FEMA nurses face "Mission Impossible": remembering Katrina.

Dowd, a faculty member, is a strong proponent for nurses sharing their stories. Miller's story about her volunteer experience was so compelling that Dowd challenged her to share it with the nursing community. This story is a demonstration of how a nurse can bring leadership, sensitive interpersonal skills, and a sense of humor to help forge a cohesive and outward looking temporary community. Nurses naturally interact from a paradigm of care and comfort. Miller makes this interaction explicit. The outcome of the journey was a memorable lived experience that brought caring, healing, and comfort to a situation of devastation. It is hoped this nursing story will inspire the reader to try a similar new role or to tell their story.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis) are independent of their alkaloid content.

Cat's claw is an herbal medicine from the Amazon that is used widely to treat inflammatory disorders. The purpose of this study was to characterize the antioxidative and antiinflammatory properties of cat's claw, Uncaria tomentosa (UT) and Uncaria guianensis (UG). Alkaloids and flavanols were determined using reversed-phase HPLC; scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxidation by spectrophotometry; and TNFalpha production by ELISA. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in vitro by inhibition of TNFalpha and nitrite production from RAW 264.7 cells exposed to LPS (50 ng/ml) and in vivo using the indomethacin-induced gastritis model. Apoptosis was assessed using the TUNEL technique and TNFalpha mRNA by in situ RT-PCR. In each of the antioxidant assays tested, UG was more potent than UT (P < 0.01). The total oxindole and pentacyclic alkaloid content of UT was 35-fold > UG. The IC50 value for inhibition of TNFalpha production was significantly (P < 0.01) higher for UT (14.1 ng/ml) vs UG (9.5 ng/ml), yet at concentrations that were considerable lower than that required for antioxidant activity. Non-alkaloid HPLC fractions from UT decreased LPS-induced TNFalpha and nitrite production in RAW 264.7 cells (P < 0.01) at a concentration range comparable to the parent botanical. Oral pretreatment for 3 d with UT protected against indomethacin-induced gastritis, and prevented TNFalpha mRNA expression and apoptosis. These results indicate that while both species of cat's claw provide effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, U. guianensis is more potent. In conclusion, the presence of oxindole or pentacyclic alkaloids did not influence the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cat's claw.

Dietary antioxidants protect gut epithelial cells from oxidant-induced apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: The potential of ascorbic acid and two botanical decoctions, green tea and cat's claw, to limit cell death in response to oxidants were evaluated in vitro. METHODS: Cultured human gastric epithelial cells (AGS) or murine small intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-18) were exposed to oxidants - DPPH (3 microM), H2O2 (50 microM), peroxynitrite (300 microM) - followed by incubation for 24 hours, with antioxidants (10 microg/ml) administered as a 1 hour pretreatment. Cell number (MTT assay) and death via apoptosis or necrosis (ELISA, LDH release) was determined. The direct interactions between antioxidants and DPPH (100 microM) or H2O2 (50 microM) were evaluated by spectroscopy. RESULTS: The decoctions did not interact with H2O2, but quenched DPPH although less effectively than vitamin C. In contrast, vitamin C was significantly less effective in protecting human gastric epithelial cells (AGS) from apoptosis induced by DPPH, peroxynitrite and H2O2 (P < 0.001). Green tea and cat's claw were equally protective against peroxynitrite and H2O2, but green tea was more effective than cat's claw in reducing DPPH-induced apoptosis (P < 0.01). Necrotic cell death was marginally evident at these low concentrations of peroxynitrite and H2O2, and was attenuated both by cat's claw and green tea (P < 0.01). In IEC-18 cells, all antioxidants were equally effective as anti-apoptotic agents. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that dietary antioxidants can limit epithelial cell death in response to oxidant stress. In the case of green tea and cat's claw, the cytoprotective response exceed their inherent ability to interact with the injurious oxidant, suggestive of actions on intracellular pathways regulating cell death.

Efficacy and safety of freeze-dried cat's claw in osteoarthritis of the knee: mechanisms of action of the species Uncaria guianensis.

AIM: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the ability of cat's claw, an Amazonian medicinal plant, to treat osteoarthritis of the knee, collect safety and tolerance information and compare the antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions of Uncaria guianensis and Uncaria tomentosa in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five patients with osteoarthritis of the knee were recruited, 30 were treated with freeze-dried U guianensis, and 15 with placebo. Hematological parameters were assessed on entry and exit of the four-week trial. Pain, medical and subject assessment scores and adverse effects were collected at weeks 1, 2 and 4. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the cat's claw species was determined by the alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. Inhibition of TNFalpha and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was determined in RAW 264.7 cells by ELISA. RESULTS: Cat's claw had no deleterious effects on blood or liver function or other significant side-effects compared to placebo. Pain associated with activity, medical and patient assessment scores were all significantly reduced, with benefits occurring within the first week of therapy. Knee pain at rest or at night, and knee circumference were not significantly reduced by cat's claw during this brief trial. In vitro tests indicated that U guianensis and U. tomentosa were equivalent at quenching DPPH radicals (EC50, 13.6-21.7 microg/ml) as well as inhibiting TNFalpha production. However, the latter action was registered at much lower concentrations (EC50, 10.2-10.9 ng/ml). Cat's claw (10 microg/ml) had no effect on basal PGE2 production, but reduced LPS-induced PGE2 release (P < 0.05), but at higher concentrations than that required for TNFalpha inhibition. CONCLUSION: Cat's claw is an effective treatment for osteoarthritis. The species, U guianensis and U tomentosa are equiactive. They are effective antioxidants, but their anti-inflammatory properties may result from their ability to inhibit TNFalpha and to a lesser extent PGE2 production.

Inhibition of neurogenic inflammation by the Amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado.

UNLABELLED: This study was designed to determine if the Amazonian medicinal sangre de grado, confers benefit by suppressing the activation of sensory afferent nerves. METHODS: (i) vasorelaxation of rat mesenteric arteries in response to calcitonin gene-related peptide; (ii) rat paw edema in response to protease- activating peptide receptor 2-activating peptide; (iii) rat paw hyperalgesia in response to low-dose protease-activating peptide receptor 2-activating peptide or prostaglandin E2; (iv) gastric hyperemia in response luminal capsaicin; (v) a clinical trial of a sangre de grado balm in pest control workers. The parent botanical was fractionated for evaluation of potential active components. In preconstricted rat mesenteric arteries, highly diluted sangre de grado (1:10,000) caused a shift to the right of the calcitonin gene-related peptide dose-response curve (p < 0.01). Paw edema in response to protease-activating peptide receptor 2-activating peptide (500 microg) was reduced by as single topical administration sangre de grado balm (1% concentration, p < 0.01) for at least 6 h. Hyperalgesia induced by either low-dose protease-activating peptide receptor 2-activating peptide (50 microg) or prostaglandin E2 was prevented by sangre de grado balm. A fraction possessing analgesic and capsaicin antagonistic properties was isolated and high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated that it was a proanthocyandin oligomer. In pest control workers, sangre de grado balm (Zangrado) was preferred over placebo, for the relief of itching, pain, discomfort, edema, and redness in response to wasps, fire ants, mosquitoes, bees, cuts, abrasions, and plant reactions. Subjects reported relief within minutes. We conclude that sangre de grado is a potent inhibitor of sensory afferent nerve mechanisms and supports its ethnomedical use for disorders characterized by neurogenic inflammation.

Nuclear localization and dominant-negative suppression by a mutant SKCa3 N-terminal channel fragment identified in a patient with schizophrenia.

The small conductance calcium-activated K+ channel gene SKCa3/KCNN3 maps to 1q21, a region strongly linked to schizophrenia. Recently, a 4-base pair deletion in SKCa3 was reported in a patient with schizophrenia, which truncates the protein at the end of the N-terminal cytoplasmic region (SKCa3Delta). We generated a green fluorescent protein-SKCa3 N-terminal construct (SKCa3-1/285) that is identical to SKCa3Delta except for the last two residues. Using confocal microscopy we demonstrate that SKCa3-1/285 localizes rapidly and exclusively to the nucleus of mammalian cells like several other pathogenic polyglutamine-containing proteins. This nuclear targeting is mediated in part by two polybasic sequences present at the C-terminal end of SKCa3-1/285. In contrast, full-length SKCa3, SKCa2, and IKCa1 polypeptides are all excluded from the nucleus and express as functional channels. When overexpressed in human Jurkat T cells, SKCa3-1/285 can suppress endogenous SKCa2 currents but not voltage-gated K+ currents. This dominant-negative suppression is most likely mediated through the co-assembly of SKCa3-1/285 with native subunits and the formation of non-functional tetramers. The nuclear localization of SKCa3-1/285 may alter neuronal architecture, and its ability to dominantly suppress endogenous small conductance K(Ca) currents may affect patterns of neuronal firing. Together, these two effects may play a part in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

Multidisciplinary care in head and neck cancer.

Head and neck cancer treatment is uniquely suited to multidisciplinary care. A comprehensive list of essential participants consists of a broad spectrum of health care professionals. A spirit of cooperation and mutual respect is the foundation for the synergy that results in the best possible patient care. Reconstructive surgery has emerged as a sophisticated subspecialty that fills a critical role restoring the head and neck patient to maximal health and well-being. The concept of multidisciplinary care, pioneered at the nation's comprehensive cancer centers, should be adopted universally by clinicians seeking to offer the patient with head and neck cancer the best care.

Cat's claw inhibits TNFalpha production and scavenges free radicals: role in cytoprotection.

Cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) is a medicinal plant from the Amazon River basin that is widely used for inflammatory disorders and was previously described as an inhibitor of NF-kappaB. Cat's claw was prepared as a decoction (water extraction) of micropulverized bark with and without concentration by freeze-drying. Murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) were used in cytotoxicity assays (trypan blue exclusion) in response to the free radical 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH, 0.3 microM) and ultraviolet light (UV) light. TNFalpha production was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS 0.5 microg/ml). Cat's claw was an effective scavenger of DPPH; the EC(50) value for freeze-dried concentrates was significantly less than micropulverized (18 vs. 150 microg/ml, p <.05). Cat's claw (10 microg/ml freeze-dried) was fully protective against DPPH and UV irradiation-induced cytotoxicity. LPS increased TNFalpha media levels from 3 to 97 ng/ml. Cat's claw suppressed TNFalpha production by approximately 65-85% (p <.01) but at concentrations considerably lower than its antioxidant activity: freeze-dried EC(50) = 1.2 ng/ml, micropulverized EC(50) = 28 ng/ml. In conclusion, cat's claw is an effective antioxidant, but perhaps more importantly a remarkably potent inhibitor of TNFalpha production. The primary mechanism for cat's claw anti-inflammatory actions appears to be immunomodulation via suppression of TNFalpha synthesis.

Treatment of gastric ulcers and diarrhea with the Amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado.

Sangre de grado is an Amazonian herbal medicine used to facilitate the healing of gastric ulcers and to treat gastritis, diarrhea, skin lesions, and insect stings. This study was designed to evaluate the gastrointestinal applications. Gastric ulcers were induced in rats by brief serosal exposure of the fundus to acetic acid (80%). Sangre de grado was administered in drinking water at 1:1,000 and 1:10,000 dilutions from the postoperative period to day 7. Guinea pig ileum secretory responses to capsaicin, electrical field stimulation, and the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) agonist [Sar(9),Met(O(2))(11)]substance P were examined in Ussing chambers. Sangre de grado facilitated the healing of experimental gastric ulcer, reducing myeloperoxidase activity, ulcer size, and bacterial content of the ulcer. The expression of proinflammatory genes tumor necrosis factor-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 was upregulated by ulcer induction but reduced by sangre de grado treatment, particularly iNOS and IL-6. In Ussing chambers, sangre de grado impaired the secretory response to capsaicin but not to electrical field stimulation or the NK-1 agonist. We conclude that sangre de grado is a potent, cost-effective treatment for gastrointestinal ulcers and distress via antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and sensory afferent-dependent actions.

Induction of heat shock protein 72 protects against organ damage in essential hypertension: A hypothesis.

Over 12 consecutive years, hyperthermia was induced by immersion in hot baths 1576 times in one subject with a long history of labile hypertension. In year 13 (1996), following hyperthermia induction, peripheral lymphocytes were analyzed by Western blot analysis for heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) gene expression. It was demonstrated that rectal and oral fevers maintained for 15 mins at 38.2 C and 38. 6 C or higher, respectively, triggered HSP72 expression. Because this subject showed no evidence of organ damage secondary to hypertension, and because both hyperthermia and acute hypertension upregulate HSP72 expression, a role for HSP72 in protection against the adverse effects of essential hypertension disease is proposed and discussed.

Regionalization of infection prevention and control services in a publicly funded health care system.

In 1994 health services in the Edmonton region were consolidated into an integrated network called Capital Health. Infection control professionals in the region met to develop a vision for the future of infection control; the tasks were to prepare a proposal for a regional program, develop indicators for outcome measurements, and standardize guidelines and products. Although regionalization of infection control is a complex process, we have had success with a proactive approach led by infection control professionals.

Antiinflammatory actions of cat's claw: the role of NF-kappaB.

BACKGROUND: Uncaria tomentosa is a vine commonly known as cat's claw or 'uña de gato' (UG) and is used in traditional Peruvian medicine for the treatment of a wide range of health problems, particularly digestive complaints and arthritis. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the proposed anti-inflammatory properties of cat's claw. Specifically: (i) does a bark extract of cat's claw protect against oxidant-induced stress in vitro, and (ii) to determine if UG modifies transcriptionally regulated events. METHODS: Cell death was determined in two cell lines, RAW 264.7 and HT29 in response to peroxynitrite (PN, 300 microM). Gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in HT29 cells, direct effects on nitric oxide and peroxynitrite levels, and activation of NF-kappaB in RAW 264.7 cells as influenced by UG were assessed. Chronic intestinal inflammation was induced in rats with indomethacin (7.5 mg/kg), with UG administered orally in the drinking water (5 mg/mL). RESULTS: The administration of UG (100 microg/mL) attenuated (P < 0.05) peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis in HT29 (epithelial) and RAW 264.7 cells (macrophage). Cat's claw inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS gene expression, nitrite formation, cell death and inhibited the activation of NF-kappaB. Cat's claw markedly attenuated indomethacin-enteritis as evident by reduced myeloperoxidase activity, morphometric damage and liver metallothionein expression. CONCLUSIONS: Cat's claw protects cells against oxidative stress and negated the activation of NF-kappaB. These studies provide a mechanistic evidence for the widely held belief that cat's claw is an effective anti-inflammatory agent.

Peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis in epithelial (T84) and macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell lines: effect of legume-derived polyphenols (phytolens).

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) has been proposed as a mediator of gut inflammation and as an inducer of cell death by apoptosis. Phytolens (PHY), a water-soluble extract of polyphenolic antioxidants from nonsoy legumes (Biotics Research Corp, patent pending), was evaluated as a cytoprotective agent in human colonic (T84) and murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell lines. In the antioxidant testing, PHY showed a significant free radical scavenging ability against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and superoxide (O2.) radicals with an IC50 of 4.44 and 5.87 microg/ml against DPPH and O2., respectively. Apoptosis (DNA fragmentation) was measured by an ELISA technique. Cells were exposed to oxidative stress by treating them with peroxynitrite (100-300 microM) for 4 h in the presence and absence of PHY. Peroxynitrite elicited a dose-dependent increase in DNA fragmentation in both cell lines compared to the control group receiving decomposed ONOO-. PHY (10, 30, or 50 microg/ml) significantly attenuated the degree of apoptosis in T84 cells induced by ONOO- (P < 0.05). PHY (10-100 microg/ml) did not directly affect T84 cell viability or induce apoptosis after 4 h or overnight exposure. RAW 264.7 cells exposed to PHY alone (>30 microg/ml) for 4 h displayed decreased cell viability (P < 0.05) and increased apoptosis (P < 0.05). Phytolens may have beneficial effects on inflammation by attenuating peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis. The sparing of epithelial cells while compromising the viability of macrophages suggests that PHY may be beneficial in autoimmune disorders.

Species selectivity of new siderophore-drug conjugates that use specific iron uptake for entry into bacteria.

Siderophores selectively bind ferric iron and are involved in receptor-specific iron transport into bacteria. Several types of siderophores were synthesized, and growth-promoting or inhibitory activities when they were conjugated to carbacephalosporin, erythromycylamine, or nalidixic acid were investigated. Overall, 11 types of siderophores and 21 drug conjugates were tested against seven different bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, Streptococcus suis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In some species, the inhibitory activities of the drug conjugates were associated with the ability of the bacteria to use the siderophore portion of the molecules for growth promotion in disc diffusion tests (0.04 mumol of conjugate or siderophore per disc). E. coli used catechol-based siderophore portions as well as hydroxamate-based tri-delta-OH-N-OH-delta-N-acetyl-L-ornithine ferric iron ligands for growth under iron-restricted conditions achieved by supplemental ethylenediamine di (O-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (100 micrograms/ml) and was sensitive to carbacephalosporin conjugated to these siderophore types (up to a 34-mm-diameter inhibition zone). B. bronchiseptica used desferrioxamine B and an isocyanurate-based or trihydroxamate in addition to catechol-based siderophore portions for promotion but was not inhibited by beta-lactam conjugates partly because of the presence of beta-lactamase. P. multocida and P. haemolytica did not use any of the synthetic siderophores for growth promotion, and the inhibitory activities of some conjugates seemed partly linked to their ability to withhold iron from these bacteria, since individual siderophore portions showed some antibacterial effects. Individual siderophores did not promote S. suis growth in restrictive conditions, but the type of ferric iron ligands attached to beta-lactams affected inhibitory activities. The antibacterial activities of the intracellular-acting agents erythromycylamine and nalidixic acid were reduced or lost, even against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, when the agents were conjugated to siderophores. Conjugate-resistant E. coli mutants showed the absence of some iron-regulated outer membrane proteins in gel electrophoresis profiles and in specific phage or colicin sensitivity tests, implying that the drugs used outer membrane receptors of ferric complexes to get into cells.

Inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori gastritis: effect of antibiotics and antioxidants.

Helicobacter pylori infection is a known risk factor for gastric cancer. We hypothesized that H. pylori infection would lead to the sustained production of the reactive nitrogen species nitric oxide and peroxynitrite as part of the host immune response. We further hypothesized that H. pylori infection would lead to increased apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells, possibly in response to free radical-mediated DNA damage. Using immunohistochemistry, we stained and scored gastric antral biopsies from 84 Colombian patients with nonatrophic gastritis before and after treatment for H. pylori infection. We examined expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); nitrotyrosine, a marker for peroxynitrite; and DNA fragmentation, a marker for apoptosis. Patients were treated with triple therapy (amoxicillin, 500 mg three times a day for 2 weeks; metronidazole, 400 mg three times a day for 2 weeks; and bismuth subsalicylate, 262 mg four times a day for 2 weeks, followed by 262 mg every day for 4-12 months). Eradication of H. pylori infection resulted in a significant reduction in iNOS and nitrotyrosine staining and a marginally significant reduction in apoptosis. Dietary supplementation with beta-carotene (30 mg every day for 4-12 months) resulted in a significant decrease in iNOS staining. Supplementation with ascorbic acid (1 g twice a day for 4-12 months) led to a significant reduction in nitrotyrosine staining. In patients supplemented with either ascorbic acid or beta-carotene, there was a trend toward a reduction in apoptosis, but this was not statistically significant. We conclude that H. pylori infection is accompanied by the formation of endogenous reactive nitrogen intermediates, which may contribute to DNA damage and apoptosis. In addition to antimicrobial therapy, dietary supplementation with beta-carotene and ascorbic acid may prevent the formation of these potential carcinogens.

Failure of L-NAME to cause inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis: role of inducible nitric oxide synthase.

We addressed the hypothesis that administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) does not result in a sustained suppression of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, because of a compensatory expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). L-NAME was administered in the drinking water (0.1-1.0 mg/ml) for 7 days to guinea pigs and rats. Nitric oxide synthesis was assessed by [1] ex vivo formation of nitrite in blood vessels and intestine [2] tissue levels of cGMP [3] iNOS gene expression by RT-PCR [4] NADPH diaphorase staining [5] direct assessment of NO release in tissue explants using a microelectrode/electrochemical detection system. Chronic L-NAME administration elevated intestinal cGMP and nitrite levels in guinea pigs (p < 0.05). In rats, intestinal nitrite levels were comparable in control and L-NAME treatment groups, whereas direct assessment of NO release defined a marked increase in the L-NAME group. Chronic L-NAME resulted in an induction of iNOS gene expression in rats and guinea pigs and novel sites of NADPH diaphorase staining in the intestine. We conclude that iNOS expression is responsible for a compensatory increase or normalization of NO synthesis during sustained administration of L-NAME.

Fetal growth retardation in rats may result from apoptosis: role of peroxynitrite.

Administration of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) results in fetal growth retardation. This study was designed to further examine the influence of NO on fetal growth, specifically, the potential role of inducible NOS and to evaluate the possibility that apoptosis contributed to uteroplacental dysfunction. L-NAME administration caused a paradoxical increase in NO synthesis determined by direct detection of NO by electrochemistry, nitrite accumulation, and cGMP levels, indicating that a lack of NO was not the cause of the fetal growth retardation. Additionally, supplemental L-arginine or NO donors failed to reverse the effects of L-NAME on fetal and placental size. Administration of low dose endotoxin (30 micrograms/kg IP daily for 6 d) also caused significant reductions in fetal and placental size and increased NO synthesis comparable to that seen with L-NAME. Inducible NOS was constitutively expressed in the pregnant uterus (smooth muscle and epithelia) and placenta (sinusoids and macrophages) but was absent in the nonpregnant state as determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Neither L-NAME nor endotoxin modified the expression of iNOS. In situ evidence for apoptosis (DNA fragmentation) was minimal to absent in control pregnant rats, but markedly evident in the placenta (decidua) and uterus of rats treated with L-NAME or endotoxin. Immunohistochemical evidence for nitrotyrosine, a marker for peroxynitrite formation, was absent in control rats but colocalized with apoptosis in the L-NAME and LPS groups. We conclude that L-NAME-induced fetal growth retardation is not due to a lack of NO, but as for endotoxin, results from a net reduction in cellular proliferation due to the induction of apoptosis, possibly in response to peroxynitrite formation.

Nitric oxide induces apoptosis in a human colonic epithelial cell line, T84.

Chronic inflammation is associated with inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in infiltrating and resident cells (epithelia, neurons) and an exaggerated release of nitric oxide. NO can induce apoptosis in macrophages and tumour cell lines. We investigated whether NO induced cell death in an epithelial (T84) cell fine via apoptosis. Culture T84 cells were exposed to a bolus of NO (40 or 80 muM) dissolved in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). After incubation for 4 h at 37( degrees )C in 5% CO(2), cells were either stained for DNA fragmentation with the TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) method, or cytosolic DNA fragments quantified by a cell death detection ELISA assay. Nitric oxide induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner which preceded frank cell death (failure to exclude Trypan blue). These data suggest that epithelial cell death may be NO dependent and via apoptosis, in states of gut inflammation.

Imaging white matter tracts and nuclei of the hypothalamus: an MR-anatomic comparative study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the MR appearance of the hypothalamus and its associated white matter tracts. METHODS: Coronal and sagittal spin-echo images were obtained in cadaver brains. Gross and histologic sections were made of the cadaver brains. The size, shape, signal intensity, course, and pattern of structures in the hypothalamic region were identified in MR images by comparison with the anatomic sections. RESULTS: The mamillary bodies, paraventricular zone of hypothalamic nuclei, postcommissural fornix, mammillothalamic fasciculus, and anterior commissure were identified on the MR images. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that, with MR imaging of sufficiently high resolution, some of the tracts and nuclei in the hypothalamus may be identified.

Bioassay for siderophore utilization by Candida albicans.

A convenient plate assay which is sensitive to medium pH has been developed to evaluate potential siderophores of Candida albicans. Adding a siderophore to a filter paper disk on chemically defined Lee's agar (final pH 7.2) seeded with the test strain reversed the growth inhibitory effects of the supplemented (25-100 micrograms/ml) iron chelator ethylenediaminedi(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid), to provide a zone of growth stimulation. This bioassay has been used to demonstrate the structure-activity relationships of ferrichrome and several water-soluble hydroxamate peptide building blocks of this natural siderophore. Of all compounds so evaluated, ferrichrome exhibited the best activity.