An Overview of the Versatility of the Parts of the Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.), Its By-Products and Dietary Supplements.

Cynara scolymus, also known as the globe artichoke or artichoke, is grown as a food, mainly in the Mediterranean, Canary Islands, and Egypt, as well as in Asia and South America. It has also been associated with various health benefits and is used in plant-based dietary supplements and herbal infusions. Its edible parts, consisting of the head or capitula, flower, and leaves, have shown various biological activities, including anti-cancer, hepatoprotective and antimicrobial potential. The leaves are mainly used in infusions and extracts for their health-promoting properties, although all their edible parts may also be consumed as fresh, frozen, or canned foods. However, its primary health-promoting activity is associated with its antioxidant potential, which has been linked to its chemical composition, particularly its phenolic compounds (representing 96 mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g of raw plant material) and dietary fiber. The main phenolic compounds in the heads and leaves are caffeic acid derivatives, while the flavonoids luteolin and apigenin (both present as glucosides and rutinosides) have also been identified. In addition, heat-treated artichokes (i.e., boiled, steamed or fried), their extracts, and waste from artichoke processing also have antioxidant activity. The present paper reviews the current literature concerning the biological properties of different parts of C. scolymus, its by-products and dietary supplements, as well as their chemical content and toxicity. The literature was obtained by a search of PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Web of Knowledge, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, with extra papers being identified by manually reviewing the references.

New Aspect of Composition and Biological Properties of Glechoma hederacea L. Herb: Detailed Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anticoagulant Activity and Toxicity in Selected Human Cells and Plasma In Vitro.

It is known that phenolic compounds can alleviate the negative impact of oxidative stress and modulate hemostasis. However, the effect of extracts and phenolics from Glechoma hederacea L. on the biomarkers of these processes is not well documented. The aim of our study was to investigate the in vitro protective effects of one extract and three fractions (20, 60, and 85% fraction) from G. hederacea L. on oxidative stress and hemostasis. Phytochemical analysis showed that aerial parts of G. hederacea L. are rich in both phenolic acids (such as rosmarinic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and chlorogenic acid) and flavonoids (mainly rutin and glycoside derivatives of apigenin, quercetin, and luteolin). We observed that the 85% fraction (at three concentrations: 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL) inhibited protein carbonylation. Moreover, the extract and 85% fraction (at the concentration of 50 µg/mL) could reduce lipid peroxidation. All fractions and the extract were very effective at decreasing H2O2-induced DNA damage in PBM cells. The 85% fraction had the strongest protective potential against DNA oxidative damage. We also observed that the extract and fractions decreased PBM cell viability to a maximum of 65% after 24 h incubation. Our results indicate that the 85% fraction showed the strongest antioxidant potential. The main component of the 85% fraction was apigenin (26.17 ± 1.44 mg/g), which is most likely responsible for its strong antioxidant properties.

A Review on Berry Seeds-A Special Emphasis on Their Chemical Content and Health-Promoting Properties.

Berries are important components of the human diet, valued for their high content of nutrients and active compounds. Berry seeds are also important objects of scientific investigation as, in some cases, they can have a higher concentration of certain phytochemicals than other parts of the fruit. Moreover, they are often byproducts of the food industry that can be reused to make oil, extracts, or flour. We have reviewed available literature related to the chemical content and biological activity of seeds from five different berry species-red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. and Rubus coreanus Miq.), strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), grape (Vitis vinifera L.), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.). We have searched various databases, including PubMed, Web of Knowledge, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Last search was conducted on 16.01.2023. Various preparations from berry seeds are valuable sources of bioactive phytochemicals and could be used as functional foods or to make pharmaceuticals or cosmetics. Some products, like oil, flour, or extracts, are already available on the market. However, many preparations and compounds still lack appropriate evidence for their effectiveness in vivo, so their activity should first be assessed in animal studies and clinical trials.

The changes of blood platelet reactivity in the presence of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson leaves and twig extract in whole blood.

Uncontrolled blood platelet activation is an important risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVDs). Various studies on phenolic compounds indicate that they have a protective effect on the cardiovascular system through different mechanisms, including the reduction of blood platelet activation. One of the plants that is particularly rich in phenolic compounds is sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson). The aim of the present study in vitro was to determine the anti-platelet properties of crude extracts isolated from leaves and twigs of E. rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson in whole blood using flow cytometric and total thrombus-formation analysis system (T-TAS). In addition, the aim of our study was also analyze of blood platelet proteomes in the presence of different sea buckthorn extracts. A significant new finding is a decrease surface exposition of P-selectin on blood platelets stimulated by 10 µM ADP and 10 µg/mL collagen, and a decrease surface exposition of GPIIb/IIIa active complex on non-activated platelets and platelets stimulated by 10 µM ADP and 10 µg/mL collagen in the presence of sea buckthorn leaf extract (especially at the concentration 50 µg/mL). The twig extract also displayed antiplatelet potential. However, this activity was higher in the leaf extract than in the twig extract in whole blood. In addition, our present findings clearly demonstrate that investigated plant extracts have anticoagulant properties (measured by T-TAS). Therefore, the two tested extracts may be promising candidates for the natural anti-platelet and anticoagulant supplements.

Cardioprotective Potential of Berries of Schisandra chinensis Turcz. (Baill.), Their Components and Food Products.

Schisandra chinensis (S. chinensis) berries, originally a component of traditional herbal medicine in China, Korea, and other east Asian countries, are also valuable agents in modern phototherapy. S. chinensis berry preparations, including extracts and their chemical components, demonstrate anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, among others. These valuable properties, and their therapeutic potential, are conditioned by the unique chemical composition of S. chinensis berries, particularly their lignan content. About 40 of these compounds, mainly dibenzocyclooctane type, were isolated from S. chinensis. The most important bioactive lignans are schisandrin (also denoted as schizandrin or schisandrol A), schisandrin B, schisantherin A, schisantherin B, schisanhenol, deoxyschisandrin, and gomisin A. The present work reviews newly-available literature concerning the cardioprotective potential of S. chinensis berries and their individual components. It places special emphasis on the cardioprotective properties of the selected lignans related to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristis.

The Current State of Knowledge about the Biological Activity of Different Parts of Capers.

The caper, from the Latin capra, meaning goat, is the common name for the salt-fermented floral buds of the perennial shrubs of the Capparis genus (Capparacea family). This genus is represented by about 250 species, including the very popular C. spinosa L. While the whole plant is edible, the aromatic floral buds are most widely consumed, being collected by hand prior to blooming, dried in the sun and pickled. Capers are usually served marinated in vinegar, brine or oil. They have a significant potential as dietary supplements due to their low calorie content and richness in bioactive phytochemicals. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that C. spinosa have various nutritional and biological properties, including antioxidant activity resulting from the presence of phenolic compounds. The present paper reviews the current literature concerning the biological properties of the fruits, buds, seeds, roots and leaves of C. spinosa, including their toxicity.

Extract from Sea Buckthorn Seeds-A Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Hemostasis Study; Effect of Thermal Processing on Its Chemical Content and Biological Activity In Vitro.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a small tree, valued for its medicinal properties throughout the ages. Sea buckthorn berries and leaves are a known source of phytochemicals and have been used in the treatment of inflammation, oedema, hypertension, ulcers, and wounds in folk medicine. Sea buckthorn seeds are natural dietary sources of various bioactive compounds as well, but the number of studies on their content and biological properties is still insufficient. For the first time, we examined the phytochemical content and biological activity of sea buckthorn seeds in vitro. We have studied the effect of two extracts-from regular (no thermal processing) and roasted (thermally processed) sea buckthorn seeds-on the levels of oxidative stress induced by H2O2/Fe2+ in plasma, coagulation times, and white thrombus formation (measured by Total Thrombus-formation Analysis System-T-TAS). We observed that sea buckthorn seeds contain diverse flavonoids, mostly glycosides of isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin, as well as smaller amounts of proanthocyanidins and catechin, triterpenoid saponins, and a number of unidentified polar and hydrophobic compounds. Both extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, but only the extract from roasted seeds decreased oxidation of thiol groups in plasma treated with H2O2/Fe2+. They did not alter coagulation times, but the extract from roasted seeds at the highest concentration (50 µg/mL) prolonged the time needed for white thrombus formation. The results indicate that sea buckthorn seeds have antioxidant activity that is not impaired by thermal processing and possess anticoagulant potential, but more research is needed in order to ascertain which compounds are responsible for these effects, especially in in vivo models.

The Antioxidant Potential of Graviola and Its Potential Medicinal Application.

Graviola (Annunona muricata L.), a plant growing in tropical regions, has many names and a range of ethnomedicinal uses. The leaves are used to treat insomnia, diabetes, cystitis, and headaches, the crushed seeds have anthelmintic properties, and the fruits are used in the preparation of ice creams, candy, syrups, shakes, and other beverages. The key active components are believed to be annonaceous acetogenins, with more than 100 such compounds having been isolated from A. muricata. The plant is also a source of a range of phenolic compounds, essential oils, alkaloids, flavonol triglycosides, and megastigmanes, together with various minerals, including Mg, Fe, Cu, K, and Ca. Its key phenolic compounds are rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin. This paper provides an overview of the current state of knowledge about the antioxidant properties of various graviola organs and their major constituents, based on a review of various electronic databases. However, few findings have been obtained from clinical trials, and few in vitro and animal studies suggest that graviola preparations have antioxidant properties; as such, the antioxidant potential of graviola, and its safety, remain unclear.

A Review of the Effect of Preparations from Vegetables of the Asteraceae Family and Cucurbitaceae Family on the Cardiovascular System and Its Diseases.

Cardiovascular (CV) system dysfunction can result in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), a key cause of death around the world. For many people, the most common treatment choices are still based on various plants used in traditional and folk medicine. Interestingly, many of these plants demonstrate various biological activities and pro-health properties; as such, there has been growing scientific interest in their use as medicines, including treatments for CVDs. Due to their varied biological properties, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential, the members of the Asteraceae and Cucurbitaceae have long been used in traditional medicine. These properties are believed to derive from the chemical composition of the plants, which includes various flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenes. Although many of their pro-health properties have been well described, their effect on the cardiovascular system and CVDs remains unclear. The present work reviews the current literature about the effects of preparations of vegetables of the Asteraceae and Cucurbitaceae families on the cardiovascular system and CVDs. Various species from the two families demonstrate antioxidant and antiplatelet activities in vitro and in vivo, which play key roles in the prophylaxis and treatment of CVDs. Additionally, some species have been evaluated for their anticoagulant activity. This review also describes the biological properties of these vegetables and discusses their anti-hyperlipidemic action, and their potential for obesity prevention and body weight control.

Bee Products as Interesting Natural Agents for the Prevention and Treatment of Common Cardiovascular Diseases.

Apitherapy is a form of alternative therapy that relies on the use of bee products, i.e., honey, royal jelly, propolis, pollen, and bee venom (known as apitoxin), for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Various in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that these products may be effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This mini-review of papers identified in various electronic databases describes new aspects of the bioactivity of certain bee products, viz. bee pollen, royal jelly, bee venom, propolis, and bee bread, as natural interesting products for the prevention and treatment of common CVDs.

Comprehensive polyoxypregnane glycosides report in Caralluma quadrangula using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF and their antioxidant effects in human plasma.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Caralluma quadrangula (Forssk.) N.E.Br. (Syns: = Stapelia quadrangula Forssk. = Monolluma quadrangula Forssk.) is an indigenous member of the genus Caralluma and it is a rather common species on rocky hillsides in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia. Several members of this genus have found medicinal uses in the treatment of rheumatism, diabetes, leprosy and as antiseptics and disinfectants. All parts are edible but rather more bitter and can cause diarrhea. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present report was tentatively elucidated the structure of acylated and non-acylated polyoxypregnane glycosides from Caralluma quadrangula. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analyses were performed using an electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-Q-TOF) mass spectrometer in both positive and negative ionization modes to explore fragmentation pathways. The antioxidant and prooxidant properties of the different mobility portions of human plasma were evaluated in vitro using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay (TBARS). RESULTS: The analyses showed sixty-five characteristic ion peaks which could be more efficient to assignment the aglycones and fragmentation sequences of sugar moieties. The used ionization modes provided consistent and/or complementary information for most of the pregnane glycosides, their fragmentation sequences, and their aglycones. A DFT Study was performed to elucidate the neutral loss of H2O molecules sequences from aglycones and the esterification linkage. CONCLUSIONS: This report could be useful to reduce material consuming and time in phytochemistry analysis of the different medicinal plants. The two portions significantly depleted TBARS were subjected to autoperoxidation assay in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.

New Perspectives on the Effect of Dandelion, Its Food Products and Other Preparations on the Cardiovascular System and Its Diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been the leading cause of death for over 20 years. The main causative factors are believed to be high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, diabetes, and a lack of physical activity. One of the most commonly used treatments is a combination of anticoagulant and antithrombotic therapy; however, it often causes unwanted side effects. The European Society of Cardiology, therefore, recommends a prophylactic strategy, including a varied diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants; all of which are sources of natural compounds with antiplatelet, anticoagulant, or antioxidant activities, such as phenolic compounds. One such plant with multidirectional health-promoting effects and a rich source of secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, is dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). The present mini-review presents the current state of knowledge concerning the effects of dandelion consumption on the cardiovascular system and CVDs based on various in vitro and in vivo trials; it discusses the value of dandelion as a food product, as well as extracts and pure compounds, such as chicoric acid, which can be obtained from the various plant organs. The paper also sheds new light on the mechanisms involved in this activity and describes the cardioprotective potential of dandelion products and preparations.

The in vitro anti-platelet activities of plant extracts from the Asteraceae family.

Foods prepared from the Asteraceae family are known to exert in vitro antioxidant activity. For example, roots and fruit extracts from dandelion were found to possess antioxidant and anti-platelet potential in two in vitro models (washed blood platelets and whole blood). However, little is known of other extracts from the Asteraceae, such as chicory leaves, green lettuce leaves, red lettuce leaves, and Jerusalem artichoke roots, on the hemostatic system. Of all the tested extracts from the Asteraceae, dandelion root extract and dandelion fruit extracts appear to have the strongest anti-platelet potential in whole blood, while red lettuce leaves and Jerusalem artichoke roots demonstrated the strongest anti-platelet activity in washed blood platelets. Our results suggest that the members of the Asteraceae family, especially red lettuce leaves and Jerusalem artichoke roots, possess compounds that may exert beneficial anti-platelet effects. However, although Asteraceae plant organ extracts were found to demonstrate activity in vitro, further in vivo studies are needed to determine their true effects on cardiovascular disease.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Secondary Metabolites in Morphological Parts of Paulownia Clon In Vitro 112® and Their Anticoagulant Properties in Whole Human Blood.

It is not easy to find data in the scientific literature on the quantitative content of individual phytochemicals. It is possible to find groups of compounds and even individual compounds rather easily, but it is not known what their concentration is in cultivated or wild plants. Therefore, the subject of this study was to determine the content of individual compounds in the new Paulownia species, Oxytree, developed in a biotechnology laboratory in 2008 at La Mancha University in Spain. Six secondary metabolites were isolated, and their chemical structure was confirmed by spectral methods. An analytical method was developed, which was then used to determine the content of individual compounds in leaves, twigs, flowers and fruits of Paulownia Clon in Vitro 112®. No flavonoids were found in twigs and fruits of Oxytree, while the highest phenylethanoid glycosides were found in twigs. In this study, we also focused on biological properties (anticoagulant or procoagulant) of extract and four fractions (A-D) of different chemical composition from Paulownia Clon in Vitro 112 leaves using whole human blood. These properties were determined based on the thrombus-formation analysis system (T-TAS), which imitates in vivo conditions to assess whole blood thrombogenecity. We observed that three fractions (A, C and D) from leaves decrease AUC10 measured by T-TAS. In addition, fraction D rich in triterpenoids showed the strongest anticoagulant activity. However, in order to clarify the exact mechanism of action of the active substances present in this plant, studies closer to physiological conditions, i.e., in vivo studies, should be performed, which will also allow to determine the effects of their long-term effects.

Novel Findings regarding the Bioactivity of the Natural Blue Pigment Genipin in Human Diseases.

Genipin is an important monoterpene iridoid compound isolated from Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis fruits and from Genipa americana fruits, or genipap. It is a precursor of a blue pigment which may be attractive alternative to existing food dyes and it possesses various potential therapeutic properties such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective activity. Biomedical studies also show that genipin may act as a neuroprotective drug. This review describes new aspects of the bioactivity of genipin against various diseases, as well as its toxicity and industrial applications, and presents its potential mechanism of action.

Selected Seeds as Sources of Bioactive Compounds with Diverse Biological Activities.

Seeds contain a variety of phytochemicals that exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Plant-derived compounds are often investigated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-platelet, anti-apoptotic, anti-nociceptive, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, hepatoprotective, or neuroprotective properties. In this review, we have described the chemical content and biological activity of seeds from eight selected plant species-blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.), black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miq.), grape (Vitis vinifera L.), Moringa oleifera Lam., sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Sprenger), hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), and sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L). This review is based on studies identified in electronic databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SCOPUS. Numerous preclinical, and some clinical studies have found that extracts, fractions, oil, flour, proteins, polysaccharides, or purified chemical compounds isolated from the seeds of these plants display promising, health-promoting effects, and could be utilized in drug development, or to make nutraceuticals and functional foods. Despite that, many of these properties have been studied only in vitro, and it's unsure if their effects would be relevant in vivo as well, so there is a need for more animal studies and clinical trials that would help determine if they could be applied in disease prevention or treatment.

Preparations from selected cucurbit vegetables as antiplatelet agents.

Increased blood platelet activation plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent experiments indicate that certain fruits and vegetables, including onion, garlic, and beetroot, have anti-platelet potential and therefore may reduce the likelihood of CVDs. While vegetables from the Cucuritaceae family are known to exerting beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, their effects on blood platelet activation are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect on platelet adhesion of preparations from selected cucurbits: pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo; fruit without seeds), zucchini (Cucurbita pepo convar. giromontina; fruit with seeds), cucumber (Cucumis sativus; fruit with seeds), white pattypan squash (Cucurbita pepo var. patisoniana; fruit without seeds) and yellow pattypan squash (Cucurbita pepo var. patisoniana, fruit without seeds). It also evaluates the activity of these preparations on enzymatic lipid peroxidation in thrombin-activated washed blood platelets by TBARS assay. The study also determines the anti-platelet properties of these five cucurbit preparations in whole blood by flow cytometry and with the total thrombus-formation analysis system (T-TAS) and evaluates the cytotoxicity of the tested preparations against platelets based on LDH activity. The results indicate that the yellow Cucurbita pepo var. patisoniana preparation demonstrated stronger anti-platelet properties than the other tested preparations, reducing the adhesion of thrombin-activated platelets to collagen/fibrinogen, and inhibiting arachidonic acid metabolism and GPIIb/IIIa expression on 10 µM ADP-activated platelets. None of the preparations was found to cause platelet lysis. Our findings provide new information on the anti-platelet activity of the tested cucurbit preparations and their potential for treating CVDs associated with platelet hyperactivity.

Antioxidant and hemostatic properties of preparations from Asteraceae family and their chemical composition - Comparative studies.

Asteraceae, known as sunflower family, is one of the largest flowering plants family around the world. Sunflower family contains numerous phytochemical compounds. The aim of this study was to describe phytochemical characteristics and investigate the effect of four sunflower vegetable preparations (extracts): chicory leaves (Cichorium intybus), green lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa), red lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) and sunchoke roots (Helianthus tuberosus) on different biomarkers of oxidative stress in human plasma in in vitro model. The antioxidant potential was also tested using the DPPH method. The phytochemical composition of the tested preparations was determined by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. All the tested extracts demonstrated antioxidant activity in human plasma. We have observed chicory's and sunchoke's extracts had strongest antioxidant properties in the used models with human plasma. None of the tested vegetables changed ORAC and TAC in vitro. The obtained results suggest that sunflower vegetables might help to prevent oxidative stress related with cardiovascular diseases.

Multifunctional compounds in the extract from mature seeds of Vicia faba var. minor: Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant activity and cellular safety in human selected blood cells in in vitro trials.

BACKGROUND: The field bean (Vicia faba) is a valuable fodder plant of the Fabaceae family, grown as a main crop for its seed yield. Its phytochemical profile is characterized by the presence of a range of compounds with various biological activities. PURPOSE: The present study investigates the phytochemical profile of the extract from mature seeds of Vicia faba var. minor and examines its impact on preventing oxidative damage to various lipids, protein and DNA molecules in vitro. METHODS: Human plasma was treated with H2O2/Fe (an OH. donor) to induce oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, and the plant extract was then added. As oxidative stress may influence the biological activity of plasma, e.g. coagulation, and influence cardiovascular disease, the study also examined the effect of the plant extract on coagulation and monoamine oxidase activity (MAO, EC 1.4.3.4). RESULTS: The tested extract exerted a protective effect on plasma lipids and proteins treated with H2O2/Fe. However, while it appears to effectively protect the DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from oxidative damage, it did not induce changes in the coagulation process, and significantly reduced MAO activity when applied at 1, 5, and 10 µg/mL. It is possible that the observed antioxidant potential may be due to the complex chemical composition of the extract: the phytochemical profile demonstrated a range of phenolic compounds, including catechins. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that extract from mature seeds of V. faba var. minor may be a promising source of antioxidants in multiple applications, including diseases associated with oxidative stress; however, more studies based on in vitro and in vivo models are needed to determine its biological properties.

Anti-Platelet Properties of Phenolic and Nonpolar Fractions Isolated from Various Organs of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson in Whole Blood.

Sea buckthorn (Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson) is a shrub growing in coastal areas. Its organs contain a range of bioactive substances including vitamins, fatty acids, various micro and macro elements, as well as phenolic compounds. Numerous studies of sea buckthorn have found it to have anticancer, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Some studies suggest that it also affects the hemostasis system. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of six polyphenols rich and triterpenic acids rich fractions (A-F), taken from various organs of sea buckthorn, on the activation of blood platelets using whole blood, and to assess the effect of the tested fractions on platelet proteins: fraction A (polyphenols rich fraction from fruits), fraction B (triterpenic acids rich fraction from fruits), fraction C (polyphenols rich fraction from leaves), fraction D (triterpenic acids rich fraction from leaves), fraction E (polyphenols rich fraction from twigs), and fraction F (triterpenic acids rich fraction from twigs). Hemostasis parameters were determined using flow cytometry and T-TAS (Total Thrombus-formation Analysis System). Additionally, electrophoresis was performed under reducing and non-reducing conditions. Although all tested fractions inhibit platelet activation, the greatest anti-platelet activity was demonstrated by fraction A, which was rich in flavonol glycosides. In addition, none of the tested fractions (A-F) caused any changes in the platelet proteome, and their anti-platelet potential is not dependent on the P2Y12 receptor.