RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate genes involved in ovarian primordial-to-primary follicle transition. DESIGN: Experimental animal study. SETTING: Research institute. ANIMAL(S): Day-2 and day-4 female Swiss mice. INTERVENTION(S): We conducted a complementary DNA array study using ovarian messenger RNAs from day-2 and day-4 mice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The expression profiles of 1,176 genes in neonatal mouse ovaries on day 2 and day 4, which contain primordial and primary follicles, respectively, were compared. RESULT(S): Twenty-six percent of genes were differentially expressed between day-2 and day-4 ovaries, with 19% being up-regulated and 7% down-regulated in day 4. Analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that the primordial-to-primary follicle stage transition is associated with induction in the expression of mainly growth factors, immune-related factors, hormone and hormone receptors, and signal transducers. The transition is also associated with proliferation of granulosa cells and absence of apoptosis. In addition, our studies demonstrated that the primary follicles express estrogen receptor beta and are responsive to estrogen actions in vitro in terms of increase in the number of primary follicles and granulosa cell proliferation. CONCLUSION(S): The transition of primordial to primary follicles is associated with the participation of multiple pathways in regulating gene expression.
Assuntos
Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Folículo Ovariano/fisiologia , Ovário/fisiologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Comunicação Celular , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , DNA Complementar/genética , Estrogênios/farmacologia , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Substâncias de Crescimento/genética , Marcação In Situ das Extremidades Cortadas , Camundongos , Oncogenes/genética , Folículo Ovariano/anatomia & histologia , Ovário/anatomia & histologia , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA/genética , RNA/isolamento & purificação , Receptores de Esteroides/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
Pippaliyadi yoga or pippaliyadi vati is an ayurvedic contraceptive used in India since ancient times. It is a combination of powdered fruit berries of Embelia ribes Burm.f. (Myrsinaceae), Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) and borax in equal proportion. Though the contraceptive potential is known since ancient times, no systematic developmental toxicity studies have been carried out. The present study was carried out to evaluate the postnatal developmental toxicity and the reproductive performance of the progeny exposed in utero to pippaliyadi. Pippaliyadi yoga was obtained from National Institute for Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), India and the developmental toxicity was studied by administering three doses, viz. 140, 300 and 700 mg/(kg day) to gravid females from day 6 to day 16 of gestation. Pippaliyadi did not have any adverse developmental effects with low doses, however, with the five times higher dose, a decrease in body weight of the pups was observed. The reproductive performance of the progeny born to mothers treated with pippaliyadi was not significantly affected. The present study suggests that in utero exposure to pippaliyadi does not have any adverse effect on the postnatal development and reproductive performance of the F(1) progeny.