the roasted Semen Sinapis were extracted by steam distillation. The chemical components were analyzed by means of GC-MS-DS. The relative content of each component was calculated by area normalization. RESULT: The main chemical components of the essential oil of the crude Semen Sinapis and the roasted Semen Sinapis were similar. The main chemical components were allyl isothiocyanate and 4-isothio-cyanato-1-butene. The chemical components of the essential oil of the crude Semen Sinapis were more than that of the roasted Semen Sinapis. CONCLUSION: The effect of different processing methods on the chemical components of the essential oil of Semen Sinapis was significant. Certain chemical components such as isothiocyanato-containing substances, were found in the crude Semen Sinapis.

GC-MS analysis of the fatty components of pollen Typhae before and after being carbonized / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the changes of the fatty components of Pollen Typhae before and after being carbonized.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Pollen Typhae and Pollen Typhae carbonisatus were extracted with petroleum ether (60-90 degrees C) respectively. The two kinds of extracts were analyzed by GC-MS after saponificated and methanolized, and their constituents were searched through NIST. The contents of the constituents were determined by method of normalization.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Either in Pollen Typhae or in Pollen Typhae carbonisatus, 32 components were identified, among which 20 components were the same and 6 were different respectively. Among the same components, the relative contents of 3-methyl-2-butenoic acid-2-phenylethyl ester, hexanedioic acid-dimethyl ester, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diphenylamine, sebacic acid dimethyl ester, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, ethyl methyl ester, methyl-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and diisooctyl phthalate etc. increased obviously, and the relative contents of nonanedioic acid-dimethyl ester, diisobutyl phthalate and stigmastan-3,5-dien etc. decreased greatly. Among the different components, 8-hydroxy-octanoic acid-methyl ester, 9-hydroxy-nonanoic acid-methyl ester, 10-octadecenoic acid-methyl ester, m-hydroxycinnamic acid-methyl ester,3-[4-( acetyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]2-propenoic acid-methyl ester and 11-octadecenoic acid-methyl ester were detected in Pollen Typhae, 3-hydroxyspirost-8-en-11-one, benzenepropanoic acid-methyl ester, 2,4-dimethylhexanedioic acid; 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol, undecanedioic acid-dimethyl ester and 9,10-dihydroxy-octadecanoic acid-methyl ester were detected in Pollen Typhae carbonistatus.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The species and contents of the fatty components in Pollen Typhae changed before and after being carbonized, but their chemical types didn't change too much.</p>

Studies on chemical components of essential oil of crude semen sinapis and roasted semen sinapis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical components of the essential oil of the Semen Sinapis with the different processing methods.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The essential oils of the crude Semen Sinapis and the roasted Semen Sinapis were extracted by steam distillation. The chemical components were analyzed by means of GC-MS-DS. The relative content of each component was calculated by area normalization.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The main chemical components of the essential oil of the crude Semen Sinapis and the roasted Semen Sinapis were similar. The main chemical components were allyl isothiocyanate and 4-isothio-cyanato-1-butene. The chemical components of the essential oil of the crude Semen Sinapis were more than that of the roasted Semen Sinapis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The effect of different processing methods on the chemical components of the essential oil of Semen Sinapis was significant. Certain chemical components such as isothiocyanato-containing substances, were found in the crude Semen Sinapis.</p>

Analysis of volatile constituents from Anemarrhena asphodeloides by GC-MS / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents of the volatile oil from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The volatile oil was steam distillation. Chemical constituents were separated and analyzed by GC-MS. The relative content of each component was determined by area nomalization.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>24 volatile compounds were isolated and identified for the first time, representing 70.83% of the total oil.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The main constituents of this oil were aldehydes (31.15%), terpene and their oxide (20.66%), alkyls (8.35%), Furan heterocyclic compounds (6.41%), non terpene alcohol (4.26%). There are 12 compounds with contents over 3%. Among them, borneol has the highest content (9.35%).</p>