Peripheral Activation of Formyl Peptide Receptor 2/ALX by Electroacupuncture Alleviates Inflammatory Pain by Increasing Interleukin-10 Levels and Catalase Activity in Mice.

In the context of the electroacupuncture (EA) neurobiological mechanisms, we have previously demonstrated the involvement of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) in the antihyperalgesic effect of EA. The present study investigated the involvement of peripheral FPR2/ALX in the antihyperalgesic effect of EA on inflammatory cytokines levels, oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes in an animal model of persistent inflammatory pain. Male Swiss mice underwent intraplantar (i.pl.) injection with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed with von Frey monofilaments. Animals were treated with EA (2/10 Hz, ST36-SP6, 20 minutes) for 4 consecutive days. From the first to the fourth day after CFA injection, animals received i.pl. WRW4 (FPR2/ALX antagonist) or saline before EA. Levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10), antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase), oxidative stress markers (TBARS, protein carbonyl, nitrite/nitrate ratio), and myeloperoxidase activity were measured in paw tissue samples. As previously demonstrated, i.pl. injection of the FPR2/ALX antagonist prevented the antihyperalgesic effect induced by EA. Furthermore, animals treated with EA showed higher levels of IL-10 and catalase activity in the inflamed paw, and these effects were prevented by the antagonist WRW4. EA did not change levels of TNF and IL-6, SOD and MPO activity, and oxidative stress markers. Our work demonstrates that the antihyperalgesic effect of EA on CFA-induced inflammatory pain could be partially associated with higher IL-10 levels and catalase activity, and that these effects may be dependent, at least in part, on the activation of peripheral FPR2/ALX.

Electroacupuncture decreases inflammatory pain through a pro-resolving mechanism involving the peripheral annexin A1-formyl peptide receptor 2/ALX-opioid receptor pathway.

The pro-resolving mechanism is a recently described endogenous process that controls inflammation. The present study evaluated components of this mechanism, including annexin 1 (ANXA1) and the formyl peptide receptor 2/ALX (FPR2/ALX) receptor, in the antihyperalgesic effect induced by electroacupuncture (EA) in an animal model of persistent peripheral inflammation. Male Swiss mice underwent intraplantar (i.pl.) injection with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed with von Frey monofilaments. Animals were treated with EA (2-10 Hz, ST36-SP6) or subcutaneous BML-111 injection (FPR2/ALX agonist) for 5 consecutive days. In a separate set of experiments, on the first and fifth days after CFA injection, animals received i.pl. WRW4 (FPR2/ALX antagonist) or naloxone (non-selective opioid receptor antagonist) before EA or BML-111 injection. Paw protein levels of FPR2/ALX and ANXA1 were evaluated on the second day after CFA injection by western blotting technique. EA and BML-111 reduced mechanical hyperalgesia. I.pl. naloxone or WRW4 prevented the antihyperalgesic effect induced by either EA or BML-111. EA increased ANXA1 but did not alter FPR2/ALX receptor levels in the paw. Furthermore, i.pl. pretreatment with WRW4 prevented the increase of ANXA1 levels induced by EA. This work demonstrates that the EA antihyperalgesic effect on inflammatory pain involves the ANXA1/FPR2/ALX pro-resolution pathway. This effect appears to be triggered by the activation of FPR2/ALX receptors and crosstalk communication with the opioid system.

ET-B receptors involvement in peripheral opioid analgesia induced by light-emitting diode photobiomodulation in male and female mice.

Currently, photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is gaining space in the scientific and clinical environment. To help elucidate the importance of irradiance, this study evaluated the effect of two different PBMT irradiances (3.5 and 90 mW/cm2), given a fixed wavelength of 630 nm and a dose of 2 J/cm2, on mechanical hyperalgesia following Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) intraplantar (i.pl.) injection in mice. Additionally, we investigated the role of peripheral opioid and endothelin-B receptors (ETB-R), as well as sex differences in treatment outcome. Different groups of male or female mice were evaluated 6 and 96 h after CFA. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated 30 min after treatments. Naloxone or Bq-788 administration, fifteen minutes before PBMT or Sarafotoxin S6c, helped determine the involvement of peripheral opioid and ETB-Rs on PBMT. Lastly, ETB-Rs skin immunocontent in both sexes was quantified after PBMT consecutive daily treatments. PBMT at an irradiance of 90 mW/cm2, was more effective than 3.5 mW/cm2. Bq-788 and naloxone administration prevented the effects of PBMT and SRTX S6c; however, PBMT did not influence peripheral ETB-Rs immunocontent. The results suggest that irradiance influences PMBT effect; and that activation of ETB-R play a role in peripheral PBMT opioid induced analgesia. Lastly, PMBT effects do not appear to be sex-dependent.

Correction to: Electroacupuncture induces antihyperalgesic effect through endothelin-B receptor in the chronic phase of a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome type I.

The original version of this article contains an error. The Author Francisco José Cidral-Filho incorrectly listed as Francisco José Cidra-Filho. The correct spelling is presented above. The original article has been corrected.

Electroacupuncture induces antihyperalgesic effect through endothelin-B receptor in the chronic phase of a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome type I.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a disorder that involves abnormal inflammation and nerve dysfunction frequently resistant to a broad range of treatments. Peripheral nerve stimulation with electroacupuncture (EA) has been widely used in different clinical conditions to control pain and inflammation; however, the use of EA in the treatment of CRPS is under investigation. In this study, we explore the effects of EA on hyperalgesia and edema induced in an animal model of chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP model) and the possible involvement of endothelin receptor type B (ETB) in this effect. Female Swiss mice were subjected to 3 h hind paw ischemia/reperfusion CPIP model. EA treatment produced time-dependent inhibition of mechanical and cold hyperalgesia, as well as edema in CPIP mice. Peripheral administration (i.pl.) of BQ-788 (10 nmol), an ETB antagonist, prevented EA-induced antihyperalgesia while intrathecal administration prolonged EA's effect. Additionally, peripheral pre-treatment with sarafotoxin (SRTX S6c, 30 pmol, ETB agonist) increased EA anti-hyperalgesic effect. Furthermore, the expression of peripheral ETB receptors was increased after EA treatments, as measured by western blot. These results may suggest that EA's analgesic effect is synergic with ETB receptor activation in the periphery, as well as central (spinal cord) ETB receptor blockade. These data support the use of EA as a nonpharmacological approach for the management of CRPS-I, in an adjuvant manner to ETB receptor targeting drugs.

Levantamento etnofarmacológico e identificação botânica de plantas medicinais em comunidades assistidas por um serviço de saúde / Ethnopharmacological survey and botanical identification of medicinal plants in two communities served by a health service

Objetivos: Levantamento etnofarmacológico sobre o uso de plantas medicinais empregadas no tratamento de transtornos menores de saúde em comunidades assistidas por um serviço de saúde, e avaliar a capacidade da população em identificar corretamente as espécies botânicas utilizadas. Métodos: Estudo transversal com entrevistas nas residências de moradores dos bairros Dehon e Morrotes, do município de Tubarão, para coleta de informações sobre o uso das mesmas. Seguiu-se coleta de amostras das plantas indicadas pela população, para confirmação da espécie botânica. Resultados: Entrevistou-se 267 sujeitos que mencionaram o uso de 84 espécies de plantas para o tratamento de 1.328 diferentes transtornos menores de saúde. O boldo foi a planta mais citada (12,5%, n= 166), seguida de guaco (8,7%, n= 116) e limoeiro (5,7%, n= 74). Resfriado (71,9%), problemas de digestão (64,8%) e tosse (54,7%) foram as desordens com maior indicação de uso de plantas. Cinco das plantas mais citadas foram avaliadas botanicamente, resultando na identificação de espécies, sendo que apenas uma delas (CAMOMILA) houve 100,0% de correlação entre a espécie indicada pela população in natura e a identidade botânica. Para outras plantas como espinheira-santa, boldo e guaco estes valores foram inferiores, alcançando o valor mínimo de 25,0% para a malva. Conclusão: Observou-se grande utilização de plantas medicinais na população estudada, com boa correlação entre o emprego indicado por esta e suas propiedades biológicas. No entanto, houve grande variabilidade entre as espécies indicadas in natura e a identidade botânica das mesmas.

Objective: To conduct a survey on the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of minor ailments in communities served by a health service, and assess the population?s ability to identify correctly the species used. Methods: Cross-sectional study, interviews with household members of the Dehon and Morrotes neighborhoods in the municipality of Tubarão. Sample collection of plants for botanical identification. Results: We interviewed 267 subjects who mentioned 84 species for 1,328 indications for the treatment of different minor ailments. Boldo was the most cited (12.5%, n = 166), followed by guaco (8.7%, n = 116) and lemon tree (5.7%, n = 74). Cold (71.9%), poor digestion (64.8%) and cough (54.7%) were the disorders with major indication for the use of plants. Five of the most frequently cited plants were evaluated botanically; 12 species were identified, and only one (chamomile) had 100% correlation between species indicated in natura and that used as reference in the study; for the others (maytenus, boldo and guaco), these values were lower. Only mallow reached 25.0% of correspondence. Conclusion: A correlation was observed between the use indicated by the population for medicinal plants and their biological properties; there was a great variability among known species with the same common name.

Aceitação de práticas não-convencionais em saúde por estudantes de medicina da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina / Acceptance of non-conventional health practices by medicine students from the Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina

Este trabalho avaliou o conhecimento e aceitação das Práticas Não-Convencionais em Saúde (PNCS) por estudantes do curso de Medicina da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (Unisul). A pesquisa realizada foi do tipo descritiva de campo, aplicada na forma direta extensiva por meio de questionários. As perguntas avaliaram o conhecimento e o interesse a respeito de PNCS. Os entrevistados (n = 197) afirmaram conhecer a maioria das PNCS apresentadas no estudo, destacando-se ioga (96,6 por cento), homeopatia (92,9 por cento), chás caseiros (91,9 por cento), acupuntura e orações (88,8 por cento), além de benzedeiras (83,2 por cento), com porcentagem superior a 80 por cento. Ainda que estas práticas não façam parte do currículo atual deste curso, mais de 50 por cento dos alunos afirmaram ter interesse em aprender sobre 10 das 13 PNCS apresentadas neste estudo. Para PNCS como ioga, acupuntura, fitoterapia e orações, mais de 50 por cento dos alunos afirmaram que indicariam ou apoiariam o uso delas por seus pacientes. Concluiu-se que há interesse dos acadêmicos em práticas não-convencionais, bem como evidências da necessidade de inclusão de disciplinas curriculares que abordem as PNCS nos cursos de graduação em Medicina.

The purpose of this work carried out as a descriptive field study was to assess the acceptance of Non-Conventional Health Practices (NCHP) by medical students at the Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL). The survey was conducted on the basis of direct extensive observation, by applying questionnaires for evaluating the knowledge and interest about NCHPs. The interviewed students (n = 197) claimed to know most NCHPs, especially yoga (96.6 percent), homeopathy (92.9 percent), homemade teas (91.9 percent), acupuncture and prayers (88.8 percent) as well faith healing (83.2 percent), all of which with percentages over 80 percent. Although such practices are not part of the syllabus, more than 50 percent of the students showed interest in learning at least 10 of the 13 NCHPs listed. Besides, more than 50 percent of the students stated that they would recommend or support the use of NCHPs such as yoga, acupuncture, phytotherapy and prayers. It was concluded that the students are interested in non-conventional practices and that disciplines approaching NCHPs should be included in the curriculum of medicine courses.

Conhecimento, acesso e aceitação das práticas integrativas e complementares em saúde por uma comunidade usuária do Sistema Único de Saúde na cidade de Tubarão/SC / knowledge, access and acceptance referring to complementary and integrative practices in health of a Unique Health System community in Tubarão/SC-Brazil

Este estudo objetivou avaliar o conhecimento, acesso e aceitação referente às práticas integrativas ecomplementares em saúde de uma comunidade usuária do Sistema Único de Saúde da região Sul Brasileira. Aseleção das terapias para pesquisa foi baseada no documento elaborado pela OMS como estratégia para promoção destas terapias. Foram selecionadas:acupuntura, chás, fitoterapia, shiatsu, xantala, massoterapia, reflexologia, osteopatia, ioga, ayurveda, homeopatia e cura espiritual. O levantamento de dados (n=88) foi feito na comunidade ôSertão dos Correaõ,localizada no município de Tubarão-SC. Com relação ao conhecimento, a maioria das terapias não era conhecida pela população. Chás e cura espiritual foramas terapias com maior percentagem de conhecimentodeclarado. Enquanto que chás, fitoterapia e cura espiritualobtiveram um maior índice de acesso. Observou-se que é comum a utilização das terapias não convencionais semo acompanhamento de um profissional especializado, o que, junto ao baixo acesso da população, demonstra acarência de profissionais de saúde capacitados para atender esta demanda. Todas as terapias citadas apresentaram alto nível de interesse e aceitação por parte dos entrevistados.

This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, access and acceptance referring to complementary andintegrative practices in health of a Unique Health System community user of South Brazilian region. The therapiesselection for the research was based on OMS elaborated documents as a promotion strategy of these therapies. Itwere selected: acupuntura, teas, fitotherapy, shiatsu, xantala, massotherapy, reflexology, osteopatie, ioga, ayurveda, homeopaty and spiritual cure. The data collection (n=88) was done in the community ôSertãodos Correaõ, located on the land of Tubarão city, SC. Related to the knowledge, the majority of the therapieswere not known by the population. Teas and spiritual cure were the therapies with larger percentage of declaredknowledge. While teas, fitotherapy and spiritual cure got a larger access data. It was noted that is usual to do thetherapy non conventional without the specialized professional following, what, adding the low access of population, shows the lack of capable health professionals to satisfy the demand. All therapies notified have a highlevel interest and acceptance by the interviewed people.