Structural competency, Latin American social medicine, and collective health: Exploring shared lessons through the work of Jaime Breilh.

ABSTRACTStructural competency is a recent framework for understanding and addressing the structural drivers of disease. Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health is a decades-long movement similarly concerned with the study and transformation of social structures to achieve health equity. In this paper, we put insights from Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health into conversation with the developing structural competency framework. We focus specifically on insights from Jaime Breilh's new article summarising his theoretical work on medical ethics and rights in this special issue and his new book, Critical Epidemiology and the People's Health. This paper is comprised of three parts. Part 1 provides an introduction to the structural competency framework. Part 2 provides an overview of the Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health movement, along with a summary of the social determination of health paradigm. Part 3 places insights from these works into conversation with structural competency and considers ways in which Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health might inform the further development of structural competency, and potentially vice versa. The paper closes by calling for greater attention to Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health among those committed to health equity within the anglophone world.

The Right to Health Care Viewed from the Indigenous Research Paradigm: Violations of the Rights of an Aymara Warmi in Chile's Tarapacá Region.

This paper reflects on the right to health care from the Indigenous research paradigm. We analyze the case of an Aymara wise warmi (woman) who died after the Chilean health care system failed to provide culturally appropriate care. In the wake of her death, our cooperative launched an interdisciplinary and collaborative research project in an effort to file an administrative complaint against the family health center that treated her. We explore the events surrounding her treatment and death, as well as the institutional written response. Our work elucidates the significant differences that exist between institutional and Indigenous perspectives on what constitutes a violation of the right to health care. We demonstrate that in order to establish the existence of such violations, Aymara people are compelled to develop evidence using a naturalistic scientific and legal framework that does not coincide with their ontology. Consequently, some events and violations are not legally recognized as culturally inappropriate health care unless they are viewed through an Indigenous lens. Finally, we reflect on the problem of evidence production, specifically regarding the right to health care. We argue that the fight for the right to health care can benefit from the Indigenous research paradigm-not only for the benefit of Indigenous people but also to provide culturally appropriate care to all people.

Thinking with and Against the Social Determinants of Health: The Latin American Social Medicine (Collective Health) Critique from Jaime Breilh.

The concept of the social determinants of health has become increasingly accepted and mainstream in anglophone public health over the past three decades. Moreover, it has been widely adopted into diverse geographic, sociocultural, and linguistic contexts. By recognizing the role of social conditions in influencing health inequalities, the concept challenges narrow behavioral and reductive biological understandings of health. Despite this, scholars and activists have critiqued the concept of the social determinants of health for being incomplete and even misrepresenting the true nature of health inequities. Arguably, these critiques have been most thoroughly developed among those working in the Latin American social medicine and collective health traditions who formulated the "social determination of health" paradigm and the concept of interculturality decades prior to the advent of the social determinants of health. We draw on Jaime Breilh's main works, with a focus on the recently published book, Critical Epidemiology and the People's Health, to (1) provide a broad overview of the social determination of health paradigm and its approach to interculturality and (2) clarify how these ideas and the broader collective health movement challenge assumptions within the social determinants of health concept.

Indigenous Border Migrants and (Im)Mobility Policies in Chile in Times of COVID-19.

The commodification of healthcare and the structural violence towards the migrant population in the Chilean system materialize in a series of structural barriers to accessing healthcare. In the face of this structural vulnerability, cross-border health mobility is one of the primary resources of indigenous border migrants living in the Tarapacá region (Chile). This involves crossing the border of both people (specialists/patients) and objects (such as ritual supplies or biomedicines), which play a crucial role as, in many cases, it is the only way to satisfy their healthcare needs. The security-orientated geopolitics of border closure (Plan Frontera Segura) has been reinforced by immobility policies linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. While doing so leaves people without the fundamental resource of healthcare mobility or obliges them to cross the border via unauthorized crossings, exposing them to criminalization and abuse by different agents of violence (the military, people smugglers, etc.). In this paper, we will offer a description of these processes of (im)mobility, analyzing their conformation both by the current policies of the Chilean State and by the notorious deficiency in indigenous and migrant rights, denouncing the material impact they have on the health/illness/care process of indigenous migrants.

La subordinación ideológica del saber médico andino en la salud intercultural chilena / The ideological subordination of the Andean Medical Knowledge in Chilean Intercultural Health

Existen pocos estudios que aborden los procesos ideológicos presentes en las relaciones interculturales propiciadas por las iniciativas de Salud de los Pueblos Indígenas en Chile. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar cómo los elementos ideológicos del Saber Biomédico contribuyen a la subordinación del Saber Andino al interior de dichos programas. Para esto, expondremos material etnográfico producido entre 2011 y 2012 en la comunidad de Camiña, Tarapacá. Posicionados desde la Antropología Médica Crítica, analizamos la ideología biomédica sobre el Saber Andino, así como las propuestas para la interculturalidad que surgen desde el personal biomédico. Concluimos reflexionando cómo la negación del carácter ideológico de la racionalidad biomédica, refuerza la subordinación del Saber Andino, produciendo un efecto opuesto al mentado en la política pública.

There are few studies that address the ideological processes present in the intercultural relations fostered by the Indigenous Peoples Health initiatives in Chile. Our objective is to show how the ideological elements of Biomedical Knowledge contribute to the subordination of Andean Knowledge within these programs. For this, we will exhibit ethnographic material produced between 2011 and 2012 in the community of Camiña, Tarapacá. Positioned from the Critical Medical Anthropology, we analyze the biomedical ideology on the Andean Knowledge, as well as the proposals for the interculturality that arise from the biomedical personnel. We conclude by reflecting on how the denial of the ideological character of biomedical rationality reinforces the subordination of Andean Knowledge, producing an adverse effect on public policy.

El imaginario de la horizontalidad como instrumento de subordinación: la Política de Salud pueblos indígenas en el multiculturalismo neoliberal chileno / The imaginary of horizontality as an instrument of subordination: the indigenous' peoples health policy in Chile's neoliberal multiculturalism

Resumen El artículo desarrolla un análisis documental de la Política de Salud Pueblos Indígenas chilena desde la Antropología Médica Crítica. Entendiendo las políticas públicas como producciones ideológicas, la contextualiza en la apuesta gubernamental del "Multiculturalismo neoliberal", analizando el sentido que en ese marco tienen los ejes de interculturalidad, equidad y participación, mostrando el carácter socioculturalista y voluntarista de los diagnósticos y abordajes que la constituyen. Desde un análisis de relaciones de hegemonía/subalternidad, muestra como la ahistoricidad que la caracteriza permite la producción de un imaginario de la horizontalidad en contextos de asimetría de poder, cumpliendo la función ideológica de sostener a la salud intercultural como respuesta ante el problema de la inequidad en salud, opacando la participación que esta política tiene en el proceso de producción de la misma inequidad. Se concluye interrogando la pertinencia de una política construida desde otros supuestos ideológicos.

Abstract This paper develops an analysis of documentary sources of chilean's Public Health Policy of Indigenous Peoples from a critical medical anthropology standpoint. Understanding public policy as ideological productions, it analyses the axis of interculturality, equity and participation in the context of Chile's governmental "Neoliberal multiculturalism", showing the socioculturalism and voluntarism that guide their diagnoses and actions. From an analysis of hegemony/subalternity relationships, it shows how de-historization allows the production of horizontality imaginary in contexts of power asymmetry, fulfilling the ideological function to support intercultural health as an answer to the problem of health inequity, darkening the participation that this policy has in the process of the same inequity's production. In the end, we conclude by asking the significance of a policy constructed from other ideological assumptions.