Characterization of plant growth-promoting traits of Enterobacter sp. and its ability to promote cadmium/lead accumulation in Centella asiatica L.

In the present study, we characterized the plant growth-promoting traits of Enterobacter sp. FM-1 (FM-1) and investigated its ability to promote growth and increase IAA, P, and Fe concentrations as well as Cd and Pb accumulation in Centella asiatica L. (C. asiatica L.) in upstream area (UA) soil and downstream area (DA) soil that we collected from Siding mine. The results demonstrated that FM-1 secreted IAA, produced siderophores, and had P-solubilization ability even under Cd exposure. IAA secretion reached a maximum of 108.3 ± 1.3 mg L-1 under Cd exposure at 25 mg L-1. Siderophore production reached a maximum of 0.94 ± 0.01 under Cd exposure at 50 mg L-1. Pot experiments indicated that FM-1 successfully colonized the roots of C. asiatica L. In both soils, inoculation with FM-1 decreased the pH in rhizosphere soil and increased the bioavailability of both Cd and Pb. In addition, inoculation with FM-1 increased the IAA, P, and Fe concentrations and simultaneously promoted both Cd and Pb accumulation in C. asiatica L. The Cd and Pb concentrations in leaves increased 1.73- and 1.07-fold in the UA soil and 1.25- and 1.11-fold in the DA soil, respectively. Thus, the Cd-resistant strain FM-1 presented excellent PGP traits and could facilitate Cd and Pb phytoremediation by C. asiatica L.

The Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacological Treatments for Restless Legs Syndrome: Systemic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

Although various drugs are currently used for restless legs syndrome (RLS) in clinic, selecting appropriate drugs for patients is difficult. This network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of different drugs. After literature searching and screening, 46 trials, including 10,674 participants are included in this NMA. The pooled results showed that, compared with placebo, only levodopa is inefficient to relieve symptoms of RLS. Cabergoline decreases IRLS scores to the greatest extent among all drugs (MD -11.98, 95% CI -16.19 to -7.78). Additionally, pramipexole is superior to ropinirole in alleviating symptoms of RLS (MD -2.52, 95% CI -4.69 to -0.35). Moreover, iron supplement alleviates RLS symptoms significantly compared with placebo in patient with iron deficiency (MD -5.15, 95% CI -8.99 to -1.31), but not for RLS patients with normal serum ferritin level (MD -2.22, 95% CI -6.99 to 2.56). For primary RLS, these drugs are also effective, while there is insufficient data to analyze drug efficacy in secondary RLS. We analyzed risk of common adverse effects of drugs including nausea, somnolence, fatigue, headache and nasopharyngitis. Alpha-2-delta ligands and DAs are favorable choices for both primary and secondary RLS because of their significant efficacy and good tolerability. Iron supplement can significantly alleviate symptoms of RLS patients with iron deficiency than placebo. We recommend gabapentin, gabapentin enacarbil, and pregabalin for clinicians for first consideration mainly because that they rarely cause augmentation. Oxycodone-naloxone could be considered in patients with severe or very severe RLS who failed in treatment with above drugs.