Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 13 de 13
Filtrar
1.
J Dairy Sci ; 107(3): 1821-1824, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38423729

RESUMO

Staphylococcus chromogenes TA showed significantly lower growth under iron-deprived conditions, and adding an iron supplement (lactoferrin or ferritin) resulted in no improvement in growth; in contrast, growth of S. chromogenes IM was significantly recovered with ferritin iron supplementation. OnlyStaphylococcus hominis strains originating from quarter milk were able to significantly utilize ferritin as an iron source to reverse the growth inhibition caused by chelating agent 2,2'-bipyridyl in varying degrees. Both S. chromogenes strains (IM and TA) and all S. hominis strains were unable to significantly use lactoferrin as an iron source for growth recovery.

2.
J Dairy Sci ; 105(12): 9995-10006, 2022 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36270870

RESUMO

Staphylococcus hominis, a member of the non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) group, is part of the human and animal microbiota. Although it has been isolated from multiple bovine-associated habitats, its relevance as a cause of bovine mastitis is currently not well described. To successfully colonize and proliferate in the bovine mammary gland, a bacterial species must be able to acquire iron from host iron-binding proteins. The aims of this study were (1) to assess the genetic diversity of S. hominis isolated from bovine quarter milk, rectal feces, and teat apices, and (2) to investigate the capacity of bovine S. hominis isolates belonging to these different habitats to utilize ferritin and lactoferrin as iron sources. To expand on an available collection of bovine S. hominis isolates (2 from quarter milk, 8 from rectal feces, and 19 from teat apices) from one commercial dairy herd, a subsequent single cross-sectional quarter milk sampling (n = 360) was performed on all lactating cows (n = 90) of the same herd. In total, 514 NAS isolates were recovered and identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry; the 6 most prevalent NAS species were S. cohnii (33.9%), S. sciuri (16.7%), S. haemolyticus (16.3%), S. xylosus (9.6%), S. equorum (9.4%), and S. hominis (3.5%). A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed on 46 S. hominis isolates (19 from quarter milk, 8 from rectal feces, and 19 from teat apices). Eighteen distinct RAPD fingerprint groups were distinguished although we were unable to detect the presence of the same RAPD type in all 3 habitats. One S. hominis isolate of a distinct RAPD type unique to a specific habitat (8 from quarter milk, 3 from rectal feces, and 4 from teat apices) along with the quality control strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and 2 well-studied Staphylococcus chromogenes isolates ("IM" and "TA") were included in the phenotypical iron test. All isolates were grown in 4 types of media: iron-rich tryptic soy broth, iron-rich tryptic soy broth deferrated by 2,2'-bipyridyl, and deferrated tryptic soy broth supplemented with human recombinant lactoferrin or equine spleen-derived ferritin. The growth of the different strains was modified by the medium in which they were grown. Staphylococcus chromogenes TA showed significantly lower growth under iron-deprived conditions, and adding an iron supplement (lactoferrin or ferritin) resulted in no improvement in growth; in contrast, growth of S. chromogenes IM was significantly recovered with iron supplementation. Staphylococcus hominis strains from all 3 habitats were able to significantly utilize ferritin but not lactoferrin as an iron source to reverse the growth inhibition, in varying degrees, caused by the chelating agent 2,2'-bipyridyl.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Mastite Bovina , Reto , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Humanos , 2,2'-Dipiridil , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , Fezes/microbiologia , Ferritinas , Variação Genética , Cavalos , Ferro , Lactação , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Leite/microbiologia , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico/veterinária , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Staphylococcus hominis , Reto/microbiologia
3.
J Dairy Sci ; 103(1): 768-782, 2020 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31677845

RESUMO

This longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the impact of subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) with non-aureus staphylococcal (NAS) species in the first 18 d in milk (DIM) on the quarter milk somatic cell count (qSCC) and quarter milk yield (qMY) during the first 4 mo of lactation in Holstein Friesian heifers. Quarter milk samples were collected from 82 heifers from 1 to 4 DIM until 130 DIM on a biweekly (14 d) basis for determination of the qSCC; qMY data were available through the automatic milking systems. The quarter samples collected on the first (1-4 DIM) and second (15-18 DIM) sampling days were used for bacteriological culturing to determine the IMI status. In this study, 324 quarters from 82 heifers were enrolled, of which 68 were NAS-infected at the first sampling day. Only 16 (23.5%) of these quarters were still NAS-infected at the second sampling day, demonstrating the high spontaneous cure rate of these infections shortly after calving; 9 of these 16 cases were infected with the same NAS species. Interestingly, none of the NAS-infected quarters at the first sampling day acquired a new infection with a major pathogen at the second sampling day, whereas 2.3% of the noninfected quarters did. All 102 isolates phenotypically identified as NAS were further identified to the species level. Staphylococcus chromogenes was the most prevalent species on the first (29.4% of all NAS) and second (52.9%) sampling days. Quarters infected with Staph. chromogenes at the first sampling day had a significantly higher qSCC in later lactation than noninfected quarters, whereas this was not true for quarters infected with all other NAS species (i.e., as a group of species). The average daily qMY in the first 4 mo of lactation did not differ between noninfected quarters and quarters infected with Staph. chromogenes or all other NAS species at the first sampling day. Persistently NAS species-infected quarters in the first 18 DIM (i.e., infected with the same NAS species on the first and second sampling days) had the highest qSCC later in lactation, followed by quarters with a new NAS IMI (i.e., noninfected at the first sampling day and infected with NAS at the second sampling day). The qSCC from transiently NAS species-infected quarters (i.e., not infected with the same NAS species at the second sampling day) was not significantly higher in later lactation compared with that in noninfected quarters. The IMI status of quarters in the first 18 DIM, combining culture results at 1 to 4 and 15 to 18 DIM (new, persistent, and transient IMI), was not significantly associated with daily qMY in the first 4 mo after calving. In general, NAS should be considered minor pathogens with no adverse effect on daily qMY in quarters of heifers infected in the first 18 DIM and with a high spontaneous cure rate. Staphylococcus chromogenes was the most prevalent species, causing an increase in qSCC comparable to the level of quarters infected with a major pathogen; Staph. chromogenes caused most infections that persisted through at least the first 18 DIM.


Assuntos
Lactação , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Leite/citologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Staphylococcus , Animais , Bovinos , Colostro , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina , Feminino , Estudos Longitudinais , Prevalência , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia
4.
J Dairy Sci ; 99(4): 2896-2903, 2016 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26874421

RESUMO

The main objectives of this study were to evaluate to what extent variations in herd-level antimicrobial consumption (AMC) can be explained by differences in management practices that are consistently effective in the prevention of (sub)clinical mastitis, on the one hand, and by differences in mastitis treatment strategies, on the other hand. Antimicrobial consumption data were obtained during 2012 and 2013 by "garbage can audits" and expressed as antimicrobial treatment incidences (ATI) for all compounds combined (total ATI) and for the critically important antimicrobials for human health separately. Data on mastitis prevention and control practices were obtained via face-to-face interviews performed during herd visits in March 2013. Some management practices and treatment strategies related to udder health were associated with the total AMC. However, the results demonstrated that implementing effective udder health management practices does not necessarily imply a low AMC and vice versa. Herds participating in a veterinary herd health management program and herds selectively drying off cows used fewer antimicrobials compared with herds not participating in such a program or applying blanket dry-cow therapy. Moreover, herds treating (some) (sub)clinical mastitis cases with intramammary homeopathic substances consumed fewer antimicrobials than herds not applying such homeopathic treatments. Besides these factors, no other direct association was found between effective udder health management practices on the one hand and AMC on the other hand. Also, the use of critically important antimicrobials was only associated with the way in which subclinical mastitis cases were treated. The latter indicates that the AMC of critically important antimicrobials is potentially driven by factors other than those included in this study such as those related to the "mindset" of the veterinarians and their farmers. Future research should therefore aim to unravel the reasoning of vets and their farmers behind the use of those critically important antimicrobials for the treatment of mastitis and other diseases.


Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Indústria de Laticínios/métodos , Mastite Bovina/prevenção & controle , Mastite Bovina/terapia , Animais , Bélgica , Bovinos , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Mastite Bovina/tratamento farmacológico
5.
J Dairy Sci ; 98(10): 6782-91, 2015 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26233460

RESUMO

In neonatal calves, the ingestion of colostrum is imperative for preventing infectious diseases. Investigations into the transfer of passive immunity of cattle have primarily focused on the importance of colostral immunoglobulins, with a recent increase in focus on understanding the role of colostral leukocytes. The main objective of the present study was to measure the influence of parity, body condition score, serum nonesterified fatty acids, and serum ß-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of periparturient cows on phenotype and mitogen- and antigen-induced proliferative capacity of bovine colostral leukocytes. Holstein-Friesian cows (n=141) were intramuscularly vaccinated at 60 and 30 d before the expected parturition date with a tetanus toxoid vaccine. Of these 141 animals, 28 primiparous and 72 multiparous cows were sampled immediately after parturition. Colostrum mononuclear cell populations were identified by flow cytometry using bovine cluster of differentiation markers, and the proliferative capacity of these cells was determined using a (3)H-thymidine proliferation assay. Under-conditioned cows had a significantly higher percentage of colostral macrophages than normal-conditioned animals, whereas over-conditioned cows had significantly more colostral B-lymphocytes. Serum ß-hydroxybutyrate was significantly associated with higher numbers of colostral T-lymphocytes and macrophages. Heifers had significantly higher mitogen- and antigen-induced proliferation of their colostral leukocytes than third parity or older cows. In conclusion, body condition score, parity, and serum ß-hydroxybutyrate concentration of periparturient high-yielding dairy cows were shown to influence the number of colostral macrophages or the mitogen- and antigen-induced proliferation of colostral leukocytes, possibly influencing the cellular immunity of the newborn calf.


Assuntos
Bovinos/imunologia , Colostro/imunologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/sangue , Animais , Composição Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/sangue , Feminino , Paridade , Gravidez
6.
J Anim Sci ; 93(3): 1309-17, 2015 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26020907

RESUMO

One of the main characteristics of colostrum intake (CI), colostrum yield (CY), and colostrum composition (CC) in pigs is its variability. The present observational study aimed to investigate factors influencing CY and CC in 10 commercial herds. In total, 100 sows of 5 different breeds and their 1,455 live-born piglets were included. Sows' CY was estimated by the CI of their suckling piglets. Colostrum composition was analyzed by LactoScope Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Colostrum yield averaged 3,500 ± 110 g and the percentage of colostral fat (CF), protein, and lactose in colostrum averaged 5.39 ± 0.12, 16.49 ± 0.14, and 2.02 ± 0.05 %, respectively. The effect of sow, litter, and parturition factors on CY and CC were evaluated with a linear mixed regression model with herd included as a random factor. Sows with a gestation length (GL) of 113 d had a higher CY (4,178 ± 506 g) than sows with a GL of 114 to 115 d (3,342 ± 107 g; = 0.04). An interaction was found between the litter birth weight of suckling piglets (LW) and GL ( = 0.03). In sows with a GL of 114 to 115 d, CY increased with higher LW ( = 0.009). A shorter interval between birth and first suckling of the litter was related to a higher CY ( < 0.01). The percentage of fat in colostrums was higher in Hypor sows (6.35 ± 0.51) than in PIC (4.98 ± 0.27; = 0.001), Topigs 20 (5.05 ± 0.14; < 0.001), and Danbred (5.34 ± 0.22; < 0.001) sows. The percentage of CF was negatively associated with parity ( = 0.02) and positively associated with the number of live-born piglets ( = 0.03). The percentages of colostral protein and lactose were not significantly associated with any factor in the multivariable model. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that CY and CF are affected by different sow and litter factors. Pig producers may implement these observations in their management to maximize production or reproduction potential by optimizing CI, CY, and CC.


Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Colostro/química , Dieta/veterinária , Lactação/fisiologia , Suínos/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Peso ao Nascer , Colostro/fisiologia , Feminino , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Lactose/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Paridade , Gravidez
7.
Prev Vet Med ; 118(1): 64-70, 2015 Jan 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25475689

RESUMO

Calf diarrhoea causes substantial economic losses in cattle herds worldwide. Neonatal calves are particularly sensitive to infections with enteropathogens. The present study focused on prevention against the main infectious causes of neonatal calf diarrhoea i.e. Escherichia coli, rota- and coronavirus, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Dairy herds (n=24) with a high percentage of neonatal calves scouring (>10%) were included and calves were sampled for the presence of these four enteropathogens. To decrease diarrhoea problems among neonatal calves, a standard protocol was tested on 13 herds (treatment group) where both C. parvum and either E. coli or rota- or coronavirus were identified as being involved, the other 11 herds served as control group. The protocol consisted of 2 points of action: preventive vaccination of dams against E. coli, rota- and coronavirus, and preventive administration of halofuginone lactate to newborn calves. The average percentage of calves suffering from neonatal diarrhoea (39.7% versus 14.3%, P<0.01) and the average percentage of faecal samples positive for C. parvum (34% versus 11%, P<0.05) differed significantly between control herds and treatment herds after implementation of the protocol. No significant differences between control and treatment group were observed in the percentage of calves excreting E. coli, rotavirus and coronavirus, both before and at the end of the trial. Furthermore, risk factors potentially associated with the development of neonatal calf scours were determined. Non-significant results were obtained for the effect of the protocol on duration of diarrhoea and the effect of the colostral IgG quantity on the risk of diarrhoea. Passive immunity transfer status of the calves, measured both before the onset and at the end of the study, were non-significant between groups.


Assuntos
Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Diarreia/veterinária , Quinazolinonas/administração & dosagem , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Bélgica/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Colostro , Coronaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Cryptosporidium parvum/isolamento & purificação , Indústria de Laticínios , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Incidência , Entrevistas como Assunto , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Distribuição Aleatória , Fatores de Risco
8.
J Dairy Sci ; 97(10): 6260-70, 2014 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25108863

RESUMO

Heifer mastitis is a well-known problem, with several pathogens being involved. Several generic risk factors associated with the likelihood of intramammary infections (IMI) in fresh dairy heifers have been identified before. Yet, a need exists to identify pathogen group-specific factors, as the effect of (groups of) pathogens on udder health and milk yield is different. The aim of the present study was to identify pathogen group-specific risk factors for IMI in heifers participating in a prepartum antimicrobial treatment trial, allowing us to test the hypothesis that different factors are of importance between treated and untreated control heifers as well. Data from a clinical trial in which end-term heifers were treated systemically (over 3 consecutive days) 2 wk before calving with penethamate hydriodide (n=76) or remained untreated (n=73), were available. Several potential risk factors at the herd, heifer, and quarter level were recorded in the first 3 d in milk. Quarters from untreated heifers supplemented with ≥4 mg of selenium/d prepartum were significantly less likely to be infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), whereas quarters were more likely to be infected with CNS when assistance during calving was needed. Udder edema before calving significantly decreased the odds of IMI with major pathogens. In treated heifers, no factors were detected that were associated with the likelihood of CNS IMI, whereas quarters from heifers were significantly more likely to be infected with major pathogens when they were housed in the calving pen more than 1 d and when they had been in contact with the lactating cows before calving. The risk factors for IMI that were identified in treated heifers were different than those in untreated heifers, independent of the pathogen group that was considered. It looks as if prepartum treatment not only changed the likelihood of infection, but also the factors that were associated with infection. However, except for treated heifers with an IMI with major pathogens, only a small proportion of the variation could be explained in the final models. Therefore, factors other than those that were studied could explain the likelihood of infection.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/veterinária , Cocos Gram-Positivos/isolamento & purificação , Mastite Bovina/tratamento farmacológico , Leite/metabolismo , Penicilina G/análogos & derivados , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Cocos Gram-Positivos/classificação , Cocos Gram-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactação , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Penicilina G/uso terapêutico , Fatores de Risco
9.
J Dairy Sci ; 97(6): 3409-19, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24704236

RESUMO

Associations between herd management practices and both bacterial counts (BC) and coliform counts (CC) from 254 and 242 dairy herds in Flanders (Belgium), respectively, were studied. Data were analyzed using multivariable, multilevel linear regression analysis, allowing variance components analyses. Both BC and CC fluctuated throughout the year, although the milk quality parameters followed an opposite pattern. Bacterial count values decreased with each increase of the cleaning frequency of the cubicles (once per week, once per day, twice per day, or more than twice per day) between January and March. Herds with a conventional milking parlor had substantially lower BC than herds where the cows were milked using an automatic milking system. Lower BC were observed when the milking parlor was equipped with an automatic cluster removal system, when premilking teat disinfection was applied, when the dry cows were supplemented with a mix of minerals and vitamins, and when the teats were prepared either first wet and dried or via an automatic milking system. Milking cows with a high-pipeline milking parlor setup or with an automatic milking system was associated with substantially higher CC values. Herds where prepartum heifers were often treated with antimicrobials before calving had a lower CC than farms where heifers were either not or only rarely treated. Most variation in BC and CC resided at the herd level rather than at the observation level, indicating that management is important in the control of both BC and CC. Still, only a small proportion of the total variance was explained by factors capturing information related to the milking, herd health, and dry cow management, which suggests that the bacteriological milk quality and, in particular, CC is primarily driven by other factors than the ones included in this study.


Assuntos
Indústria de Laticínios/métodos , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Leite/microbiologia , Animais , Bélgica , Bovinos , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Feminino , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Análise Multivariada , Pasteurização , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários
10.
Reprod Fertil Dev ; 26(5): 717-24, 2014 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23711172

RESUMO

Individual culture of bovine embryos is usually associated with low blastocyst development. However, during preliminary experiments in our laboratory we observed high blastocyst development after individual embryo culture in a serum-free culture system. We therefore hypothesised that serum has a negative effect on embryos cultured individually whereas embryos in groups can counteract this. First, we determined whether the timing of removal of serum (during maturation or culture) had an influence on individual embryo development. The results clearly showed that removal of serum during embryo culture was the main contributing factor since high blastocyst development was observed after individual culture in synthetic oviductal fluid supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and insulin, transferrin and selenium (ITS), independent of the maturation medium. Second, we investigated whether an individual factor of the ITS supplement was essential for individual embryo development. We demonstrated that repeatable high blastocyst percentages were due to the synergistic effect of ITS. Finally, we investigated if a group-culture effect can still be observed under serum-free conditions. Group culture generated blastocysts with higher total cell numbers and less apoptosis. These data show that individual culture in serum-free conditions leads to high blastocyst development, but group culture still improves blastocyst quality.


Assuntos
Blastocisto/citologia , Meios de Cultura/química , Técnicas de Cultura Embrionária/métodos , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/fisiologia , Albuminas , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Insulina , Selênio , Transferrina
11.
J Dairy Sci ; 94(9): 4603-15, 2011 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21854933

RESUMO

Sixteen Holstein cows were assigned to 2 groups to evaluate the caloric and metabolic effect of feeding marine algae (ALG) from 3 wk prepartum until 12 wk postpartum. Milk production characteristics and the profiles of hormones and metabolites in the serum were monitored from -7 to 46 d in milk (DIM) and in follicular fluid (FF) from 14 to 46 DIM. All cows received a corn- and grass silage-based partially mixed ration supplemented with concentrate and protein supplement. In the diet of the ALG group, 2 kg of the concentrate was replaced by a concentrate containing ALG (44 g/d of docosahexaenoic acid). Diets were isocaloric (net energy basis) and equal in intestinal digestible protein. The ALG diet increased milk yield (41.2 vs. 38.2 kg/d) and decreased milk fat yield (1.181 vs. 1.493 kg/d) and milk fat content (31.6 vs. 40.7 g/kg). Protein yield (1.336 vs. 1.301 kg/d) was not affected but a tendency toward decreased milk protein content (32.8 vs. 34.7 g/kg) was observed. Marine algae supplementation increased the ß-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentration in FF of the ALG cows compared with that in the controls (0.992 vs. 0.718 mmol/L). The total protein concentration in FF was decreased in ALG (62.9 vs. 67.6 g/L). Plasma and serum metabolites did not significantly differ between treatments except for a tendency toward a lower concentration of urea in the serum of the control compared with ALG (4.69 vs. 5.13 mmol/L). Based on metabolizable energy calculations, a daily energy-sparing effect of 3.48 Mcal was obtained due to milk fat depression (MFD). The concomitant increase in milk yield suggests that at least part of this spared energy is used to stimulate milk production. Theoretically, 3.48 Mcal of ME could lead to an increase in milk yield of 7.43 kg/d, which is higher than the observed 3 kg/d. However, when evaluating nutrient requirements during MFD in early lactation, we calculated that increased milk production is caused by a propionate-saving effect of 2.71 mol in the udder when milk fat is depressed. Concurrent increased BHBA concentrations in FF in the ALG group cannot be attributed to a worsened energy status of the animals because all other indicators contradict any change in energy balance, indicating that BHBA might not be an appropriate metabolic parameter to estimate the energy balance in early lactating dairy cows during MFD.


Assuntos
Bovinos/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Líquido Folicular/química , Parto/metabolismo , Alga Marinha , Animais , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análise , Bovinos/sangue , Dieta/veterinária , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Feminino , Líquido Folicular/metabolismo , Lactação/metabolismo , Leite/química , Leite/metabolismo , Período Pós-Parto/metabolismo , Proteínas/análise
12.
Prev Vet Med ; 99(2-4): 91-101, 2011 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21411160

RESUMO

Risk factors for intramammary infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, contagious major pathogens and environmental major pathogens in early lactating heifers were evaluated at the herd, heifer and quarter levels. In total, 764 quarters of 191 dairy heifers in 20 randomly selected farms in Flanders (Belgium) were sampled. Quarter milk samples were collected between 1 and 4 days in milk and between 5 and 8 days in milk for bacteriological culture. Data were analyzed using multivariable, multilevel logistic regression analysis. Higher average herd milk somatic cell count (>200,000 cells/mL), not having an effective fly control strategy, contact with lactating cows prior to calving and moderate to severe udder edema prior to calving increased the odds of intramammary infections caused by contagious major pathogens. Poor heifer hygiene and lack of mineral/vitamin supplementation prior to calving were risk factors for intramammary infection caused by environmental major pathogens. Teat apex colonization with coagulase-negative staphylococci prior to calving seemed to protect quarters against intramammary infections caused by major pathogens. Poor heifer hygiene before calving, a non-clipped udder and not practicing of teat dipping prior to calving increased the odds of intramammary infection with coagulase-negative staphylococci. Although management is important in the prevention and control of intramammary infections in early lactating heifers, most variation in the prevalence of intramammary infections resided at the heifer and quarter levels, indicating that the susceptibility for intramammary infections around calving is mainly determined by heifer and quarter characteristics.


Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/fisiologia , Indústria de Laticínios/métodos , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Leite/microbiologia , Ração Animal , Animais , Bovinos , Contagem de Células/veterinária , Feminino , Higiene , Mastite Bovina/epidemiologia , Leite/citologia , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Especificidade da Espécie
13.
J Dairy Sci ; 92(9): 4330-9, 2009 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19700692

RESUMO

Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNL) play an important role in the first line cell-mediated immune defense of the body in general and of the mammary gland against mastitis pathogens in particular. Reduced viability of PMNL close to parturition may explain the high incidence of infectious diseases and the high prevalence of intramammary infections (IMI) in periparturient dairy heifers. Apoptosis of blood PMNL 1 wk before the expected calving date and of blood and milk PMNL at 1 to 4 d in milk was determined using flow cytometry. Information on heifer and gland characteristics was collected before calving and in early lactation. Data were analyzed using multivariable, multilevel regression analysis. Supplementation of a commercial mineral/vitamin mix before calving was associated with less blood (14.4 +/- 2.9 vs. 22.4 +/- 2.1%) and milk PMNL apoptosis (19.0 +/- 1.1 vs. 26.4 +/- 0.9%) near calving, presumably related to higher blood selenium concentrations. Both blood and milk PMNL apoptosis showed seasonal variation with the highest proportion of apoptotic cells between January and March (32.0 +/- 6.1 and 34.6 +/- 2.7%, respectively) and April and June (31.3 +/- 5.7 and 37.8 +/- 2.3%, respectively). Heifers losing 0.25 points or more of their body condition in the periparturient period had higher proportions of apoptotic blood PMNL in early lactation compared with heifers losing less than 0.25 points (24.0 +/- 2.8 vs. 16.6 +/- 1.7%). Milk PMNL apoptosis was less pronounced in quarters having teat orifices colonized with non-aureus staphylococci before calving (18.9 +/- 1.0 vs. 29.4 +/- 1.0%). The variation in blood PMNL apoptosis before and after calving mainly resided at the heifer level (71.4 and 98.4% of the total variation, respectively), whereas the variation in milk PMNL apoptosis mainly resided at the heifer (45.7% of the total variation) and quarter levels (45.5% of the total variation). These data imply that the impaired blood and milk PMNL viability in periparturient heifers can be reduced by optimization of certain heifer management practices such as supplementation of minerals/vitamins, and pasture and feeding strategies.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Mastite Bovina/sangue , Mastite Bovina/patologia , Leite/citologia , Neutrófilos/citologia , Animais , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/patologia , Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Bovinos , Feminino , Modelos Lineares , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Leite/microbiologia , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez , Distribuição Aleatória , Fatores de Risco , Selênio/sangue
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA