RESUMO
Wildfire events have resulted in unprecedented social and economic losses worldwide in the last few years. Most studies on reducing wildfire risk to communities focused on modeling wildfire behavior in the wildland to aid in developing fuel reduction and fire suppression strategies. However, minimizing losses in communities and managing risk requires a holistic approach to understanding wildfire behavior that fully integrates the wildland's characteristics and the built environment's features. This complete integration is particularly critical for intermixed communities where the wildland and the built environment coalesce. Community-level wildfire behavior that captures the interaction between the wildland and the built environment, which is necessary for predicting structural damage, has not received sufficient attention. Predicting damage to the built environment is essential in understanding and developing fire mitigation strategies to make communities more resilient to wildfire events. In this study, we use integrated concepts from graph theory to establish a relative vulnerability metric capable of quantifying the survival likelihood of individual buildings within a wildfire-affected region. We test the framework by emulating the damage observed in the historic 2018 Camp Fire and the 2020 Glass Fire. We propose two formulations based on graph centralities to evaluate the vulnerability of buildings relative to each other. We then utilize the relative vulnerability values to determine the damage state of individual buildings. Based on a one-to-one comparison of the calculated and observed damages, the maximum predicted building survival accuracy for the two formulations ranged from [Formula: see text] for the historical wildfires tested. From the results, we observe that the modified random walk formulation can better identify nodes that lie at the extremes on the vulnerability scale. In contrast, the modified degree formulation provides better predictions for nodes with mid-range vulnerability values.
Assuntos
Incêndios , Incêndios Florestais , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Probabilidade , Gestão de RiscosRESUMO
El mindfulness es una práctica meditativa que ha probado disminuir el estrés psicofisiológico. Propósito: analizar, si el mindfulness es efectivo para disminuir el estrés psicofisiológico, en deportistas de alto rendimiento en temporada competitiva. Se realizó una búsqueda de estudios clínicos que incluyeran diferentes técnicas meditativas para la reducción del estrés en deportistas durante la fase competitiva. En PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science (1985 al 10 de agosto del 2019), se buscaron las combinaciones de palabras mindfulness, meditation, yoga, sport, athlete, intervention, stress, cortisol. Se localizaron sólo siete trabajos, tres de ellos con información cuantitativa, un cuantitativo y tres de metodología mixta. En los siete estudios encontrados (153 sujetos; 134 hombres y 19 mujeres) sus autores mencionan que el mindfulness fue efectivo para la reducción del estrés en los atletas durante la etapa competitiva.
Mindfulness is a meditative practice that has proven to reduce psycho-physiological stress. Purpose: Analyze if mindfulness is effective to reduce psycho-physiological stress in athletes during their competitive season. Clinical studies that included different meditative techniques for stress reduction in athletes during the competitive phase was searched for in databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (1985 to August 10, 2019), using the combinations of the words mindfulness, meditation, yoga, sport, athlete, intervention, stress, and cortisol. Only seven papers were located, three of them with a quantitative design, one as quantitative and three with mixed methodology. In the seven studies found (153 subjects; 134 men and 19 women) their authors mention that mindfulness was effective for reducing stress in athletes during the competitive season.