RESUMO
Despite state of the art cancer diagnostics and therapies offered in clinic, prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Hence, more robust therapeutic/preventive regimes are required to combat this lethal disease. In the current study, we have tested the efficacy of Andrographolide (AG), a bioactive diterpenoid isolated from Andrographis paniculata, against PCa. This natural agent selectively affects PCa cell viability in a dose and time-dependent manner, without affecting primary prostate epithelial cells. Furthermore, AG showed differential effect on cell cycle phases in LNCaP, C4-2b and PC3 cells compared to retinoblastoma protein (RB(-/-)) and CDKN2A lacking DU-145 cells. G2/M transition was blocked in LNCaP, C4-2b and PC3 after AG treatment whereas DU-145 cells failed to transit G1/S phase. This difference was primarily due to differential activation of cell cycle regulators in these cell lines. Levels of cyclin A2 after AG treatment increased in all PCa cells line. Cyclin B1 levels increased in LNCaP and PC3, decreased in C4-2b and showed no difference in DU-145 cells after AG treatment. AG decreased cyclin E2 levels only in PC3 and DU-145 cells. It also altered Rb, H3, Wee1 and CDC2 phosphorylation in PCa cells. Intriguingly, AG reduced cell viability and the ability of PCa cells to migrate via modulating CXCL11 and CXCR3 and CXCR7 expression. The significant impact of AG on cellular and molecular processes involved in PCa progression suggests its potential use as a therapeutic and/or preventive agent for PCa.
Assuntos
Andrographis/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Receptores CXCR3/genética , Receptores CXCR/genética , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Proteína Quinase CDC2 , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Quimiocina CXCL11/genética , Quimiocina CXCL11/metabolismo , Ciclina B1/genética , Ciclina B1/metabolismo , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/genética , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/metabolismo , Ciclinas/genética , Ciclinas/metabolismo , Diterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Pontos de Checagem da Fase G1 do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Pontos de Checagem da Fase G2 do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Histonas/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Extratos Vegetais/química , Próstata/efeitos dos fármacos , Próstata/metabolismo , Próstata/patologia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores CXCR/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR3/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores CXCR3/metabolismo , Proteína do Retinoblastoma/genética , Proteína do Retinoblastoma/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Previous in vitro studies showed that glutamine (Gln) prevents acetaldehyde-induced disruption of tight junctions and adherens junctions in Caco-2 cell monolayers and human colonic mucosa. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of Gln supplementation on ethanol-induced gut barrier dysfunction and liver injury in mice in vivo. Ethanol feeding caused a significant increase in inulin permeability in distal colon. Elevated permeability was associated with a redistribution of tight junction and adherens junction proteins and depletion of detergent-insoluble fractions of these proteins, suggesting that ethanol disrupts apical junctional complexes in colonic epithelium and increases paracellular permeability. Ethanol-induced increase in colonic mucosal permeability and disruption of junctional complexes were most severe in mice fed Gln-free diet. Gln supplementation attenuated ethanol-induced mucosal permeability and disruption of tight junctions and adherens junctions in a dose-dependent manner, indicating the potential role of Gln in nutritional intervention to alcoholic tissue injury. Gln supplementation dose-dependently elevated reduced-protein thiols in colon without affecting the level of oxidized-protein thiols. Ethanol feeding depleted reduced protein thiols and elevated oxidized protein thiols. Ethanol-induced protein thiol oxidation was most severe in mice fed with Gln-free diet and absent in mice fed with Gln-supplemented diet, suggesting that antioxidant effect is one of the likely mechanisms involved in Gln-mediated amelioration of ethanol-induced gut barrier dysfunction. Ethanol feeding elevated plasma transaminase and liver triglyceride, which was accompanied by histopathologic lesions in the liver; ethanol-induced liver damage was attenuated by Gln supplementation. These results indicate that Gln supplementation ameliorates alcohol-induced gut and liver injury.