Disentangling the Link Between Mindfulness and Dissociation in PTSD: The Mediating Role of Attention and Emotional Acceptance.

INTRODUCTION: A number of studies have investigated the relationship between mindfulness and dissociation and suggested that mindfulness-based interventions could be effective in the treatment of dissociative symptoms. A recent study in healthy volunteers found that attention and emotional acceptance mediates this relationship. However, no study has yet been performed among a clinical sample to assess this association. METHOD: We recruited 90 patients (76 women) suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). They completed self-report questionnaires to measure PTSD, dissociation, emotion regulation difficulties, childhood trauma, mindfulness abilities and cognitive abilities. RESULTS: We found that mindfulness abilities, emotional difficulties, dissociation and attention-concentration were all related to each other. Using a step-by-step approach and bootstrapping techniques, we found a significant indirect effect of mindfulness abilities on dissociation through non-acceptance (confidence interval 95%=-.14 to -.01) and attentional difficulties (confidence interval 95%=-.23 to -.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with higher levels of dissociative symptoms have less capacity for mindfulness. Our results support Bishop et al.'s model proposing that attention and emotional acceptance are the two active components of mindfulness. To extend our findings, clinical trials are required to evaluate a causal relationship and the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for patients suffering from dissociation.

Interaction of mediation and moderation effects of positivity, cognitive fusion, brooding and mindfulness.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) targets multiple cognitive processes. However, only a few studies have focused on the interaction among these processes. Preliminary studies have identified a moderation effect of rumination on the link between thought content and emotional difficulties, and a mediation effect of ruminations on the link between mindfulness and emotional difficulties. METHOD: We recruited 236 participants (185 women) who consented online to participate by choosing to either continue with the study or decline to proceed. They completed a battery of questionnaires online, namely Positivity scale, General Health Questionnaire, Rumination Response Scale, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire. RESULTS: All cognitive processes were significantly correlated with emotional distress. Step-by-step linear regression analysis revealed that positivity, cognitive fusion and brooding were significant independent predictors of emotional difficulties. Bootstrapping analysis confirmed that cognitive fusion and brooding mediate the link between mindfulness and depression and anxiety-insomnia. They also demonstrated that cognitive fusion moderates the link between positivity and depression but not anxiety-insomnia. CONCLUSION: Cognitive processes interact with each other. Taken together, these results suggest that combining cognitive interventions is not useful and that different cognitive interventions may be selected depending on the patient's profile.