Quality Control and Authentication of Black Betel Leaf Extract (Piper acre Blume) from East Kalimantan as an Antimicrobial Agent Using a Combination of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Chemometric Fourier Transform Infrared.

Black betel leaf from East Kalimantan contains various secondary metabolites such as alkaloid saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. A compound, piperenamide A, which has antimicrobial activity, is also found in black betel leaf. This study aims to identify and authenticate the compound piperenamide A found in black betel leaf extract in other types of betel plant using HPLC and FTIR-chemometrics. The extraction method used was maceration with 70% ethanol solvent. Determination of piperenamide A content in black betel leaf extract was via HPLC column C18, with a maximum wavelength of 259 nm and a mobile phase of water:acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/minute. From the results, piperenamide A was only found in black betel (Piper acre) and not in Piper betel and Piper crocatum. Piperenamide A levels obtained were 4.03, 6.84, 5.35, 13.85, and 2.15%, respectively, in the samples studied. The combination of FTIR spectra with chemometric methods such as PCA and PLS-DA was used to distinguish the three types of betel. Discriminant analysis can classify black betel (Piper acre), Piper betel, and Piper crocatum according to its type. These methods can be used for identification and authentication of black betel.

Mitragyna Species as Pharmacological Agents: From Abuse to Promising Pharmaceutical Products.

Mitragyna is a genus belonging to the Rubiaceae family and is a plant endemic to Asia and Africa. Traditionally, the plants of this genus were used by local people to treat some diseases from generation to generation. Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. is a controversial plant from this genus, known under the trading name "kratom", and contains more than 40 different types of alkaloids. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine have agonist morphine-like effects on opioid receptors. Globally, Mitragyna plants have high economic value. However, regulations regarding the circulation and use of these commodities vary in several countries around the world. This review article aims to comprehensively examine Mitragyna plants (mainly M. speciosa) as potential pharmacological agents by looking at various aspects of the plants. A literature search was performed and information collected using electronic databases including Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, directory open access journal (DOAJ), and Google Scholar in early 2020 to mid-2021. This narrative review highlights some aspects of this genus, including historical background and botanical origins, habitat, cultivation, its use in traditional medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, abuse and addiction, legal issues, and the potential of Mitragyna species as pharmaceutical products.

Novel Amides Derivative with Antimicrobial Activity of Piper betle var. nigra Leaves from Indonesia.

Piper betle var. nigra is a tropical plant closely related to the common piper. P. betle has also been dubbed a promising source of natural antioxidants in herbal health products, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, cytotoxic activity against the cancer cell lines K562 and HL-60, and antileishmanial. The aim of this study to observation Antimicrobial activity and isolation of chemical compound. The antimicrobial activity of P. betle extract was performed by well diffusion method against two oral pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis) and opportunistic pathogenic yeast (Candida albicans). The inoculum (bacterial and yeast suspension) was prepared from a 24-h culture on NB for bacterial suspension and on TSB for yeast suspension. Extraction and isolation using various method of chromatography. Isolated compounds were characterized by spectroscopic means. Our study showed antimicrobial activity from crude ethanol extract of leaves P. betle L. var. nigra against two oral pathogenic bacteria and opportunistic pathogenic yeast with concentration 0.5% and 1%. The first report of two new amides derivatives, piperenamide A (1) and piperenamide B (2) in P. betle L. var. nigra.