Predictors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations during pregnancy: A longitudinal analysis in the Brazilian Amazon.

OBJECTIVES: To determine predictors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) concentrations (25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles) in the third trimester of pregnancy. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data on sociodemographic, obstetric, lifestyle and pregnancy characteristics, including serum 25(OH)D3 and retinol, were collected among 448 pregnant women who participated in the Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre, Brazil (MINA-Brazil Study) in Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazilian Amazon (latitude 7°S). Simultaneous-quantile regression was fitted to prospectively assess predictors at the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles of 25(OH)D3 concentrations. RESULTS: In the third trimester, 25(OH)D3 <50 nmol/L was observed in 26% of pregnant women. Exposure to the Amazonian dry season during follow-up and vitamin D status ≥75 nmol/L in the second trimester of pregnancy were positively associated with 25(OH)D3 concentrations in the third trimester. Pregnant women who were the main providers of family income presented lower 25(OH)D3 concentrations (50th and 75th percentiles: -15 nmol/L, 95%CI -24; -3, p = 0.02, and -22 nmol/L, 95%CI -36; -7, p = 0.004, respectively), as well as those with sustained vitamin A insufficiency (25th and 50th percentiles: -27 nmol/L, 95%CI -40; -15, p < 0.001, and -17 nmol/L, 95%CI -33; -1, p = 0.04, respectively). Sun protection practices had a smaller negative impact on 25(OH)D3, restricted to participants whose concentrations were at the 25th percentile of the distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Seasonality and vitamin A status were important predictors of 25(OH)D3 concentrations in the third trimester. Adequate exposure to sunlight and dietary sources of vitamin A within safe intake levels may help ensuring a good nutritional status of vitamin D during pregnancy.

Gestational weight gain, nutritional status and blood pressure in pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether weekly gestational weight gain is associated with anemia, vitamin A insufficiency, and blood pressure levels in the third trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: A prospective study with 457 pregnant women attending primary care in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. The weekly gestational weight gain rate measured between the second and third trimesters was classified as insufficient, adequate, and excessive according to the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine 2009. The outcomes at the beginning of the third gestational trimester were: anemia (Hb < 110 g/L), vitamin A insufficiency (serum retinol<1.05 µmol/L) and blood pressure levels (continuous values, in mmHg). Age-adjusted prevalence ratios, schooling, and use of vitamin and mineral supplements were calculated in Poisson regression models with robust variance. RESULTS: A total of 18.6% of pregnant women had insufficient weekly weight gain, and 59.1% had excessive weight gain. The frequencies of anemia, vitamin A insufficiency and hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg) were 17.5%, 13.4%, and 0.6%, respectively. The prevalence ratios for anemia among pregnant women with insufficient and excessive weight gain were 0.41 (95%CI 0.18-0.93) and 1.00 (95%CI 0.63-1.59), respectively, when compared to pregnant women with adequate weight gain. For vitamin A insufficiency, the adjusted prevalence ratio was significantly higher among pregnant women with insufficient weight gain (2.85, 95%CI 1.55-5.24) and no difference for excessive weight gain (1.53, 95%CI 0.84-2.74) when compared to pregnant women with adequate weight gain. Pregnant women with excessive weight gain had higher mean systolic blood pressure (111.10; 95%CI 109.9-112.2) when compared to pregnant women with insufficient weight gain (107.50; 95%CI 105.4-109.6) and adequate (106.20; 95%CI 104.3-108.20). CONCLUSIONS: Insufficient weekly gestational weight gain was associated with the risk of vitamin A insufficiency. Excessive weight gain, in turn, was associated with higher blood pressure values at the beginning of the third gestational trimester.

Gestational weight gain, nutritional status and blood pressure in pregnant women / Ganho de peso gestacional, estado nutricional e pressão arterial de gestantes

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether weekly gestational weight gain is associated with anemia, vitamin A insufficiency, and blood pressure levels in the third trimester of pregnancy. METHODS A prospective study with 457 pregnant women attending primary care in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. The weekly gestational weight gain rate measured between the second and third trimesters was classified as insufficient, adequate, and excessive according to the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine 2009. The outcomes at the beginning of the third gestational trimester were: anemia (Hb < 110 g/L), vitamin A insufficiency (serum retinol<1.05 μmol/L) and blood pressure levels (continuous values, in mmHg). Age-adjusted prevalence ratios, schooling, and use of vitamin and mineral supplements were calculated in Poisson regression models with robust variance. RESULTS A total of 18.6% of pregnant women had insufficient weekly weight gain, and 59.1% had excessive weight gain. The frequencies of anemia, vitamin A insufficiency and hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg) were 17.5%, 13.4%, and 0.6%, respectively. The prevalence ratios for anemia among pregnant women with insufficient and excessive weight gain were 0.41 (95%CI 0.18-0.93) and 1.00 (95%CI 0.63-1.59), respectively, when compared to pregnant women with adequate weight gain. For vitamin A insufficiency, the adjusted prevalence ratio was significantly higher among pregnant women with insufficient weight gain (2.85, 95%CI 1.55-5.24) and no difference for excessive weight gain (1.53, 95%CI 0.84-2.74) when compared to pregnant women with adequate weight gain. Pregnant women with excessive weight gain had higher mean systolic blood pressure (111.10; 95%CI 109.9-112.2) when compared to pregnant women with insufficient weight gain (107.50; 95%CI 105.4-109.6) and adequate (106.20; 95%CI 104.3-108.20). CONCLUSIONS Insufficient weekly gestational weight gain was associated with the risk of vitamin A insufficiency. Excessive weight gain, in turn, was associated with higher blood pressure values at the beginning of the third gestational trimester.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar se o ganho de peso gestacional semanal está associado à anemia, à insuficiência de vitamina A e a níveis pressóricos no terceiro trimestre gestacional. MÉTODOS Estudo prospectivo com 457 gestantes assistidas na atenção básica em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. A taxa de ganho de peso gestacional semanal medida entre o segundo e o terceiro trimestres foi classificada em insuficiente, adequada e excessiva segundo recomendações do Institute of Medicine 2009. Os desfechos no início do terceiro trimestre gestacional foram: anemia (Hb < 110 g/L), insuficiência de vitamina A (retinol sérico < 1,05 µmol/L) e níveis pressóricos (valores contínuos, em mmHg). Razões de prevalência ajustadas por idade, escolaridade e uso de suplementos de vitaminas e minerais foram calculadas em modelos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. RESULTADOS No total, 18,6% das gestantes apresentaram ganho de peso semanal insuficiente e 59,1% ganho de peso excessivo. As frequências de anemia, insuficiência de vitamina A e hipertensão (pressão arterial sistólica ≥ 140 mmHg ou diastólica ≥ 90 mmHg) foram 17,5%, 13,4% e 0,6%, respectivamente. As razões de prevalência para anemia entre gestantes com ganho de peso insuficiente e excessivo foram 0,41 (IC95% 0,18-0,93) e 1,00 (IC95% 0,63-1,59), respectivamente, quando comparadas às gestantes com ganho de peso adequado. Para insuficiência de vitamina A, a razão de prevalência ajustada foi significantemente maior entre gestantes com ganho de peso insuficiente (2,85; IC95% 1,55-5,24) e sem diferença para ganho de peso excessivo (1,53; IC95% 0,84-2,74) quando comparada às gestantes com ganho de peso adequado. As gestantes com ganho de peso excessivo apresentaram valores médios de pressão arterial sistólica maiores (111,10; IC95% 109,9-112,2) quando comparadas às gestantes com ganho de peso insuficiente (107,50; IC95% 105,4-109,6) e adequado (106,20; IC95% 104,3-108,20). CONCLUSÕES O ganho de peso gestacional semanal insuficiente foi associado ao risco para insuficiência de vitamina A. O ganho de peso excessivo, por sua vez, foi associado a valores pressóricos maiores no início do terceiro trimestre gestacional.

Estado nutricional de vitamina A na gravidez e associação com desfechos materno-infantis no estudo MINA-Brasil / Vitamin A status during pregnancy and its association with mother-infant outcomes in the MINA-Brazil study

Introdução - Exposições adversas relacionadas ao estado nutricional na gestação têm sido associadas a desfechos desfavoráveis para a saúde materno-infantil. Nesse contexto, a deficiência de vitamina A (VA) é uma das carências nutricionais mais relevantes para a saúde dessa parcela da população, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Objetivos - a) investigar preditores da concentração de retinol sérico no início do terceiro trimestre de gestação (Artigo 1), b) investigar a associação entre estado nutricional de VA durante a gestação e anemia materna no parto e peso ao nascer (Artigo 2) e c) investigar a prevalência e fatores associados com a cegueira noturna gestacional (XN) e anemia materna no parto (Artigo 3) em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Métodos - Trata-se de estudo de coorte de nascimentos (MINA-Brasil: Saúde e Nutrição Materno-Infantil no Acre), a partir do recrutamento de gestantes do município. Entre fevereiro/2015 e maio/2016, gestantes inscritas no prénatal da área urbana foram rastreadas (n = 587) e dois inquéritos realizados: 1ª avaliação com 16-20 semanas de gravidez e a 2ª avaliação com 27-30 semanas de gestação. Informações sobre condições sociodemográficas, ambientais, histórico de saúde e estilo de vida, medidas antropométricas, coleta de sangue em jejum e exame de ultrassonografia foram obtidas pela equipe de pesquisa. Posteriormente, entre julho/2015 e junho/2016, foi realizado registro diário das internações para parto na única maternidade do município com coleta de informações sobre desfechos de interesse para o presente estudo. Modelos de regressão múltiplos de Poisson e lineares foram utilizados nas análises estatísticas, ao nível de significância P<0,05. Resultados - No Artigo 1 (n = 422), a presença de fumante no domicílio foi inversamente associado às concentrações de retinol sérico na gravidez (ß: -0,087; IC 95%: -0,166, -0,009); por outro lado, a sazonalidade (inverno amazônico - ß: 0,134; IC 95%: 0,063, 0,206), o consumo semanal de frutos amazônicos (ricos em carotenoides - ß: 0,087; IC 95%: 0,012, 0,162) e a concentração de retinol entre 16-20 semanas de gestação (ß: 0,045; IC 95%: 0,016, 0,074) foram positivamente associados à concentração de retinol sérico no início do terceiro trimestre gestacional. No Artigo 2 (n = 488), independente do momento avaliado na gestação, a deficiência de VA foi associada ao risco para anemia materna (RP: 1,39; IC 95%: 1,05, 1,84) e inversamente associada com as concentrações de hemoglobina materna no parto (ß: -3,34; IC 95%: -6,48, -0,20), após ajuste para covariáveis. No mesmo sentido, associação inversa também foi observada para o peso ao nascer (ß: -0,10; IC 95%: -0,20, -0,00), contudo, perdendo a significância estatística após ajuste para concentrações de ferritina plasmática. No Artigo 3 (n = 1.525), altas prevalências de cegueira noturna gestacional (11,54%) e anemia materna no parto (39,38%) foram encontradas nesta população. Os fatores associados à cegueira noturna foram o número de pessoas no domicílio (cinco ou mais- RP: 2,06; IC 95%: 1,24, 3,41), fumo na gestação (RP: 1,78; IC 95%: 1,15, 2,78) e ter realizado menos de seis consultas de pré-natal (RP: 1,61; IC 95%: 1,08, 2,40). Os fatores associados à anemia materna foram: ser adolescente (< 19 anos - RP: 1,18; IC 95%: 1,01, 1,38), malária na gestação (RP: 1,22; IC 95%: 1,01, 1,49), não ter usado suplementos na gestação (RP: 1,27; IC 95%: 1,01, 1,62) e o número de consultas de pré-natal (< 6 consultas - RP: 1,40; IC 95%: 1,15, 1,70) Conclusão - Em município da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira, a carência de VA associou-se ao risco para anemia no parto e foi inversamente associada à hemoglobina materna e o peso ao nascer do bebê. Estratégias e ações para promoção da alimentação saudável e nutrição da mulher no pré-natal precisam ser reavaliadas visando redução dos efeitos adversos da carência de VA para o binômio mãe-filho

Introduction - Adverse exposures related to antenatal nutrition care have been associated with poor maternal and child outcomes. In this sense, vitamin A (VA) deficiency is a relevant public health issue for this vulnerable population, especially in developing countries. Objectives - a) to investigate the predictors of serum retinol at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy (Article 1), b) to investigate associations between the VA status during pregnancy with the occurrence of maternal anemia and birth weight (Article 2), and c) to investigate the prevalence, as well as the associated factors with gestational night blindness and maternal anemia (Article 3) in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre State, Western Brazilian Amazon. Methods - Prospective birth cohort study (MINA-Brazil: Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre State), starting with recruitment of pregnant women. Between February/2015 and May/2016, pregnant women registered in antenatal clinics in the urban area of Cruzeiro do Sul were screened (n = 587) and two follow-up surveys were performed: the 1st one between 16 to 20 weeks of pregnancy and the 2nd one between 27 to 30 weeks of pregnancy. Socioeconomic, environmental, health history and lifestyle, anthropometric measures, blood samples, and ultrasounds data were gathered by the research team. Subsequently, between July/2015 and June/2016, daily visits to the municipal maternity hospital were performed in order to register all births and the outcomes of interest for this study. Multiple Poisson and linear regression models were used for statistical analysis, at P <0.05. Results - In the Article 1 (n = 422), having a smoker in the household was inversely associated with serum retinol in pregnancy (ß: -0.087; 95% CI: -0.166, - 0.009); on the other hand, the seasonality (Amazonian winter - ß: 0.134; 95% CI: 0.063, 0.206), the weekly consumption of Amazonian carotenoid-rich fruits (ß: 0.087; 95% CI: 0.012, 0.162), and serum retinol in the first assessment (ß: 0.045; 95% CI: 0.016, 0.074) were positively associated with serum retinol at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy. In the Article 2 (n = 488), regardless the period assessed, VA deficiency was associated with the risk for maternal anemia (PR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.84), as well as it was inversely associated with maternal serum hemoglobin (ß: -3.34; 95% CI: -6.48, - 0.20), after adjustment for covariates. Similarly, inverse association was observed for the birth weight (ß: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.20, -0.00), even though it was no longer associated after adjustment for plasma ferritin. In the Article 3 (n = 1,525), high prevalence rate of gestational night blindness (11.5%) and maternal anemia (39.4%) were observed. Associated factors with gestational night blindness were the number of people in the household (five or more- PR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.24, 3.41), smoking during pregnancy (PR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.15, 2.78), and the completeness of less than six antenatal care visits (PR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.40). Associated factors with maternal anemia were being teenage (< 19 years - PR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.38), gestational malaria (PR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.49), did not use any supplementation during pregnancy (PR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.62), and the number of antenatal care visits (< 6 visits - PR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.70). Conclusion - In a city in the Western Brazilian Amazon, the VA deficiency was associated with the risk for maternal anemia and was inversely associated with maternal serum hemoglobin and the birth weight. The current strategies and interventions targeting antenatal nutrition care must be reviewed in order to reduce the adverse effects for mother-child binomial caused by VA deficiency.

Determinants of gestational night blindness in pregnant women from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and determinants of gestational night blindness in pregnant women receiving care in a hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of pregnant and postpartum women receiving care in a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro from 1999 to 2001 (group I; n 225) or from 2005 to 2008 (group II; n 381). Night blindness was identified through a standardized and validated interview (WHO, 1996). The determinants of gestational night blindness were identified through a hierarchical logistic regression model. SETTING: Public maternity hospital in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. SUBJECTS: Adult pregnant and postpartum women (n 606), aged ≥20 years. RESULTS: The prevalence of gestational night blindness was 9·9 %. The final model revealed that not living in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro (distal level: adjusted OR=1·846; 95 % CI 1·002, 3·401), belonging to group I (intermediate level: adjusted OR=2·183; 95 % CI 1·066, 4·471) and for the proximal level, having a history of abortion (adjusted OR=2·840; 95 % CI 1·134, 7·115) and having anaemia during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy (adjusted OR=3·776; 95 % CI 1·579, 9·029) were determinants of gestational night blindness. CONCLUSION: Gestational night blindness should be assessed for during the prenatal care of all pregnant women, especially those living in deprived areas of the city and/or who have a history of abortion or anaemia. Nutritional monitoring is recommended during pregnancy to control gestational night blindness.

Suplementação com vitamina A em gestantes e puérperas brasileiras: uma revisão sistemática / Vitamin A supplementation in Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women: a systematic review

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da suplementação com vitamina A (VA) em gestantes e puérperas adultas no Brasil sobre o teor de VA e imunoglobulina A secretora (IgAS) do colostro e leite materno, nas condições de saúde infantil e no status de VA do binômio mãe-filho. Métodos: Realizou-se uma busca eletrônica nas bases MEDLINE, Scopus , Web of Science e Lilacs por estudos publicados entre janeiro de 2000 e janeiro de 2014. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada conforme a escala de Jadad. A busca pelas publicações ocorreu em janeiro de 2014 de forma independente por dois autores. Resultados: Encontraram-se sete estudos sobre os efeitos da suplementação com VA no puerpério sobre leite materno e morbidade infantil. Nenhum estudo com suplementação em gestantes foi detectado. A suplementação no puerpério elevou o teor de retinol no leite materno, aumentando a oferta de VA para a criança, e também a concentração de IgAS no colostro. Efeitos sobre a redução na morbidade infantil não foram descritos. Conclusão: Constata-se que os benefícios descritos sobre a suplementação no pós-parto ainda não foram completamente evidenciados no programa brasileiro, embora a suplementação contribua para a melhora do estado nutricional de VA da criança e da puérpera e na oferta da vitamina, pelo leite materno, ao recém-nascido.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To assess the impact of vitamin A supplementation on adult pregnant and puerperal women in Brazil regarding the content of vitamin A and secretory immunoglobulin A on colostrum and breast milk, in child's health conditions, and in mother-child binomial vitamin A status. Methods: A research was conducted in Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs electronic databases for the studies published between January 2000 and January 2014. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed according to Jadad scale. The study search was conducted in January 2014, independently by two authors. Results: Seven studies were found concerning the effects of vitamin A supplementation in the puerperal period on breast milk and infant morbidity. No study regarding pregnant women supplementation was found. The supplementation in the puerperal period raised the retinol content on breast milk, thus increasing the offer of vitamin A for the child and the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A on colostrum. There was no description of effects on infant morbidity. Conclusion: It seems that the advantages of postpartum supplementation were not established in the Brazilian program, although the supplementation contributes to a better nutritional status of vitamin A for both the child and the puerperal woman and increases the offer of vitamin A for the newborn through the breast milk.

Vitamin A supplementation in Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of vitamin A supplementation on adult pregnant and puerperal women in Brazil regarding the content of vitamin A and secretory immunoglobulin A on colostrum and breast milk, in child's health conditions, and in mother-child binomial vitamin A status. METHODS: A research was conducted in Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs electronic databases for the studies published between January 2000 and January 2014. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed according to Jadad scale. The study search was conducted in January 2014, independently by two authors. RESULTS: Seven studies were found concerning the effects of vitamin A supplementation in the puerperal period on breast milk and infant morbidity. No study regarding pregnant women supplementation was found. The supplementation in the puerperal period raised the retinol content on breast milk, thus increasing the offer of vitamin A for the child and the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A on colostrum. There was no description of effects on infant morbidity. CONCLUSION: It seems that the advantages of postpartum supplementation were not established in the Brazilian program, although the supplementation contributes to a better nutritional status of vitamin A for both the child and the puerperal woman and increases the offer of vitamin A for the newborn through the breast milk.

The role of prenatal nutrition assistance on the prevalence of night blindness in pregnant adults / El papel de la asistencia nutricional prenatal sobre la prevalencia de la ceguera nocturna en adultas embarazadas

Introduction: In developing countries, night blindness is a very common public health problem among pregnant women. Objective: Evaluate the effect of the changes occurred on prenatal care concerning prenatal nutritional care on the occurrence of night blindness (XN) in adult pregnant women in public maternity hospital in Rio de Janeiro between 1999-2001 and between 2007-2008. Methods: Two cross-sectional studies were conducted, been the first one conducted between 1999-2001 and the second one between 2007-2008. Were studied 402 puerperal women, 225 between 1999-2001 (GI) and 177 between 2007-2008 (GII). The gestational XN was investigated during the immediate puerperium (GI) and during the prenatal/puerperium (GII), diagnosed by the World Health Organization. The study collected sociodemographic, clinical, obstetric, anthropometric and prenatal care information. Results: It verified significant reduce of prevalence of gestational XN (GI = 18.7% e GII = 0.6%, p < 0.001). The occurrence of gestational XN was associated to sanitary conditions, education level, more than six prenatal consultations, miscarriage at last pregnancy, higher average number of deliveries, average number of prenatal care consultations and prenatal nutritional (p < 0.05). There was no association between gestational XN and marital status, skin color, pre-gestational nutritional status, adequacy of gain of total gestational weight, gestational anaemia and average number of pregnancies (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The inclusion of nutritional care in routine prenatal care may have contributed to the reduction of gestational XN. Studies to assess the nutritional intervention in the prevention and treatment of gestational XN at regions at greatest risk are suggested (AU)

Introducción: En los países en desarrollo, la ceguera nocturna (CN) es un problema muy común de la salud pública entre las mujeres embarazadas. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de los cambios ocurridos en la atención prenatal sobre el cuidado nutricional prenatal sobre la aparición de CN en mujeres adultas embarazadas en una maternidad pública en Rio de Janeiro entre 1999-2001 y entre 2007-2008. Métodos: Se realizaron dos estudios transversales, el primero entre 1999-2001 y el segundo entre 2007-2008. Se estudiaron 402 mujeres puérperas, 225 entre 1999-2001 (GI) y 177 entre 2007-2008 (GII). La CN gestacional fue investigada durante el puerperio inmediato (GI) y durante el prenatal/puerperio (GII), diagnosticada por la Organización Mundial de La Salud. El estudio incluyó informaciones sociodemográficas, clínicas, obstétricas, antropométricas y del cuidado prenatal. Resultados: Se verificó reducción significativa de la prevalencia de CN gestacional (GI = 18,7% e GII = 0,6%, p < 0,001). La ocurrencia de CN gestacional se asoció con las condiciones sanitarias, el nivel de educación, más de seis consultas prenatales, abortos espontáneos en el último embarazo, mayor número promedio de partos, el número promedio de consultas de atención prenatal y de nutrición prenatal (p < 0,05). No hubo asociación entre CN gestacional y el estado civil, color de piel, estado nutricional pregestacional, adecuación de la ganancia de peso durante la gestación, incluyendo anemia gestacional y el número medio de embarazos (p > 0,05). Conclusión: La inclusión de la atención nutricional en el cuidado prenatal de rutina puede haber contribuido para la reducción de CN gestacional. Se sugiere más estudios para evaluar la intervención nutricional en la prevención y el tratamiento de CN gestacional en las regiones de mayor riesgo (AU)

Systematic review; nutritional therapy in gestational diabetes mellitus / Revisión sistemática; terapia nutricional en la diabetes mellitus gestacional

Introduction: Several methods of dietetic counseling can be used in the nutritional therapy in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The main methods are the traditional method (TM) and the carbohydrate counting (CCM). Objective: Presenting a systematic review of the literature on the impact of nutritional therapy in GDM, through TM and CCM, evaluating the results for maternal and child health. Methods: We searched databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs and CAPES Digital Bank of Thesis. The methodological quality of all the studies included was made using the Jadad score. Results and conclusion: We have found five studies that evaluated the effects of nutritional therapy, through the TM, on the maternal and child health. None study evaluating the CCM was detected in pregnant women with GDM Nutritional therapy given during antenatal care was effective in reducing pregnancy complications (preeclampsia, excessive gestational weight gain, necessity for cesarean delivery, for insulin therapy and for shoulder dystocia), perinatal complications (macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and birth weight) and also in better glycemic control. The use of nutritional therapy should be highlighted within the antenatal care for pregnant women with GDM, giving the satisfactory results on metabolic control and on pregnancy outcomes. Studies examining the CCM to GDM patients should be conducted to show its effects on maternal and child health (AU)

Introducción: Diversos métodos de asesoramiento dietético pueden ser utilizados en la terapia de la nutrición en la diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG). Los principales son el método tradicional (MT) y el contaje de hidratos de carbono (MCHC). Objetivo: Presentar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el impacto de la terapia nutricional en el DMG, utilizando el MT y MCHC, la evaluación de los resultados para la salud materna e infantil. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica a través de las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs y CAPES Banco Digital de Tesis. La calidad metodológica de todos los estudios incluidos se evaluó mediante la escala de Jadad. Resultados y Conclusiones: Se encontraron cinco estudios que evaluaron los efectos de la terapia nutricional utilizando el método tradicional, en la salud de la mujer embarazada y su feto. No se detectó ningún estudio que tenga evaluado el MCHC en las mujeres embarazadas con DMG. La terapia nutricional durante la atención prenatal fue eficaz em la reducción de las complicaciones del embarazo (pre-eclampsia, aumento excesivo de peso, necesidad de parto por cesárea, terapia con insulina y distocia de hombros), las complicaciones perinatales (macrosomía, hipoglucemia neo natal, peso al nacimiento) y también en un mejor control glucémico. El uso de la terapia nutricional debe ser destacada en la atención prenatal para las mujeres embarazadas con DMG, dados los resultados satisfactorios en el control metabólico y complicaciones en el embarazo. Los estudios que evalúan el MCHC en las mujeres embarazadas con DMG deben llevarse a cabo para mostrar sus efectos en la salud materna e infantil (AU)