RESUMO
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Different diets are used for weight loss. A Paleolithic-type diet (PD) has beneficial metabolic effects, but two of the largest iodine sources, table salt and dairy products, are excluded. The objectives of this study were to compare 24-h urinary iodine concentration (24-UIC) in subjects on PD with 24-UIC in subjects on a diet according to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) and to study if PD results in a higher risk of developing iodine deficiency (ID), than NNR diet. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A 2-year prospective randomized trial in a tertiary referral center where healthy postmenopausal overweight or obese women were randomized to either PD (n=35) or NNR diet (n=35). Dietary iodine intake, 24-UIC, 24-h urinary iodine excretion (24-UIE), free thyroxin (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyrotropin (TSH) were measured at baseline, 6 and 24 months. Completeness of urine sampling was monitored by para-aminobenzoic acid and salt intake by urinary sodium. RESULTS: At baseline, median 24-UIC (71.0 µg/l) and 24-UIE (134.0 µg/d) were similar in the PD and NNR groups. After 6 months, 24-UIC had decreased to 36.0 µg/l (P=0.001) and 24-UIE to 77.0 µg/d (P=0.001) in the PD group; in the NNR group, levels were unaltered. FT4, TSH and FT3 were similar in both groups, except for FT3 at 6 months being lower in PD than in NNR group. CONCLUSIONS: A PD results in a higher risk of developing ID, than a diet according to the NNR. Therefore, we suggest iodine supplementation should be considered when on a PD.
Assuntos
Dieta Paleolítica/efeitos adversos , Iodo/deficiência , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Pós-Menopausa , Laticínios , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Iodo/administração & dosagem , Iodo/urina , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Noruega , Política Nutricional , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide , Hormônios Tireóideos/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Previous studies on consumption of caffeine and risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) have yielded inconclusive results. We aimed to investigate whether consumption of coffee is associated with risk of MS. METHODS: Using two population-representative case-control studies (a Swedish study comprising 1620 cases and 2788 controls, and a US study comprising 1159 cases and 1172 controls), participants with different habits of coffee consumption based on retrospective data collection were compared regarding risk of MS, by calculating ORs with 95% CIs. Logistic regression models were adjusted for a broad range of potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Compared with those who reported no coffee consumption, the risk of MS was substantially reduced among those who reported a high consumption of coffee exceeding 900 mL daily (OR 0.70 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.99) in the Swedish study, and OR 0.69 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.96) in the US study). Lower odds of MS with increasing consumption of coffee were observed, regardless of whether coffee consumption at disease onset or 5 or 10 years prior to disease onset was considered. CONCLUSIONS: In accordance with studies in animal models of MS, high consumption of coffee may decrease the risk of developing MS. Caffeine, one component of coffee, has neuroprotective properties, and has been shown to suppress the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which may be mechanisms underlying the observed association. However, further investigations are needed to determine whether exposure to caffeine underlies the observed association and, if so, to evaluate its mechanisms of action.
Assuntos
Café , Ingestão de Líquidos , Esclerose Múltipla/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Proteção , Estudos Retrospectivos , Suécia/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study presents the concentrations of about 50 metals and ions in 33 different brands of bottled waters on the Swedish market. Ten of the brands showed calcium (Ca) concentrations =10 mg L(-1) and magnesium (Mg) levels <3 mg L(-1), implying very soft waters. Three of these waters had in addition low concentrations of sodium (Na; <7 mg L(-1)), potassium (K; <3 mg L(-1)) and bicarbonate (HCO(3) =31 mg L(-1)). These brands were collected from barren districts. Nine of the brands were collected from limestone regions. They showed increased Ca-levels exceeding 50 mg L(-1) with a maximum of 289 mg L(-1). Corresponding Mg-levels were also raised in two brands exceeding 90 mg L(-1). Two soft and carbonated waters were supplemented with Na(2)CO(3) and NaCl, resulting in high concentrations of Na (644 and 648 mg L(-1)) and chloride (Cl; 204 and 219 mg L(-1)). Such waters may make a substantial contribution to the daily intake of NaCl in high water consumers. The storage of carbonated drinking water in aluminum (Al) cans increased the Al-concentration to about 70 microg L(-1). Conclusion As there was a large variation in the material as regards concentrations of macro-elements such as Ca, Mg, Na, K and Cl. Supplementation with salts, e.g., Na(2)CO(3), K(2) CO(3) and NaCl, can lead to increased concentrations of Na, K and Cl, as well as decreased ratios of Ca/Na and larger ratios of Na/K. Water with high concentrations of e.g., Ca and Mg, may make a substantial contribution to the daily intake of these elements in high water consumers. Al cans are less suited for storage of carbonated waters, as the lowered pH-values may dissolve Al. The levels of potentially toxic metals in the studied brands were generally low.
Assuntos
Bebidas/normas , Metais/análise , Água/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Metais/química , Solubilidade , SuéciaRESUMO
Neurosteroids such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), pregnenolone and 17beta-estradiol are synthesized by cytochrome P450s from endogenous cholesterol. We previously reported a new cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP7B, highly expressed in rat and mouse brain that metabolizes DHEA and related steroids by hydroxylation at the 7alpha position. Such 7-hydroxylation can enhance DHEA bioactivity in vivo. Here we show that the reaction is conserved across mammalian species: in addition to mouse and rat, DHEA hydroxylation activity was present in brain extracts from sheep, marmoset and human. Northern blotting using a human CYP7B complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) probe confirmed the presence of CYP7B mRNA in marmoset and human hippocampus; CYP7B mRNA was present in marmoset cerebellum and brainstem, with lower levels in hypothalamus and cortex. In situ hybridization to human brain revealed higher levels of CYP7B mRNA in the hippocampus than in cerebellum, cortex, or other brain regions. We also measured CYP7B expression in Alzheimer's disease (AD). CYP7B mRNA was significantly decreased (approximately 50% decline; P<0.05) in dentate neurons from AD subjects compared with controls. A decline in CYP7B activity may contribute the loss of effects of DHEA with ageing and perhaps to the pathophysiology of AD.
Assuntos
Adipatos/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/enzimologia , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Hipocampo/enzimologia , Esteroide Hidroxilases/metabolismo , Adipatos/química , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Northern Blotting , Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Encéfalo/embriologia , Callithrix , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Família 7 do Citocromo P450 , DNA Complementar/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Hidroxilação , Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenases/metabolismo , Hibridização In Situ , Masculino , Camundongos , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , OvinosRESUMO
We determined if surfactant treatment effect can be enhanced by mechanical volume recruitment during surfactant administration by measuring functional residual capacity, tidal volume, the alveolar portion of tidal volume, dynamic compliance of the respiratory system, a/A ratio, and PaCO2 by measuring before and after surfactant administration to rabbits with lung injury induced by airway lavage. There was improvement in all lung function indices when surfactant was given with volume recruitment, but when surfactant was given without volume recruitment, the only index to show significant improvement was a/A ratio of oxygenation. These results support the hypothesis that mechanical recruitment of terminal airspaces from a previously unventilated compartment will enhance the effectiveness of surfactant replacement by facilitating the distribution of instilled surfactant to this compartment.
Assuntos
Surfactantes Pulmonares/uso terapêutico , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório do Recém-Nascido/terapia , Animais , Terapia Combinada , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Capacidade Residual Funcional/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Complacência Pulmonar/efeitos dos fármacos , Troca Gasosa Pulmonar/efeitos dos fármacos , Coelhos , Volume de Ventilação Pulmonar/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Treatment with CPH 82, a mixture of two benzylidated podophyllotoxin glycosides, has been shown to improve inflammatory activity in patients with RA. The drug has few side effects but some patients have developed clinical features of Cushing's syndrome. We studied the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in two female patients before and during treatment with CPH82. The results clearly demonstrate that CPH82 was associated with suppression of the endogeneous production of ACTH and cortisol with a concomitant paradoxical picture of clinical hypercortisolism. These observations suggest that CPH82 has glucocorticoid receptor agonistic effects.
Assuntos
Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/efeitos adversos , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Glicosídeos/efeitos adversos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/efeitos dos fármacos , Lignanas , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Artrite Reumatoide/sangue , Artrite Reumatoide/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/urina , Microtúbulos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
We studied the number of mast cells and their extent of degranulation in brains of Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), activity induced with guinea pig spinal cord and Freund's complete adjuvant. Non-immunized controls and EAE rats were killed on days 10, 11, 12, and 16 post-immunization (p.i.). The percentage of degranulated mast cells was significantly increased in EAE brains. Signs of degranulation were observed as early as day 10 p.i. Clinical EAE signs appeared from day 10 p.i. A significant change in mast cell number was not observed. The percentage of degranulated cells was largest at day 16 p.i., at a time when the inflammation had reached the thalamus. This indicates that mast cell degranulation may occur as a result of the inflammation. Collectively, the data suggest that mast cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of EAE.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/patologia , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/patologia , Mastócitos/patologia , Animais , Adjuvante de Freund , Cobaias , Mastócitos/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Eletrônica , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Valores de Referência , Medula Espinal , Tálamo/patologiaRESUMO
Sprague-Dawley rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei showed a strong and rapid induction of splenocyte IFN-gamma (within 12 h post-infection) as measured by a single cell assay for IFN-gamma secretion. Depletion of CD8+ cells in infected rats abrogated the IFN-gamma production, suppressed parasite growth and increased survival of the animals. Induction of MHC class I antigens in the paraventricular and supra-optic hypothalamic nuclei caused by the trypanosome infection was also inhibited by the CD8+ cell depletion. It is suggested that the CD8+ cells are involved directly or indirectly in growth regulation of the parasite and that IFN-gamma induced by the parasite may be one of the factors that trigger MHC expression and immunosuppression.
Assuntos
Terapia de Imunossupressão , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tripanossomíase Africana/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/imunologia , Hipotálamo/imunologia , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Masculino , Neuro-Hipófise/imunologia , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Tripanossomíase Africana/parasitologia , Tripanossomíase Africana/terapiaRESUMO
The tissue distribution and excretion of [3H]8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), a well-accepted therapeutic agent for the treatment of psoriasis, was studied in hairless HRA/Skh female mice. Mice were given single oral doses of 6 mg of [3H]8-MOP or 5-[14C]8-MOP/kg in corn oil. Radiochemical analyses of tissues and excreta were accomplished by liquid scintillation counting. The 8-MOP appeared to be rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, where the tritium levels were highest, followed by skin, blood, and liver; levels were lowest in fat (adipose tissue). In female HRA/Skh mice which had not been irradiated with UVA (320-400 nm), 84% of the carbon-14 and 58% of the tritium were recovered in the urine and feces within 24 hours of oral administration of 5-[14C]8-MOP or [3H]8-MOP, respectively. Animals that were exposed to UVA and received [3H]8-MOP excreted approximately 12% less tritium in the urine and feces compared with the animals which received no UVA.