RESUMO
El control interno de la calidad es el procedimiento que monitoriza la calidad de los resultados y permite aceptar o rechazar las series analíticas. Existen 2 variedades, el modelo de gestión interna, donde el tratamiento estadístico de los resultados control se realiza únicamente con los datos obtenidos por el propio laboratorio, y el control interno con gestión externa, donde el procesamiento estadístico se realiza con los datos obtenidos por el propio laboratorio y por otros laboratorios. Ambos sirven para calcular la imprecisión analítica y no son adecuados para evaluar el error total ni el sesgo. El control externo de la calidad es la determinación del desempeño de cada laboratorio mediante la comparación con otros laboratorios. Existen 3 modelos, los 2 primeros: evaluación externa de la calidad y ensayo de aptitud son muy similares, y se centran en las prestaciones analíticas, mientras que el tercero, denominado garantía externa de la calidad, tiene en cuenta todas las fases del laboratorio. Con el control externo de la calidad, en cualquiera de sus modelos, se mide el error total de cada mensurando, porque la muestra de control, que es ciega para el participante, se analiza una única vez. A largo plazo, cuando se dispone de todos los resultados del programa, se puede medir el error sistemático o sesgo. A la luz de los requisitos legales vigentes, las buenas prácticas del laboratorio y los artículos de referencia internacionales, el control interno de la calidad no es ni sustituye al control de la calidad externo (AU)
Internal quality control is the procedure used for monitoring the analytical process and to accept or reject the analytical run. There are two models: internal quality control that exclusively uses the control results from the own laboratory, and internal control externally managed, that also uses control data from other laboratories reported to an external organization. Both of them measure the analytical imprecision but are not adequate to estimate neither bias nor inaccuracy (total error). External quality control evaluates the laboratory performance by comparing with other laboratories, through an external organization. There are three models, external quality assessment and proficiency testing which are almost the same and are focused on the analytical process and external quality assurance that applies to all laboratory processes. The three models of external control measure total error, because the control sample (blind for the laboratory) is tested in singleton. At long-term, when all results for one cycle are available, laboratory bias may also been calculated. From the light of legal requirements, good laboraotry practices and papers from widely accepted authors, internal quality control is not and do not substitute external quality control (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Controle de Qualidade , Controle Interno-Externo , Vigilância Sanitária/organização & administração , Vigilância Sanitária/normas , Desempenho de Papéis , Laboratórios/organização & administração , Laboratórios/normas , Garantia da Qualidade dos Cuidados de Saúde/organização & administração , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/organização & administração , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/normasRESUMO
OBJETIVO: La oxigenoterapia hiperbárica (OHB) se ha empleado de forma existosa en numerosas patologías que derivan de la hipoxia tisular gracias al aporte extra de oxígeno que permite a los tejidos.En este trabajo se realiza una revisión exhaustiva acerca de toda la literatura existente en 2010 en la que se emplea OHB en patología urológica.MÉTODOS: Realizamos una búsqueda en Medline introduciendo los términos hyperbaric oxygen, radic cistitis, interstitial cistitys, hemorraghic cistitys, urological/pelvic fistula y Fournier´s gangrene.Las búsquedas se centraron en estudios en humanos únicamente publicados en cualquier idioma.RESULTADOS: 56 trabajos publicados, 1 ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado (ECA), 7 revisiones (review) y 48 series de casos (SC) de los que tan solo uno fué prospectivo en los que se exponen a un total de 695 pacientes. Sólo en un estudio se emplearon mediciones de oxígeno tisular para definir la hipoxia. El número de las sesiones de terapia de oxígeno hiperbárico varió desde 4 hasta 44 sesiones. (media 19,2 sesiones/paciente)CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia que se extrae de la mayoría de trabajos consultados procede de series de casos, de modo que es baja, sin embrago, en la mayoría de estudios los resultados en cuanto al manejo de los pacientes es bueno o muy bueno así que parece que la OHB puede ser de gran utilidad en enfermedades urológicas que deriven de hipoxia tisular(AU)
OBJECTIVES: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) has been successfully used in several disorders derived from tissue hypoxia, due to the extra oxygen supply to the tissues it enables.In this manuscript we performed a systematic review including all the existing data published until 2010 about HBO in urologic disorders.METHODS: We performed a Medline search using the terms hyperbaric oxygen, radical cystitis, interstitial cystitis, hemorrhagic cystitis, urological/pelvic fistula and Fournier´s gangrene. The search was restricted to human clinical trials published in any language. RESULTS: We found 56 papers: 1 randomized controlled trial, 7 reviews and 48 case reports; only one of them was a prospective study. A total of 695 patients were included. Just one study used tissue oxygen measurement to define hypoxia. The number of hyperbaric oxygen therapy sessions ranged from 4 to 44 (mean 19.2 sessions/patient).CONCLUSIONS: The level of evidence from most reviewed papers is low because most of them are case series. Nevertheless, results of most of those studies regarding patient management are good or very good. So it seems that HBO can be very useful in urological diseases related to tissue hypoxia(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Oxigenoterapia Hiperbárica/métodos , Doenças Urológicas/terapia , Hipóxia CelularRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) has been successfully used in several disorders derived from tissue hypoxia, due to the extra oxygen supply to the tissues it enables. In this manuscript we performed a systematic review including all the existing data published until 2010 about HBO in urologic disorders. METHODS: We performed a Medline search using the terms "hyperbaric oxygen", "radical cystitis", "interstitial cystitis", "hemorrhagic cystitis", "urological/pelvic fistula"and "Fournier's gangrene". The search was restricted to human clinical trials published in any language. RESULTS: We found 56 papers: 1 randomized controlled trial, 7 reviews and 48 case reports; only one of them was a prospective study. A total of 695 patients were included. Just one study used tissue oxygen measurement to define hypoxia. The number of hyperbaric oxygen therapy sessions ranged from 4 to 44 (mean 19.2 sessions/patient). CONCLUSIONS: The level of evidence from most reviewed papers is low because most of them are case series. Nevertheless, results of most of those studies regarding patient management are good or very good. So it seems that HBO can be very useful in urological diseases related to tissue hypoxia.