Detección de tumores de la zona central prostática mediante PET/TC con 11C-Colina / Detection of tumors in the central zone of the prostate with 11C-Choline PET/CT

Los tumores prostáticos se originan en un 68% en la zona periférica y en un 24% en la transicional, mientras que son infrecuentes (8%) los tumores de la zona central. Sin embargo, es importante el diagnóstico de los tumores de la zona central puesto que presentan una mayor agresividad, que está condicionada por su localización y diferente comportamiento biológico. La resonancia magnética muestra problemas en la identificación de lesiones en la zona central prostática, dado que esta región tiene una señal heterogénea, principalmente tras el tratamiento primario. La biopsia ecográfica por sextantes muestra un resultado negativo en un 28% de los tumores prostáticos, por lo que es recomendable su repetición o incluso la realización de biopsias por saturación. Presentamos 2 pacientes, uno con sospecha bioquímica de un cáncer de próstata y otro con recidiva bioquímica tras tratamiento radical. En ambos, la PET/TC con 11C-Colina ha permitido la detección del foco tumoral en la zona central de la próstata, tras exploraciones complementarias y biopsias negativas (AU)

Prostate tumors originate 68% in the peripheral region and 24% in the transitional region where tumors originating in the central zone are rare (8%). However, diagnosis of the tumors in the central zone is important since they exhibit greater aggressiveness conditioned by their location and different biological behavior. Magnetic resonance imaging shows problems in identifying lesions in the central prostate zone, since this region has a heterogeneous signal, mainly after the primary treatment. Ultrasound guided sextant biopsy shows a negative result in 28% of prostate tumors. Therefore, it is advisable to repeat or even to perform saturation biopsies. We present two patients, one of them with suspected biochemical prostate cancer and one with biochemical recurrence after radical treatment. In both, 11C-Choline PET/CT allowed detection of the tumor focus in the central zone of the prostate, with negative complementary diagnostic test and biopsies (AU)

[Detection of tumors in the central zone of the prostate with 11C-Choline PET/CT]. / Detección de tumores de la zona central prostática mediante PET/TC con 11C-Colina.

Prostate tumors originate 68% in the peripheral region and 24% in the transitional region where tumors originating in the central zone are rare (8%). However, diagnosis of the tumors in the central zone is important since they exhibit greater aggressiveness conditioned by their location and different biological behavior. Magnetic resonance imaging shows problems in identifying lesions in the central prostate zone, since this region has a heterogeneous signal, mainly after the primary treatment. Ultrasound guided sextant biopsy shows a negative result in 28% of prostate tumors. Therefore, it is advisable to repeat or even to perform saturation biopsies. We present two patients, one of them with suspected biochemical prostate cancer and one with biochemical recurrence after radical treatment. In both, (11)C-Choline PET/CT allowed detection of the tumor focus in the central zone of the prostate, with negative complementary diagnostic test and biopsies.

Comment on "A bacterium that can grow by using arsenic instead of phosphorus".

Wolfe-Simon et al. (Research Articles, 3 June 2011, p. 1163; published online 2 December 2010) argued that the bacterial strain GFAJ-1 can vary the elemental composition of its biomolecules by substituting arsenic for phosphorus. Although their data show that GFAJ-1 is an extraordinary extremophile, consideration of arsenate redox chemistry undermines the suggestion that arsenate can replace the physiologic functions of phosphate.

Effects of Cecropia pachystachya and Larrea divaricata aqueous extracts in mice.

Our studies were performed to investigate the effects of the aqueous extracts of Cecropia pachystachya and Larrea divaricata. These plants are used in folkloric medicine in infusion and were administered orally (0.76 g/kg) to male Albino Swiss mice for 16 days, on drink intake, organ weight/body weight (OW/BW x 100) ratio, histology, broqueoalveolar fluid (BALF) and elevated plus-maze (EPM). Feeding as well as body weight were unaffected by the consumption of these extracts. There were no signs of toxicity in BALF, morbidity or mortality during the study. C. pachystachya caused an increase in relative kidney OW/BW (p

Alteraciones en la densidad óptica de una resina compuesta sometida a la acción de un colorante / Alterations in the optical density of a composite resin subjected to the action of a colouring agent

Se estudia la coloración de una resina compuesta tras, ser sumergida en café. Dicho estudio se realiza en resinas con y sin opaque, analizándola mediante la relación entre intensidad transmitida e intensidad incidente (densidad óptica). Los resultados fueron analizados con un programa informático SPSS (AU)

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G-protein-gated inward rectifier K+ channel proteins (GIRK1) are present in the soma and dendrites as well as in nerve terminals of specific neurons in the brain.

G-protein-gated inward rectifier potassium (GIRK) channels are coupled to numerous neurotransmitter receptors in the brain and can play important roles in modulating neuronal function, depending on their localization in a given neuron. Site-directed antibodies to the extreme C terminus of GIRK1 (or KGA1), a recently cloned component of GIRK channels, have been used to determine the relative expression levels and distribution of the protein in different regions of the rat brain by immunoblot and immunohistochemical techniques. We report that the GIRK1 protein is expressed prominently in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, neocortex, thalamus, cerebellar cortex, and several brain stem nuclei. In addition to the expected localization in somas and dendrites, where GIRK channels may mediate postsynaptic inhibition, GIRK1 proteins were also found in axons and their terminal fields, suggesting that GIRK channels can also modulate presynaptic events. Furthermore, the distribution of the protein to either somatodendritic or axonal-terminal regions of neurons varied in different brain regions, which would imply distinct functions of these channels in different neuronal populations. Particularly prominent staining of the cortical barrels of layer IV of the neocortex, and the absence of this staining with unilateral kainate lesions of the thalamus, suggest that the GIRK1 protein is expressed in thalamocortical nerve terminals in which GIRK channels may mediate the actions of mu opiate receptors.

Thalamocortical projections have a K+ channel that is phosphorylated and modulated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

The finding that some K+ channel mRNAs are restricted to certain populations of neurons in the CNS suggests that there are K+ channels tailored to certain neuronal circuits. One such example are the transcripts from the KV3.2 gene, the majority of which are expressed in thalamic relay neurons. To gain insights into the specific roles of KV3.2 subunits, site specific antibodies were raised to determine their localization in thalamic relay neurons. Immunohistochemical and focal lesioning studies demonstrate that KV3.2 proteins are localized to the terminal fields of thalamocortical projections. It is also shown that KV3.2 channels expressed in vitro are strongly inhibited through phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Channels containing KV3.1 subunits, which otherwise exhibit nearly identical electrophysiological properties in heterologous expression systems but have a different and less restricted pattern of expression in the CNS, are not affected by PKA. Therefore, this modulation might be associated with the specific roles of KV3.2 subunits. Furthermore, we demonstrate that KV3.2 proteins can be phosphorylated in situ by intrinsic PKA. KV3.2 subunits display properties and have a localization consistent with a role in the regulation of the efficacy of the thalamocortical synapse, and could thereby participate in the neurotransmitter-mediated control of functional states of the thalamocortical system associated with global states of awareness.