RESUMO
Deficits in social cognition and behavior are a hallmark of many psychiatric disorders. The medial extended amygdala, including the medial amygdala and the medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, is a key component of functional networks involved in sociality. However, this nuclear complex is highly heterogeneous and contains numerous GABAergic and glutamatergic neuron subpopulations. Deciphering the connections of different neurons is essential in order to understand how this structure regulates different aspects of sociality, and it is necessary to evaluate their differential implication in distinct mental disorders. Developmental studies in different vertebrates are offering new venues to understand neuronal diversity of the medial extended amygdala and are helping to establish a relation between the embryonic origin and molecular signature of distinct neurons with the functional subcircuits in which they are engaged. These studies have provided many details on the distinct GABAergic neurons of the medial extended amygdala, but information on the glutamatergic neurons is still scarce. Using an Otp-eGFP transgenic mouse and multiple fluorescent labeling, we show that most glutamatergic neurons of the medial extended amygdala originate in a distinct telencephalon-opto-hypothalamic embryonic domain (TOH), located at the transition between telencephalon and hypothalamus, which produces Otp-lineage neurons expressing the telencephalic marker Foxg1 but not Nkx2.1 during development. These glutamatergic cells include a subpopulation of projection neurons of the medial amygdala, which activation has been previously shown to promote autistic-like behavior. Our data open new venues for studying the implication of this neuron subtype in neurodevelopmental disorders producing social deficits.
Assuntos
Complexo Nuclear Corticomedial/citologia , Glutamina/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/citologia , Neurônios/citologia , Telencéfalo/citologia , Animais , Linhagem da Célula , Feminino , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Neurogênese/fisiologia , Neurônios/metabolismoRESUMO
La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (covid-19), causada por el nuevo coronavirus tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2), ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de la actualización constante y la resistencia del personal médico, así como la importancia de la organización y capacidad de la comunidad para responder a una enfermedad que indudablemente cambió nuestra manera de ejercer, de estudiar y de vivir. Originado en la ciudad de Wuhan, en China, el coronavirus ha logrado extenderse a todo el mundo desencadenando una crisis de salud pública, en la que la medicina homeopática tiene un papel fundamental. (AU)
Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) which is caused by the novel type 2 Severe Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has made manifest the need for constant updating, as well as concerns regarding the resistance of medical personnel. It has also exhibited the importance of organization and the capacity to respond to a disease as a community. The viral infection has thus far undoubtedly changed the way we practice, study and live. First identified in the city of Wuhan, China, the coronavirus has managed to spread throughout the globe, triggering a public health crisis, in which Homeopathy has a fundamental role. (AU)
Assuntos
Estratégias de Saúde Globais , COVID-19 , Arsenicum Album/farmacologia , Terapêutica Homeopática , Bryonia , PandemiasRESUMO
The present immunohistochemical study represents a detailed spatiotemporal analysis of the localization of orexin-immunoreactive (OX-ir) cells and fibers throughout development in the brain of the anuran amphibian Xenopus laevis, a model frequently used in developmental studies. Anurans undergo remarkable physiological changes during the early life stages, and very little is known about the ontogeny and the localization of the centers that control functions such as appetite and feed ingestion in the developing brain. We examined the onset of the orexinergic system, demonstrated to be involved in appetite regulation, using antibodies against mammalian orexin-A and orexin-B peptides. Simultaneous detection of orexins with other territorial markers was used to assess the precise location of the orexinergic cells in the hypothalamus, analyzed within a segmental paradigm. Double staining of orexins and tyrosine hydroxylase served to evaluate possible interactions with the catecholaminergic systems. At early embryonic stages, the first OX-ir cells were detected in the hypothalamus and, soon after, long descending projections were observed through the brainstem to the spinal cord. As brain development proceeded, the double-staining techniques demonstrated that this OX-ir cell group was located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus within the alar hypothalamus. Throughout larval development, the number of OX-ir cells increased notably and a widespread fiber network that innervated the main areas of the forebrain and brainstem was progressively formed, including innervation in the posterior tubercle and mesencephalon, the locus coeruleus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract where catecholaminergic cells are present. In addition, orexinergic cells were detected in the preoptic area and the tuberal hypothalamus only at late prometamorphic stages. The final distribution pattern, largely similar to that of the adult, was achieved through metamorphic climax. The early expression of orexins in Xenopus suggests important roles in brain development in the embryonic period before feeding, and the progression of the temporal and spatial complexity of the orexinergic system might be correlated to the maturation of appetite control regulation, among other functions.
Assuntos
Encéfalo , Hipotálamo , Neurônios , Orexinas/metabolismo , Xenopus laevis/embriologia , Animais , Encéfalo/citologia , Encéfalo/embriologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Tronco Encefálico/embriologia , Feminino , Hipotálamo/citologia , Hipotálamo/embriologia , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Medula Espinal/embriologia , Xenopus laevis/metabolismoRESUMO
El dinamismo vital ha tenido diversas interpretaciones a lo largo del tiempo. El maestro Samuel Hahnemann ha sido pionero al dar una primera concepción a la fuerza y al sistema que controlan el equilibrio en el organismo. Visionario para su tiempo y sin las herramientas que ahora acompañan a la biología molecular, élsupo conjeturar que existía un procesamiento complejo en cada una de las células que nos conforman como seres vivos y que, gracias al avance tecnológico, hoy recibe el nombre de dogma central de la biología molecular, mismo que se encuentra compuesto por la replicación del ADN, la transcripción del ARN y la traducciónde las proteínas, asegurando así la ejecución de la vida mediante un mecanismo siempre dinámico. (AU)
The vital dynamism has undergone various interpretations over time. The teacher Samuel Hahnemann pioneered the first notion about both the strength and the system that control the body balance. Visionary for his time and without the tools now accompanying the molecular biology, he envisioned that there existed a complex processing in every cell making us up as living beings, and that thanks to technological breakthroughs, today it is called the central dogma of molecular biology, which is composed of the replication of DNA, RNA transcription and protein translation, thus ensuring the realization of life through an ever dynamic mechanism. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Vitalismo , Transcrição Gênica , RNA/história , DNA/históriaRESUMO
El dinamismo vital ha tenido diversas interpretaciones a lo largo del tiempo. El maestro Samuel Hahnemann ha sido pionero al dar una primera concepción a la fuerza y al sistema que controlan el equilibrio en el organismo. Visionario para su tiempo y sin las herramientas que ahora acompañan a la biología molecular, élsupo conjeturar que existía un procesamiento complejo en cada una de las células que nos conforman como seres vivos y que, gracias al avance tecnológico, hoy recibe el nombre de dogma central de la biología molecular, mismo que se encuentra compuesto por la replicación del ADN, la transcripción del ARN y la traducciónde las proteínas, asegurando así la ejecución de la vida mediante un mecanismo siempre dinámico...
The vital dynamism has undergone various interpretations over time. The teacher Samuel Hahnemann pioneered the first notion about both the strength and the system that control the body balance. Visionary for his time and without the tools now accompanying the molecular biology, he envisioned that there existed a complex processing in every cell making us up as living beings, and that thanks to technological breakthroughs, today it is called the central dogma of molecular biology, which is composed of the replication of DNA, RNA transcription and protein translation, thus ensuring the realization of life through an ever dynamic mechanism...
Assuntos
Humanos , Transcrição Gênica , Vitalismo , DNA , RNARESUMO
El conocimiento basado en la individualidad ha logrado la curación permanente de los pacientes que han elegido tratar sus padecimientos con el sistema homeopático. El doctor Samuel Federico Hahnemann describió el principio de la individualidad como parte fundamental del correcto ejercicio de la terapéutica homeopática. Por muchos años la medicina alopática ignoró a la individualidad, proponiendo que un fármaco actuaría de la misma forma en todos los pacientes. Actualmente, gracias a la biomedicina molecular ha surgido la farmacogenética, área que estudia la respuesta farmacológica del individuo de acuerdo con su genotipo. Su objetivo es optimizar el tratamiento a nivel individual y transitar hacia una terapia personalizada más segura y eficiente que permita al clínico seleccionar el fármaco correcto, así como la dosis adecuada para el paciente indicado. Los avances de la farmacogenética y la farmacogenómica son, sin lugar a dudas, avances en el soporte científico de la Homeopatía. (AU)
The homeopathic knowledge based on individuality, has achieved permanent cure for patients who have chosen to treat their ailments with it. Dr. Samuel Frederick Hahnemann described the principle of Individuality as a fundamental principle of Homeopathic Therapeutics practice. For many years allopathic medicine ignored individuality holding that a drug would act in the same way in all patients. Today, thanks to Molecular Biomedicine, Pharmacogenetics has emerged, thus studying the pharmacological response of the individual based on genotype. It aims to optimize individual treatment, goes to a personalized therapy safer and more efficient to allow clinicians to select the proper drug, at the adequate dose, for the right patient. Advances in Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics are undoubtedly, advances in scientific support of Homeopathy. (AU)
Assuntos
Farmacogenética/história , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Farmacogenética , Individualidade , Princípio da SimilitudeRESUMO
El conocimiento basado en la individualidad ha logrado la curación permanente de los pacientes que han elegido tratar sus padecimientos con el sistema homeopático. El doctor Samuel Federico Hahnemann describió el principio de la individualidad como parte fundamental del correcto ejercicio de la terapéutica homeopática. Por muchos años la medicina alopática ignoró a la individualidad, proponiendo que un fármaco actuaría de la misma forma en todos los pacientes. Actualmente, gracias a la biomedicina molecular ha surgido la farmacogenética, área que estudia la respuesta farmacológica del individuo de acuerdo con su genotipo. Su objetivo es optimizar el tratamiento a nivel individual y transitar hacia una terapia personalizada más segura y eficiente que permita al clínico seleccionar el fármaco correcto, así como la dosis adecuada para el paciente indicado. Los avances de la farmacogenética y la farmacogenómica son, sin lugar a dudas, avances en el soporte científico de la Homeopatía.
The homeopathic knowledge based on individuality, has achieved permanent cure for patients who have chosen to treat their ailments with it. Dr. Samuel Frederick Hahnemann described the principle of Individuality as a fundamental principle of Homeopathic Therapeutics practice. For many years allopathic medicine ignored individuality holding that a drug would act in the same way in all patients. Today, thanks to Molecular Biomedicine, Pharmacogenetics has emerged, thus studying the pharmacological response of the individual based on genotype. It aims to optimize individual treatment, goes to a personalized therapy safer and more efficient to allow clinicians to select the proper drug, at the adequate dose, for the right patient. Advances in Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics are undoubtedly, advances in scientific support of Homeopathy.
Assuntos
Farmacogenética/história , Farmacogenética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Individualidade , Princípio da SimilitudeRESUMO
En años recientes ha existido una demanda cada vez mayor de evidencia científica acerca de la Homeopatía. Varias hipótesis se han propuesto para explicarla en términos físicos y químicos. Publicaciones científicas recientes sugieren algunos posibles caminos para validar la realidad de toda una nueva clase de fenómenos fisicoquímicos relacionados con el agua. Este artículo intenta introducir algunas ideas para explicar este tema. (AU)
In recent years there has been an increasing demand for scientific evidenceabout homeopathy. Various hypotheses have been put forward to explain it in terms of conventional physics and chemistry. Recent scientific publications suggest some possible ways to validate the reality of a whole new class of physicochemical new phenomena concerning water. This paper makes an attempt to introduce some explanatory ideas about this item. (AU)
Assuntos
Homeopatia , Pesquisa Homeopática Básica , Mecanismo de Ação do Medicamento Homeopático , Medicina Baseada em EvidênciasRESUMO
En años recientes ha existido una demanda cada vez mayor de evidencia científica acerca de la Homeopatía. Varias hipótesis se han propuesto para explicarla en términos físicos y químicos. Publicaciones científicas recientes sugieren algunos posibles caminos para validar la realidad de toda una nueva clase de fenómenos fisicoquímicos relacionados con el agua. Este artículo intenta introducir algunas ideas para explicar este tema.
In recent years there has been an increasing demand for scientific evidenceabout homeopathy. Various hypotheses have been put forward to explain it in terms of conventional physics and chemistry. Recent scientific publications suggest some possible ways to validate the reality of a whole new class of physicochemical new phenomena concerning water. This paper makes an attempt to introduce some explanatory ideas about this item.