RESUMO
Omega (n)-3 fatty acids are vital to neonatal maturation, and recent investigations reveal n-3 fatty acids serve as substrates for the biosynthesis of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM) that have anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulating effects. The role SPM play in the protection against negative maternal-fetal health outcomes is unclear, and there are no current biomarkers of n-3 fatty acid sufficiency. We sought to ascertain the relationships between n-3 fatty acid intake, SPM levels, and maternal-fetal health outcomes. We obtained n-3 fatty acid intake information from 136 mothers admitted for delivery using a food frequency questionnaire and measured docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-derived SPMs resolvin D1 (RvD1) and RvD2 in maternal and cord plasma. We found significantly elevated SPM in maternal versus cord plasma, and increased SPM levels were associated with at-risk outcomes. We also identified that increased DHA intake was associated with elevated maternal plasma RvD1 (p = 0.03; R² = 0.18) and RvD2 (p = 0.04; R² = 0.20) in the setting of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. These findings indicate that increased n-3 fatty acid intake may provide increased substrate for the production of SPM during high-risk pregnancy/delivery conditions, and that increased maternal plasma SPM could serve as a biomarker for negative neonatal outcomes.
Assuntos
Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Resultado da Gravidez , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Adulto , Anti-Inflamatórios , Registros de Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/sangue , Feminino , Sangue Fetal/química , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Masculino , Gravidez , Gravidez de Alto Risco , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Oxidative stress is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, and vitamin E has powerful anti-oxidant properties with the potential to impact health outcomes. Tocopherol isomers of vitamin E differ in their ability to modulate inflammation and vary in concentration in diets containing high proportions of processed versus unprocessed foods. The purpose of this study was to compare vitamin E status and associated pregnancy outcomes (mode of delivery, chorioamnionitis, APGARs (measure of appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration), gestational age at delivery, and fetal growth) between maternalâ»infant dyads in a developed and a developing nation to identify potentially modifiable differences that may impact pregnancy and neonatal outcomes and provide a way to improve maternal and neonatal health. Plasma tocopherol levels were evaluated in 189 Midwestern United States (US) motherâ»infant pairs and 99 Central Nigerian motherâ»infant pairs. Maternal and infant concentrations of α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol were measured using HPLC with diode-array detection. Descriptive statistics were calculated and tocopherol concentrations were associated with clinical outcomes such as mode of delivery, chorioamnionitis, APGARS, and fetal growth. Alpha- and γ-tocopherol levels were higher in the US mothers, (alpha: 12,357.9 (175.23â»34,687.75) vs. 8333.1 (1576.59â»16,248.40) (mcg/L); p < 0.001) (gamma: 340.7 (224.59â»4385.95) vs. 357.5 (66.36â»1775.31) (mcg/L); p < 0.001), while δ-tocopherol levels were higher in the Nigerian mothers (delta: 261.7 (24.70â»1324.71) vs. 368.9 (43.06â»1886.47) (mcg/L); p < 0.001). US infants had higher γ-tocopherol levels than Nigerian infants (203.1 (42.53â»1953.23) vs. 113.8 (0.00â»823.00) (mcg/L); p < 0.001), while both the Nigerian mothers and infants had higher α:γ-tocopherol ratios (8.5 vs. 26.2, and 8.9 vs. 18.8, respectively; p < 0.001). Our results in both populations show associations between increased circulating γ-tocopherol and negative outcomes like Caesarian sections, in contrast to the associations with positive outcomes such as vaginal delivery seen with increased α:γ-tocopherol ratios. Growth was positively associated with α- and γ-tocopherols in cord blood in the US population, and with cord blood δ-tocopherols in the Nigerian population. Tocopherol levels likely impact health outcomes in pregnancy in a complicated metabolism across the maternalâ»fetal axis that appears to be potentially influenced by culture and available diet.
Assuntos
Sangue Fetal/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Estado Nutricional , Tocoferóis/sangue , Adulto , Índice de Apgar , Biomarcadores/sangue , Peso ao Nascer , Cesárea , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Nebraska , Nigéria , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/sangue , Complicações na Gravidez/etiologia , Complicações na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Resultado da Gravidez , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vitamin A is an essential nutrient for pregnant women, and other vitamin A-related compounds, including lutein and lycopene, have been associated with maternal-infant outcomes. The objective of this study was to quantify the status of vitamin A and related compounds in maternal-infant pairs at the time of delivery, and to determine its impact on clinical outcomes. METHODS: Maternal and cord blood samples were collected in 189 mother-infant pairs. Concentrations of lutein + zeaxanthin, ß-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, carotenes, and retinol were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Descriptive statistics was calculated and Spearman coefficients were used to assess correlations between maternal and cord measurements. Kruskal-Wallis and independent samples t test were used to compare measures between retinol groups. Linear and logistic regression models were used to adjust for relevant confounders. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Ten percent of mothers had serum retinol concentrations ≤0.70 µmol/L; 80% of infants had serum retinol concentrations ≤0.70 µmol/L. Low maternal retinol concentrations were associated with maternal anemia (p = 0.04) and a trend toward low birth weight (p = 0.06). Maternal and infant concentrations of vitamin A compounds were highly correlated. After adjustment for confounders, maternal lutein was associated with a C-section (p = 0.03) and a diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome in the infant (p = 0.02). Maternal lycopene was associated with growth parameters in the infant. CONCLUSIONS: As vitamin A-related compounds are modifiable by diet, future research determining the clinical impact of these compounds is warranted.