RESUMO
Thyroid orbitopathy is the most prevalent non-thyroid symptom in Graves' syndrome. It has a high incidence and particularly affects young women. Smoking is clearly involved in its development and progress, and in its response to different treatments. This autoimmune condition usually has a benign course, independent from hyperthyroidism, but its severe, progressive forms represent a major therapeutic challenge. Clinical evaluation poses great difficulties, as there is no truly objective rating scale representing disease activity. New molecular or inflammation markers may prove to be useful in this regard. This review reports new findings about its pathophysiology and the different techniques used for treatment over time. Discussion particularly focuses on the immunomodulatory role of radiotherapy, as well as on its role together with corticosteroids.
Assuntos
Oftalmopatia de Graves/radioterapia , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Terapia Combinada , Descompressão Cirúrgica , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Oftalmopatia de Graves/imunologia , Oftalmopatia de Graves/fisiopatologia , Oftalmopatia de Graves/terapia , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Pentoxifilina/uso terapêutico , Lesões por Radiação/etiologia , Radioterapia de Alta Energia/efeitos adversos , Radioterapia de Alta Energia/métodos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Selênio/uso terapêutico , Fumar/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Hot flashes are a common and disturbing adverse effect of hormonal therapy for cancer. Their pathophysiology is poorly understood. At present, the leading mechanistic hypothesis rests on the assumption that abrupt hormone deprivation will result in loss of negative feedback over hypothalamic noradrenaline synthesis. In this article we critically review the different theories used to explain this phenomenon. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of hot flashes may facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches.