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1.
Mol Plant ; 11(12): 1482-1491, 2018 12 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30342096

RESUMO

The Asteraceae (Compositae), a large plant family of approximately 24 000-35 000 species, accounts for ∼10% of all angiosperm species and contributes a lot to plant diversity. The most representative members of the Asteraceae are the economically important chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum L.) that diversified through reticulate evolution. Biodiversity is typically created by multiple evolutionary mechanisms such as whole-genome duplication (WGD) or polyploidization and locally repetitive genome expansion. However, the lack of genomic data from chrysanthemum species has prevented an in-depth analysis of the evolutionary mechanisms involved in their diversification. Here, we used Oxford Nanopore long-read technology to sequence the diploid Chrysanthemum nankingense genome, which represents one of the progenitor genomes of domesticated chrysanthemums. Our analysis revealed that the evolution of the C. nankingense genome was driven by bursts of repetitive element expansion and WGD events including a recent WGD that distinguishes chrysanthemum from sunflower, which diverged from chrysanthemum approximately 38.8 million years ago. Variations of ornamental and medicinal traits in chrysanthemums are linked to the expansion of candidate gene families by duplication events including paralogous gene duplication. Collectively, our study of the assembled reference genome offers new knowledge and resources to dissect the history and pattern of evolution and diversification of chrysanthemum plants, and also to accelerate their breeding and improvement.


Assuntos
Chrysanthemum/genética , Evolução Molecular , Flores/genética , Genoma de Planta/genética , Biodiversidade , Cruzamento , Chrysanthemum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Chrysanthemum/metabolismo , Flavonoides/biossíntese , Duplicação Gênica , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Fenótipo , Plantas Medicinais/genética , Plantas Medicinais/metabolismo , Retroelementos/genética , Sequências Repetidas Terminais/genética
2.
J Pharmacopuncture ; 19(1): 21-7, 2016 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27280046

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the immunomodulatory (IM) activity of IM-133N, a herbal combination in various immunotherapeutic experimental models. METHODS: The IM activity of IM-133N was evaluated against three experimental models namely, effect of IM- 133N against Escherichia coli (E. coli)-induced abdominal sepsis in mice, and carbon clearance test was performed in Wistar albino rats to evaluated the phagocytic potential of IM-133N, in addition IM-133N was evaluated for its immunoglobulin enhancing potential in rats, where the immunoglobulin levels were measured by zinc sulphate turbity (ZST) test. Further, IM-133N was subjected for detailed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS analysis to identify the probable active constituents present in it. RESULTS: The findings of the present study has demonstrated very promising IM property of IM-133N in all the experimental models. Briefly, pretreatment with IM-133N at 125, 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg, p.o. doses had protected the mice against E. coli-induced abdominal sepsis and mortality, further the effect of IM- 133N was found to be significant and dose-dependent. In support of this, in another study administration of IM-133N showed a significant and dose-dependent increase in serum immunoglobulin levels, estimated by ZST test. In line with the above findings, in the carbon clearance test the low doses (125 and 250 mg/ kg, p.o.) of IM-133N increased the rate of carbon clearance, whereas the higher doses (500 and 1,000 mg/kg, p.o.) did not sustain the response, and saturation effect was considered as one of the possible reason for futility of higher doses for IM-133N. In addition, A detailed LC-MS/MS analysis of IM-133N showed 17 bioactive phytochemical constituents: namely, apigenin, chaulmoogric acid, mesquitol, quercetin, symphoxanthone, salireposide, ß-sitosterol, nonaeicosanol, ß-amyrin, betulic acid, oleanolic acid, symplososide, symponoside, symploveroside, symplocomoside, symconoside A and locoracemoside B. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that IM-133N possesses significant IM activity and, hence, could be useful for eradicating opportunistic disease-triggering pathogens via immunotherapeutic mechanisms. The findings also suggest IM-133N may also useful in other immunity disorders.

3.
Phytomedicine ; 23(1): 18-26, 2016 Jan 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26902403

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables has been suggested to have a role in promoting bone health. More specifically, the polyphenols they contain have been linked to physiological effects related to bone mineral density and bone metabolism. In this research, we use standard microarray analyses of peripheral whole blood from post-menopausal women treated with two fixed combinations of plant extracts standardized to polyphenol content to identify differentially expressed genes relevant to bone health. METHODS: In this 28-day open-label study, healthy post-menopausal women were randomized into three groups, each receiving one of three investigational fixed combinations of plant extracts: an anti-resorptive (AR) combination of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.) and grape seed (Vitis vinifera L.) extracts; a bone formation (BF) combination of quercetin (Dimorphandra mollis Benth) and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) extracts; and a fixed combination of all four plant extracts (AR plus BF). Standard microarray analysis was performed on peripheral whole blood samples taken before and after each treatment. Annotated genes were analyzed for their association to bone health by comparison to a gene library. RESULTS: The AR combination down-regulated a number of genes involved in reduction of bone resorption including cathepsin G (CTSG) and tachykinin receptor 1 (TACR1). The AR combination also up-regulated genes associated with formation of extracellular matrix including heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2) and hyaluronoglucosaminidase 1 (HYAL1). In contrast, treatment with the BF combination resulted in up-regulation of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and COL1A1 (collagen type I α1) genes which are linked to bone and collagen formation while down-regulating genes linked to osteoclastogenesis. Treatment with a combination of all four plant extracts had a distinctly different effect on gene expression than the results of the AR and BF combinations individually. These results could be due to multiple feedback systems balancing activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. CONCLUSION: In summary, this ex-vivo microarray study indicated that the pomegranate, grape seed, quercetin and licorice combinations of plant extracts modulated gene expression for both osteoclastic and osteogenic processes.


Assuntos
Reabsorção Óssea/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Análise em Microsséries , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Pós-Menopausa
4.
PLoS One ; 11(1): e0145921, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26731545

RESUMO

Human skin is body's vital organ constantly exposed to abiotic oxidative stress. This can have deleterious effects on skin such as darkening, skin damage, and aging. Plant-derived products having skin-protective effects are well-known traditionally. Triphala, a formulation of three fruit products, is one of the most important rasayana drugs used in Ayurveda. Several skin care products based on Triphala are available that claim its protective effects on facial skin. However, the skin protective effects of Triphala extract (TE) and its mechanistic action on skin cells have not been elucidated in vitro. Gallic acid, ellagic acid, and chebulinic acid were deduced by LC-MS as the major constituents of TE. The identified key compounds were docked with skin-related proteins to predict their binding affinity. The IC50 values for TE on human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were 204.90 ± 7.6 and 239.13 ± 4.3 µg/mL respectively. The antioxidant capacity of TE was 481.33 ± 1.5 mM Trolox equivalents in HaCaT cells. Triphala extract inhibited hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced RBC haemolysis (IC50 64.95 µg/mL), nitric oxide production by 48.62 ± 2.2%, and showed high reducing power activity. TE also rescued HDF from H2O2-induced damage; inhibited H2O2 induced cellular senescence and protected HDF from DNA damage. TE increased collagen-I, involucrin and filaggrin synthesis by 70.72 ± 2.3%, 67.61 ± 2.1% and 51.91 ± 3.5% in HDF or HaCaT cells respectively. TE also exhibited anti-tyrosinase and melanin inhibition properties in a dose-dependent manner. TE increased the mRNA expression of collagen-I, elastin, superoxide dismutase (SOD-2), aquaporin-3 (AQP-3), filaggrin, involucrin, transglutaminase in HDF or HaCaT cells, and decreased the mRNA levels of tyrosinase in B16F10 cells. Thus, Triphala exhibits protective benefits on skin cells in vitro and can be used as a potential ingredient in skin care formulations.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Queratinócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/química , Linhagem Celular , Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Proteínas Filagrinas , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Substâncias Protetoras/química
5.
Nutrition ; 31(7-8): 1008-17, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26059376

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of Mentat against transient global ischemia and reperfusion-induced brain injury in rats. METHODS: The neuroprotective effects of Mentat were evaluated against transient global ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced brain injury in rats. Various neurobehavioral and biochemical parameters were assessed, followed by morphologic and histopathologic evaluation of brain tissue to conclude the protective effect of Mentat. Additionally, in vitro antioxidant assays were performed to explore the antioxidant capacity of Mentat and detailed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) profiling was carried out to identify the active phytoconstituents responsible for the protective effects of Mentat. RESULTS: Sixty minutes of transient global ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion (I/R) caused significant alterations in the cognitive and neurologic functions in the ischemia control group (P < 0.01) compared with the sham control. Furthermore, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining of the ischemia control group showed 20.85% ± 0.39% of cerebral infarct area (P < 0.01), increased brain volume (% edema 17.81% ± 1.576%; P < 0.01), and increased lipid peroxidation (P < 0.01) in the brain homogenate. Additionally, the histopathology of the ischemia control group showed severe brain injury compared with the sham control group. Interestingly, pretreatment with Mentat (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) and quercetin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) for 7 d has alleviated all pathological changes observed due to I/R injury. Mentat also showed very good antioxidant activity in in vitro assays (2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays). Furthermore, the detailed LC-MS/MS analysis of Mentat was performed and enclosed for identifying the actives responsible for its protective effects. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that Mentat is a neuroprotective agent that may be a useful adjunct in the management of ischemic stroke and its rehabilitation especially with respect to associated memory impairment and other related neurologic conditions.


Assuntos
Infarto Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/tratamento farmacológico , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Animais , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Edema Encefálico/tratamento farmacológico , Edema Encefálico/etiologia , Infarto Cerebral/etiologia , Infarto Cerebral/patologia , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/complicações , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/patologia , Masculino , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Quercetina/administração & dosagem , Quercetina/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/etiologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento
6.
J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods ; 69(2): 189-95, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24333504

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Currently, there is a paucity of scientific literature and reports related to screening models for non-infectious type of pharyngitis. In this context, we made a sincere attempt to establish a novel animal model for screening drugs against non-infectious pharyngitis in rats. We have considered the use of pyridine, croton oil and their combination for inducing non-infectious pharyngitis in rats. METHODS: Various concentrations of pyridine were applied topically to the pharyngeal region of rats and the extent of inflammation was assessed by Evans Blue (EB) dye exudation test, evaluating the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and histopathology. Dexamethasone and diclofenac were used as reference standards. RESULTS: Upon pyridine application (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80% in saline), dose-dependent increase in EB dye extravasation was observed (increased vascular permeability). In addition, the levels of TNF-α (P<0.01) and IL-6 (P<0.01) were significantly increased compared to control. Furthermore, the histopathology of pharyngeal tissue showed hypertrophy of submucosal glands, severe inflammation of the pharynx characterised by presence of mononuclear cells, neutrophils along with haemorrhages and congestion; however, normal control animals showed normal cytoarchitecture of pharynx. Indeed, dexamethasone (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.v.) and diclofenac (1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, i.v.) showed dose-dependent protection against pyridine-induced pharyngitis. Further, the possible mechanism of pyridine-induced pharyngitis is thought to be primarily mediated through phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that pyridine-induced pharyngitis is a simple and versatile novel animal model for screening the drugs against non-infectious pharyngitis in rats.


Assuntos
Óleo de Cróton/administração & dosagem , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Faringite/induzido quimicamente , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Faringite/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar
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