Effects of ortho-eugenol on anxiety, working memory and oxidative stress in mice.

Ortho-eugenol is a synthetic derivative from eugenol, the major compound of clove essential oil, which has demonstrated antidepressant and antinociceptive effects in pioneering studies. Additionally, its effects appear to be dependent on the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems. Depression and anxiety disorders are known to share a great overlap in their pathophysiology, and many drugs are effective in the treatment of both diseases. Furthermore, high levels of anxiety are related to working memory deficits and increased oxidative stress. Thus, in this study we investigated the effects of acute treatment of ortho-eugenol, at 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg, on anxiety, working memory and oxidative stress in male Swiss mice. Our results show that the 100 mg/kg dose increased the number of head-dips and reduced the latency in the hole-board test. The 50 mg/kg dose reduced malondialdehyde levels in the prefrontal cortex and the number of Y-maze entries compared to the MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion group. All doses reduced nitrite levels in the hippocampus. It was also possible to assess a statistical correlation between the reduction of oxidative stress and hyperlocomotion after the administration of ortho-eugenol. However, acute treatment was not able to prevent working memory deficits. Therefore, the present study shows that ortho-eugenol has an anxiolytic and antioxidant effect, and was able to prevent substance-induced hyperlocomotion. Our results contribute to the elucidation of the pharmacological profile of ortho-eugenol, as well as to direct further studies that seek to investigate its possible clinical applications.

Adaptability and Comparative Biology of Fall Armyworm on Maize and Perennial Forage Species and Relation with Chemical-Bromatological Composition.

This study compared the development of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on forage species of different genera (Arachis, Axonopus, and Cynodon) in relation to maize (preferred host) as well as its adaptability on these forage species, which are the main cultivated forages in southern Brazil. The biological performance of S. frugiperda fed on host plants studied showed the highest adaptation index (AI) in maize (26.89), followed by bermudagrass (22.02), suggesting that bermudagrass is the most suitable alternative host for the development of S. frugiperda. In contrast, the giant missionary grass (18.80) and Pinto peanut (13.81) showed lower adequacy, with a relative adaptation index (RAI) 69.93 and 51.35%, respectively, using maize as standard. The cluster analysis based on similarity of the chemical-bromatological parameters showed that maize has a richer composition than the other plant species studied. The multivariate correlation analysis between AI and chemical-bromatological composition showed a positive correlation between AI and contents of ashes, ethereal extract, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium and, to a lesser extent, with contents of nitrogen, crude protein, and copper. In this context, complexity of host composition and balance between components could explain the biological fitness of S. frugiperda on host plant species. Pasture diversification with giant missionary grass, or especially with Pinto peanut, may be an interesting strategy for integrated pest management of fall armyworm in pasturelands in a regional context.

Acetogenin-Based Formulated Bioinsecticides on Anastrepha fraterculus: Toxicity and Potential Use in Insecticidal Toxic Baits.

The present study evaluated the lethal toxicity and oviposition deterrence of ethanolic extracts of Annona mucosa Jacq., Annona muricata L., and Annona sylvatica A. St.-Hil on Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) compared with those of a limonoid-based bioinsecticide (Azamax™ 1.2 EC-azadiractin +3-tigloyl-azadiractol) and a synthetic spinosyn-based insecticide (Delegate™ 250 WG-spinetoram). In addition, the efficacy of the selected toxic bait formulations was evaluated by mixing them with food attractants (Anamed™, 3% Biofruit and 7% sugarcane molasses). In the topical application and ingestion bioassays (2000 mg L-1), the aqueous emulsion of the A. mucosa extract caused greater than 80% mortality of A. fraterculus adults in a similar manner to the spinosyn-based synthetic insecticide. Concentration-response curves were performed for the most promising treatments and showed an activity level dependent on the mode of contamination, exposure time, and applied concentration. In bioassays with and without choice, the A. mucosa (77%), A. muricata (51%), A. sylvatica (60%), Azamax™ (74%), and Delegate™ 250 WG (100%) significantly reduced the number of punctures and galleries in grape berries. In combination with the food attractants Anamed™, 3% Biofruit, and 7% sugarcane molasses, the emulsion of the A. mucosa extract had a residual effect similar to that of the spinetoram insecticide, with a mortality rate of over 80% of A. fraterculus adults up to 14 days after application (DAA) in the absence of rain. Thus, acetogenin-rich formulations, especially from A. mucosa seeds, are useful alternatives for the integrated management of A. fraterculus in agricultural orchards.

Desempenhos produtivo e reprodutivo de um rebanho F1 Holandês x Gir em Minas Gerais / Productive and reproductive performances of F1 Holstein x Gir cows in the state of Minas Gerais

Objetivou-se avaliar os desempenhos produtivo e reprodutivo de vacas F1 Holandês x Gir Minas Gerais, as quais foram mantidas em sistema de produção a pasto no verão, com suplementação de concentrado, e, no inverno, alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar, polpa de citros e concentrado. As características avaliadas foram: idade ao primeiro parto, intervalo parto-primeiro serviço, período de serviço, intervalo de partos, permanência da matriz no rebanho, produção de leite total por lactação, duração da lactação, produção média diária, produções ajustadas a 280 dias e a 305 dias de lactação, produção de leite por intervalo de partos e curvas de lactação conforme ordem de partos, época de partos e período de serviço. A função gama incompleta foi utilizada para estimação dos parâmetros das curvas de lactação. As demais características foram analisadas utilizando-se modelos lineares mistos. O rebanho apresentou ótimo desempenho (6271,56kg de leite por lactação). As fêmeas F1 Holandês x Gir são boa alternativa para a produção de leite, desde que garantidas boas condições de manejo, alimentação do rebanho e utilização de matrizes oriundas de programas de cruzamento direcionados empregando-se critérios de melhoramento genético.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate the productive and reproductive performances of F1 Holstein x Gir cows in the state of Minas Gerais. The herd during the summer was managed in a pasture based production system with supplementation of concentrate according to milk production and in the winter it was fed with sugar cane, citrus pulp and concentrate. The characteristics evaluated were: age at first calving, calving to first service interval, service period, calving interval, permanence the cows in the herd, total milk production per lactation, lactation length, average milk daily, productions adjusted to 280 and to 305 days of lactation, milk production per calving interval, and lactation curves. The Incomplete Gamma function was used to estimate the parameters of lactation curves at parturition order, parturition epoch and service period. The other characteristics were analyzed using linear mixed models. The herd showed great performance (6271,56 kg of milk per lactation). F1 Holstein x Gir cows are a good alternative to milk production, as long as good conditions of handling and feeding are guaranteed, and the use of cows derived from breeding programs targeted using genetic improvement criteria.(AU)

The effect of live feeds bathed with the red seaweed Asparagopsis armata on the survival, growth and physiology status of Sparus aurata larvae.

Larval rearing is affected by a wide range of microorganisms that thrive in larviculture systems. Some seaweed species have metabolites capable of reducing the bacterial load. However, no studies have yet tested whether including seaweed metabolites on larval rearing systems has any effects on the larvae development. This work assessed the development of Sparus aurata larvae fed preys treated with an Asparagopsis armata product. Live prey, Brachionus spp. and Artemia sp., were immersed in a solution containing 0.5% of a commercial extract of A. armata (Ysaline 100, YSA) for 30 min, before being fed to seabream larvae (n = 4 each). In the control, the live feed was immersed in clear water. Larval parameters such as growth, survival, digestive capacity (structural-histology and functional-enzymatic activity), stress level (cortisol content), non-specific immune response (lysozyme activity), anti-bacterial activity (disc-diffusion assay) and microbiota quantification (fish larvae gut and rearing water) were monitored. Fish larvae digestive capacity, stress level and non-specific immune response were not affected by the use of YSA. The number of Vibrionaceae was significantly reduced both in water and larval gut when using YSA. Growth was enhanced for YSA treatment, but higher mortality was also observed, especially until 10 days after hatching (DAH). The mortality peak observed at 8 DAH for both treatments, but higher for YSA, indicates larval higher susceptibility at this development stage, suggesting that lower concentrations of YSA should be used until 10 DAH. The application of YSA after 10 DAH onwards promotes a safer rearing environment.

Role of NO-cGMP pathway in ovine cervical relaxation induced by Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman.

Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman has a myorelaxing effect on smooth muscle tissue. We investigated the effect of the crude ethanolic extract of E. caatingae Plowman (Ec-EtOH) on the contractility of the ovine cervix. In an isometric system, circular strips were subjected to 90mM potassium (K(+)) or 30µM carbamylcholine (CCh)-induced contraction. We then exposed the tissue to cumulative concentrations of Ec-EtOH (1-729 µg/ml). In other bath solutions, the tissues were exposed to l-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME; 100µM), l-NAME (100µM)+l-arginine (300µM), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, ODQ; 5µM), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 3mM), tetraethylammonium (TEA; 0.3mM), glybenclamide (1µM), atosiban (10µM) or verapamil (3µM), followed by the addition of Ec-EtOH (1-729 µg/ml). We also evaluated the effect of cervical Ec-EtOH infusion (2mg) on cervical contractility in vivo. Ec-EtOH decreased cervical contractility induced by K(+) or CCh, and 729 µg/ml Ec-EtOH decreased 85.4±5.1% the amplitude of basal contractility in vitro, with an EC50 of 17.9±3.7 µg/ml. This effect of Ec-EtOH was prevented by l-NAME or ODQ. l-arginine impaired the blunting effect of l-NAME on cervical relaxation caused by Ec-EtOH. However, the potassium channel blockers 4-AP, TEA, and glybenclamide did not modify this myorelaxation triggered by Ec-EtOH. Ec-EtOH also decreased acetylcholine-induced contractions in tissue preincubated with verapamil. In addition, Ec-EtOH decreased ovine cervical contractions in vivo. Thus, Ec-EtOH had a relaxant effect on ovine cervical contractions. This may involve the nitric oxide signal, mediated by cGMP cellular transduction, and be related to intracellular calcium sequestration.

Acaricidal activity of extracts from the leaves and aerial parts of Neoglaziovia variegata (Bromeliaceae) on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.

This experiment was carried out to study the bioacaricidal activity of Neoglaziovia variegata against engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The mortality and fecundity of groups of engorged adult females exposed to different concentrations of ethanol, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts obtained from the leaves and aerial parts of N. variegata were evaluated, using three treatments with concentrations of 5, 10 e 25 mg/ml; two controls (distilled water and distilled water with drops of cremophor); with three replicates. The hexane extract of the leaves demonstrated significant results, presenting 94.1% inhibition of oviposition; 0.33% the average percentage of eclosion of eggs; and 99.8% of effectiveness. These results indicate N. variegata, particularly the hexane extract of leaves, as potential alternative control agents of R. (B.) microplus. Pharmacological and chemical studies are continuing in order to characterize the mechanism responsible for this effect.

Mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of aqueous extract of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) on meristematic cells of Allium cepa.

Polyphenolic compounds present in rosemary were found to have antioxidant properties, anticarcinogenic activity, and to increase the detoxification of pro-carcinogens. The aim of the study was to determine the effect the aqueous extract of rosemary (AER) on mutagenicity induced by methylmethane sulfonate in meristematic cells of Allium cepa, as well as to describe its mode of action. Anti-mutagenicity experiments were carried out with 3 different concentrations of AER, which alone showed no mutagenic effects. In antimutagenicity experiments, AER showed chemopreventive activity in cultured meristematic cells of A. cepa against exposure to methylmethane sulfonate. Additionally, post-treatment and simultaneous treatment using pre-incubation protocols were the most effective. Evaluation of different protocols and the percent reduction in DNA indicated bioantimutagenic as well desmutagenic modes of action for AER. AER may be chemopreventive and antimutagenic.

Activity of cycloartane-type triterpenes and sterols isolated from Musa paradisiaca fruit peel against Leishmania infantum chagasi.

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study was to evaluate in vitro the antileishmanial activity of triterpenes and sterols isolated from Musa paradisiaca (banana) fruit peel used traditionally to treat leishmaniasis. The compounds were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the peel of the banana fruit by column chromatography. The chemical structure of compounds was determined by (1)H and (13)C - nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity was measured in RAW 264.7 cells and LLC-MK2. Leishmanicidal activity against L. infantum chagasi promastigotes was performed by the MTT colorimetric method and activity against amastigotes was assayed in mammalian cells using in situ ELISA method. Five compounds were identified, consisting of three triterpenes: cycloeucalenone, 31-norcyclolaudenone and 24-methylene-cicloartanol and a mixture of two sterols: beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. With the exception of cycloeucalenone, all compounds showed statistically similar activity against promastigote to pentamidine. While, acting against amastigotes, excluding 31-norcyclolaudenone, other compounds showed activity similar to amphotericin B. All compounds showed low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. CONCLUSION: This study partially confirms the use of Musa paradisiaca in folk medicine against leishmaniasis. Further in vivo studies are necessary to evaluate the efficacy.

Padrões de deslocamento de bezerras de corte que receberam suplementos isolipídicos em pastagem de azevém / Displacement patterns of beef heifers receiving iso lipidic supplements on ryegrass pasture

Foram avaliados o uso de estações alimentares, o deslocamento e a taxa de bocado de bezerras de corte que foram mantidas exclusivamente em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) ou receberam suplementos (grão de milho ou gordura). O método de pastejo foi contínuo, com número variável de animais. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo. O número de bocados realizados por estação alimentar é similar quando as bezerras recebem suplemento ou não. As equações de predição mostram que a massa de lâminas foliares exerce maior influência no tempo por estação alimentar quando as bezerras permanecem exclusivamente em pastejo de azevém ou recebem grão de milho como suplemento, enquanto para bezerras que recebem gordura, essa variável é influenciada pela oferta de forragem. O deslocamento (passos entre estações e passos por minuto) de bezerras exclusivamente em pastejo e que recebem grão de milho é influenciado pela estrutura e qualidade do pasto. A taxa de bocado dos animais suplementados com grão de milho e gordura é influenciada pela proporção de lâminas foliares no dossel. Equações de regressão múltipla, considerando-se os atributos do pasto e da pastagem, podem ser utilizadas como modelos preditores do uso de estações alimentares, deslocamento e taxa de bocado de bezerras de corte...

The use of feeding stations, displacement patterns and bite rate of beef heifers kept exclusively on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) or receiving supplements (corn grain or fat) were evaluated. The grazing method was continuous with a variable number of animals. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with repeated time measures. The number of bites per feeding station is similar when heifers receive supplement or not. The prediction equations show that the mass of leaf lamina has greater influence on the time per feeding station when heifers remain exclusively grazing ryegrass or receive corn grain as a supplement, while for calves that receive fat this variable is influenced by forage allowance. The displacement (steps between stations and steps per minute) of heifers exclusively on ryegrass or receiving corn grain is influenced by the structure and quality of grass. The bite rate of heifers supplemented with corn grain and fat is influenced by the proportion of leaf lamina in the sward. Multiple regression equations considering the attributes of grass and pasture can be used as models to predict the use of feeding stations, displacement and bite rate of beef heifers...

Tropical Plant Extracts as Sources of Grain-Protectant Compounds Against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

The toxicity of organic plant extracts to Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was assessed for three tropical plant species: branches, leaves, and seeds of Annona montana (Annonaceae), branches of Aristolochia paulistana (Aristolochiaceae), and leaves and branches of Casearia sylvestris (Salicaceae). The screening assay resulted that the extracts of A. montana seeds obtained with hexane (LC50 = 534.75 mg kg(-1) and LT50 = 6.10 days) and with dichloromethane (LC50 = 424.67 mg kg(-1) and LT50 = 5.03 days) were the most promising treatments, followed by the extract prepared from A. montana leaves with hexane (LC50 = 837.70 mg kg(-1) and LT50 = 4.90 days). Moreover, extracts (at 1,500 mg kg(-1)) prepared from C. sylvestris branches with dichloromethane and A. paulistana with hexane caused significant mortality (37% and 41.5%, respectively) beyond sublethal effects on S. zeamais. Therefore, based on the biological assays, extraction yield, and evaluation of the chromatographic profile of the crude extracts by TLC, the hexane extract of A. montana seeds was selected and fractioned using liquid-liquid partitioning. The hydroalcoholic fraction caused mortality of 55.5%, significantly superior to dichloromethane fraction, which caused 35.5% of mortality. Chemical analyses ((1)H NMR, HPLC, and TLC) were performed, and the results showed the presence of alkaloids and acetogenins in both active fractions, which have been associated with bioactivity. Therefore, extracts prepared from A. montana seeds (especially) is an interesting source of new compounds with promising grain-protectant properties.

In vitro evaluation of the effect of a high plant protein diet and nucleotide supplementation on intestinal integrity in meagre (Argyrosomus regius).

In the present study, the protective effect of nucleotides over damages induced by the consumption of a diet containing a high amount of vegetable ingredients (560 g kg(-1)) in the intestinal epithelia of the meagre (Argyrosomus regius) was assessed by assays performed with an Ussing-type chamber. Two experimental feeds were prepared including or not a commercial mixture of nucleotides (1 g kg(-1)). Nucleotides significantly enhanced fish growth during the experiment. On the other hand, differences in the integrity and functionality of intestinal epithelia were evidenced by a change in the polarity of intestinal trans-epithelial potential. Samples of fish fed on the control diet showed a preferentially secretory short-circuit current, while those of fish receiving the nucleotide-supplemented diet showed a significantly lower and preferentially absorptive negative current. It is concluded that alterations of intestinal physiology juvenile meagre resulting from the intake of high amounts of plant ingredients could be minimized by nucleotide supplementation.

Avaliação toxicológica pré-clínica do chá das folhas de Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) / Pre-clinical toxicological evaluation of tea from the leaves of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae)

O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar um ensaio toxicológico pré-clínico para analisar a toxicidade do chá das folhas de Morus nigra L. (Moraceae). A toxicidade subcrônica do chá (CF-Mn) foi avaliada durante 30 dias por via oral em ratos. Ao grupo controle foi administrado água, para comparação. Durante o período experimental foi avaliada a presença de sinais de toxicidade, variação do peso corporal, e o consumo de líquido e alimento. Ao final do experimento o sangue dos animais foi retirado para análise de parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos. Não foram observados mortalidade e sinais de toxicidade indicando baixa toxicidade da planta. Não houve alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos. Nas condições do estudo, o CF-Mn pode ser considerado de baixa toxicidade, pois não produziu efeitos tóxicos nos animais tratados.

The aim of this study was to carry out a pre-clinical toxicological assay to analyze the toxicity of tea from the leaves of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae). The subchronic toxicity of this tea (CF-Mn) was orally evaluated during 30 days in rats. The control group was given water for comparison. During the experimental period, signs of toxicity, body weight variation, and water and food consumption were assessed. At the end of the experiment, the blood of animals was removed for analysis of hematological and biochemical parameters. No mortality and no toxicity signs were observed, indicating low toxicity of the plant. There was no alteration in the hematological and biochemical parameters. Under the study conditions, CF-Mn can be considered of low toxicity since it did not produce toxic effects in treated animals.

Prospecção fitoquímica preliminar de plantas nativas do cerrado de uso popular medicinal pela comunidade rural do assentamento vale verde - Tocantins / Preliminary phytochemical screening of native Cerrado plants of medicinal popular use by the rural community of the Vale Verde settlement - Tocantins

Este estudo objetivou caracterizar qualitativamente grupos de metabólitos secundários e alguns constituintes de 9 espécies de plantas medicinais nativas do cerrado utilizadas pela comunidade rural do Assentamento Vale Verde, identificando potencialidades biológicas e farmacológicas. As informações referentes às plantas de uso medicinal foram obtidas por meio de estudos etnobotânicos e etnofarmacológicos, realizados no período de 2010 a 2012. O material botânico coletado foi identificado e depositado no Herbário da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Porto Nacional (TO). O extrato etanólico e metanólico foi obtido a partir do material seco em estufa, filtrado e concentrado em evaporador rotatório sob pressão reduzida, pesados e novamente colocados em estufa por 24h a 50ºC, obtendo o rendimento (m/m) resultante da relação entre a massa de extrato concentrado e após seco. A análise fitoquímica das plantas selecionadas foi feita usando a metodologia da Prospecção Preliminar, realizando testes para detecção de alguns constituintes importantes e dos principais grupos de metabólitos: saponinas, fenóis e taninos, catequinas, esteróides e triterpenóides, cumarinas, antraquinonas e flavonóides. Os testes foram considerados positivos através de reações de precipitados com colorações, formações de espumas e manchas coloridas. Os testes fitoquímicos realizados nos extratos revelarem a presença de constituintes do metabolismo secundário das plantas que podem contribuir para a identificação de marcadores químicos para as espécies estudadas, sendo estes indispensáveis para os testes de qualidade e integridade de fitoterápicos e uso popular mais seguro das plantas medicinais, possibilitando melhor controle farmacognóstico dessas espécies e direcionamento dos seus usos e aplicações na pesquisa pela bioatividade preliminarmente conhecida. Neste caso, especialmente devido às atividades antimicrobianas, antioxidantes e contra insetos, sugerindo relação com a presença de compostos fenólicos e flavonoídicos, positivos nos extratos da maioria das espécies. Estas informações são inéditas no Tocantins e estratégicas para fortalecimento das políticas de conservação de Áreas de Reserva Legal no âmbito do Cerrado, bioma prioritário para conservação da biodiversidade, melhorando a caracterização dos recursos medicinais ainda disponíveis na flora nativa regional bem como vislumbrando suas aplicações biológicas e farmacológicas.

This qualitative study aimed to characterize the groups of secondary metabolites and some constituents of 9 species of native medicinal plants of the Cerrado region used by the rural community of Vale Verde Settlement, identifying their biological and pharmacological potential. The information on medicinal plants were obtained through ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies performed during the period 2010-2012. The botanical material collected was identified and deposited in the Herbarium of the Federal University of Tocantins, Porto Nacional (TO). The ethanolic and methanolic extracts were obtained from the oven dried material, filtered and concentrated in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure, then weighed and placed again in an oven for 24h at 50 ° C, obtaining the yield (m / m), resulting from the ratio between the mass of concentrated extract and the mass after drying. Phytochemical analysis of selected plants was done using the methodology of Preliminary Prospecting, with tests for the detection of some important constituents and of the main groups of metabolites: saponins, phenols and tannins, catechins, steroids and triterpenoids, coumarins, anthraquinones and flavonoids. The tests were considered positive by the reactions of precipitates with colorations, the formation of foams and colored stains. Phytochemical tests performed on the extracts revealed the presence of constituents of secondary metabolism of plants, which can help to identify chemical markers of species. These markers are indispensable for testing quality and integrity of phytochemicals and a safer popular use of medicinal plants, enabling a better pharmacognostic control of these species and guidance for their use and applications in research by the preliminarily known bioactivity. In this case, it is especially due to the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti insect activities, suggesting an association with the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, positive in extracts of most species. These data are novel in Tocantins and strategic for the strengthening of conservation policies of Legal Reserve Areas within the Cerrado, priority biome for the conservation of biodiversity, improving the characterization of medicinal resources still available in the regional native flora, also foreseeing their biological and pharmacological applications.

Early postoperative pelvic-floor biofeedback improves erectile function in men undergoing radical prostatectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) and urinary incontinence are common complications following radical prostatectomy (RP). Although pelvic-floor biofeedback training (PFBT) may improve urinary continence following RP, its effects on the recovery of potency are unknown. Fifty-two patients selected for RP were prospectively randomized for a treatment group (n=26) receiving PFBT once a week for 3 months and home exercises or a control group (n=26), in which patients received verbal instructions to contract the pelvic floor. Erectile function (EF) was evaluated with the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) before surgery and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Patients were considered potent when they had a total IIEF-5 score>20. Continence status was assessed and defined as the use of no pads. Groups were comparable in terms of age, body mass index, diabetes, pathological tumor stage and neurovascular bundle preservation. A significant reduction in IIEF-5 scores was observed after surgery in both groups. In the treatment group, 8 (47.1%) patients recovered potency 12 months postoperatively, as opposed to 2 (12.5%) in the control group (P=0.032). The absolute risk reduction was 34.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.8-64%) and the number needed to treat was 3 (95% CI: 1.5-17.2). A strong association between recovery of potency and urinary continence was observed, with continent patients having a 5.4 higher chance of being potent (P=0.04). Early PFBT appears to have a significant impact on the recovery of EF after RP. Urinary continence status was a good indicator of EF recovery, with continent patients having a higher chance of being potent.

Iodine and selenium supplementation increased survival and changed thyroid hormone status in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae reared in a recirculation system.

To test how iodine and both iodine and selenium supplementation affected the thyroid status as well as growth and survival in Senegalese sole, larvae were reared in a recirculation system from 15 to 34 DAH. Sets of three tanks were assigned to each of the following three diets: control (C), iodine (I) and iodine and selenium (I + Se). Samples were collected at 15, 27 and 34 DAH to determine dry weight, iodine and selenium levels, GPx and ORD activities, thyroid hormone levels and thyroid follicles histology. At 34 DAH, fish from the control (C) treatment suffered from hyperplasia of the thyroid follicles (goitre), whereas iodine-treated larvae did not (I and I + Se). Lower survival rates in the C groups were probably a consequence of the hyperplasia. Moreover, there was an improvement in thyroid hormone status in I- and I + Se-treated larvae, showing that further supplementation of live feed with iodine can be crucial for fish at early life stages, as it seems to sustain normal larval development, when reared in a recirculation system. Selenium did not affect the results. Together with previous results, this indicates selenium supplement is more important at younger life stages.

Brazilian natural dietary components (annatto, propolis and mushrooms) protecting against mutation and cancer.

Considering the high number of new cancer cases in Brazil (approximately 470000 cases in 2005) and the remarkable differences in the incidence of this disease around the world, the development of chemopreventive strategies using foods widely consumed would have a huge impact, both medically and economically. This review summarizes some of our studies conducted to verify the anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic potential of some Brazilian natural dietary constituents (annatto, mushrooms, and propolis). Overall data have shown a clear role for these compounds in preventing mutation and specific preneoplastic lesions. Taken together, these agents indicate a favorable side-effect profile and may prove to be a promising alternative for cancer prevention strategies, although more investigation is needed to fully explore this issue.

Use of complementary and alternative medicine by Brazilian oncologists.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is frequently employed by patients with cancer. An extensive survey was conducted among Brazilian cancer physicians to understand their attitude towards CAM. A questionnaire was sent to all 655 members of the Brazilian Cancer Society asking what is their opinion regarding CAM and if they would prescribe any CAM modality for their patients. They were also questioned regarding their degree of awareness of CAM self-administration by their patients. Overall, 119 questionnaires were returned to us (18%). Most oncologists knew at least one type of CAM (96.6%) and 76.7% had previously made use of at least one type of CAM for themselves. We observed that 76 (63.8%) of the oncologists used to ask their patients about CAM utilization and 37.8% described at least one reason to stimulate its use (68.8% as complementary treatment). Only 10% of the oncologists would prescribe at least one type of CAM and this attitude correlated significantly with previous physicians' use of CAM and with being a clinical oncologist as well as with having questioned patients about CAM use. Most oncologists (80.7%) would not indicate the use of CAM, mainly for lack of scientific proof of its efficacy (56.2%). Physicians knew many kinds of CAM and had frequently used some of them themselves, but only a minority of Brazilian oncologists would indicate them. As CAM use is very prevalent in our population, we believe that most of its utilization depends, probably, on patient's own and independent initiatives. However, these results should be viewed with caution because of the low response rate we observed in this study.