Does Co-Supplementation with Beetroot Juice and Other Nutritional Supplements Positively Impact Sports Performance?: A Systematic Review.

In the pursuit of enhanced athletic prowess in different disciplines, athletes constantly look for strategies to increase their physical performance, encompassing technical skills and dietary components, which inevitably, in most cases, include the incorporation of sports supplements. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of athletes using ergogenic aids. In this context, scientific evidence must play a prominent role in either endorsing or warning against the use of these products, ensuring the preservation of health while promoting the theoretically established positive benefits. In this vein, beetroot juice (BJ) stands out as a key supplement as an ergogenic aid to improve sports performance, given its demonstrated influence on both aerobic and anaerobic exercise. However, despite widespread global demand, there remains a lack of understanding regarding the potential synergistic effects of combining BJ with other supplements. Consequently, our study aims to determine whether the combination of BJ with another nutritional supplement can enhance its beneficial effects and, therefore, optimize physical performance in humans. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in two major databases-Web of Science and PubMed-from 1 January 2018 to 29 January 2023, using specific keywords. After the exclusion criteria, six articles were selected for analysis. Therefore, our study shows that the effectiveness of combining BJ with another supplement mainly depends on the duration of the chronic intervention, which is where the greatest benefits have been observed.

Effect of nutraceutical supplementation on semen quality in stallions.

BACKGROUND: The use of reproductive biotechnologies in equine practice has shown that some stallions are subfertile, so ways to improve fertility have been sought. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nutraceutical supplementation on improving semen quality in Quarter Horse stallions. METHODS: Semen from six Quarter Horse stallions was assessed for 4 months every 20 days using the computer-assisted semen analysis system. They were evaluated for 60 days before supplementation; then, the same stallions were re-evaluated for 60 days with nutraceutical supplementation (30 g/day). RESULTS: Volume showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) with nutraceuticals. Sperm concentration (10x6 ) was significantly higher with supplementation (339.4 ± 17.5 sperm/mL) than without supplementation (224.6 ± 19.9). Sperm abnormalities (%) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower with supplementation (14.3 ± 0.6) than without supplementation (19.1 ± 0.4). Sperm kinematic parameters, total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), rectilinear velocity (VSL), the velocity of the trajectory (VAP) and curvilinear velocity (VCL), were significantly better with supplementation (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, it is concluded that nutraceutical supplementation improved semen parameters in Quarter Horse stallions.

Allergenicity to worldwide invasive grass Cortaderia selloana as environmental risk to public health.

Allergies to grass pollen affects about 20% of the population worldwide. In the last few decades, the South American grass Cortaderia selloana (CS, Pampas grass) has expanded worldwide in a variety of countries including the USA, Australia and Western Europe. In many of these locations, CS has strikingly spread and has now been classified an invasive species. Many pernicious consequences of CS have been reported for local biodiversity, landscape and structures. However, the effect on human health has not been studied. To investigate this issue, we have chosen a European region on the northern cost of Spain where CS spread is overwhelming, Cantabria. We obtained CS pollen extract and analysed the allergenic reaction of 98 patients that were allergic to pollen of local grasses. We determined the skin reaction and the presence of specific IgE antibodies (sIgE) to CS or to a typical autochthonous grass, Phleum pratense. We also compared the seasonal symptoms with reported grass pollen counts in the area. The results strongly suggest that CS can cause respiratory allergies at a similar extent to the local grasses. Given that CS pollinises later than the local grasses, this would extend the period of grass allergies in the region for about three months every year, as stated by most of the patients. This is the first study reported on the effects of the striking expansion of CS on human health. Considering the strong impact that respiratory allergies have on the population, our results suggest that CS can currently constitute a relevant environmental health issue.

Psychosocial and economic impact of rheumatic diseases on caregivers of Mexican children.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric rheumatic disease (PRD) patients and their caregivers face a number of challenges, including the consequences of the PRD in patients and the impact on multiple dimensions of the caregivers' daily lives. The objective of this study is to measure the economic, psychological and social impact that PRD has on the caregivers of Mexican children. METHODS: This is a multicenter, cross-sectional study including primary caregivers of children and adolescents with PRD (JIA, JDM and JSLE) during April and November, 2019. A trained interviewer conducted the CAREGIVERS questionnaire, a specific, 28-item multidimensional tool validated to measure the impact on different dimensions of the lives of caregivers. Sociodemographic, clinical, and healthcare system data were collected for further analysis. RESULTS: Two hundred participants were recruited (women 169, 84.5%, aged 38 [IQR 33-44] years); 109 (54.5%) cared for patients with JIA, 28 (14%) JDM and 63 (31.5%) JSLE. The healthcare system was found to be determinant on the impact of the disease. The emotional impact was higher in all the participants, regardless of the specific diagnoses. The social dimension showed significant differences regarding PRD, healthcare system, time to reach the center, presence of disability, active disease, cutaneous and systemic manifestations, treatment and partner. Financial and work impacts were more frequent in those caring for JSLE and less so in those with a partner. Family relationships changed in 81 caregivers (25 [12.5%] worsened and 56 [28%] improved). No variables affecting spirituality were found. For caregivers without a partner, the social networks impact increased. CONCLUSION: The influence of sociodemographic factors can be devastating on families with children with a PRD. These data will help physicians to identify the areas with the greatest need for intervention to achieve comprehensive care for caregivers and their patients.

Repurposing bioenergetic modulators against protozoan parasites responsible for tropical diseases.

Malaria, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis are arthropod-borne, parasitic diseases that constitute a major global health problem. They are generally found in developing countries, where lack of access to preventive tools and treatment hinders their management. Because these parasites share an increased demand on glucose consumption with most cancer cells, six compounds used in anti-tumoral research were selected to be tested as antiparasitic agents in in vitro models of Leishmania infantum, Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, and Plasmodium falciparum: dichloroacetic acid (DCA), 3-bromopyruvic acid (3BP), 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), lonidamine (LND), metformin (MET), and sirolimus (SIR). No parasite-killing activity was found in L. infantum promastigotes, whereas DCA and 3BP reduced the burden of intra-macrophagic amastigotes. For T. brucei all selected compounds, but 2DG, decreased parasite survival. DCA, 2DG, LND and MET showed parasite-killing activity in T. cruzi. Finally, anti-plasmodial activity was found for DCA, 2DG, LND, MET and SIR. These results reinforce the hypothesis that drugs with proven efficacy in the treatment of cancer by interfering with ATP production, proliferation, and survival cell strategies might be useful in treating threatening parasitic diseases and provide new opportunities for their repurposing.

Horticultural Plant Residues as New Source for Lignocellulose Nanofibers Isolation: Application on the Recycling Paperboard Process.

Horticultural plant residues (tomato, pepper, and eggplant) were identified as new sources for lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNF). Cellulosic pulp was obtained from the different plant residues using an environmentally friendly process, energy-sustainable, simple, and with low-chemical reagent consumption. The chemical composition of the obtained pulps was analyzed in order to study its influence in the nanofibrillation process. Cellulosic fibers were subjected to two different pretreatments, mechanical and TEMPO(2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl)-mediated oxidation, followed by high-pressure homogenization to produce different lignocellulose nanofibers. Then, LCNF were deeply characterized in terms of nanofibrillation yield, cationic demand, carboxyl content, morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability. The suitability of each raw material to produce lignocellulose nanofibers was analyzed from the point of view of each pretreatment. TEMPO-mediated oxidation was identified as a more effective pretreatment to produce LCNF, however, it produces a decrease in the thermal stability of the LCNF. The different LCNF were added as reinforcing agent on recycled paperboard and compared with the improving produced by the industrial mechanical beating. The analysis of the papersheets' mechanical properties shows that the addition of LCNF as a reinforcing agent in the paperboard recycling process is a viable alternative to mechanical beating, achieving greater reinforcing effect and increasing the products' life cycles.

X-Linked Hypophosphataemic Rickets and Growth.

X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH) is the most prevalent form of hereditary rickets characterized by an alteration of phosphate metabolism which frequently leads to the appearance of fractures, bone deformities and growth delay. Although the mechanism of growth impairment in patients with XLH still needs to be clarified, it is known that this alteration is not due to genetic or endocrine factors. A potential explanation for the impairment of growth in this disease is the alteration of the growth plate, a structure responsible for longitudinal growth of bones. Some of the findings in the growth plate of patients with XLH include atypical organization of chondrocytes due to low rates of proliferation and apoptosis and disturbance of chondrocyte hypertrophy, overactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway and upregulation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK). Conventional treatment of XLH (consisting of oral phosphate supplements and active vitamin D analogues) is often insufficient for the longitudinal growth of bone, but other strategies based on recombinant growth hormone or therapies targeting fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) or its receptor, such as burosumab, have shown promising results. This article briefly describes the relationship between XLH and growth retardation, and how to address this alteration in patients with XLH.

Development and validation of the CAREGIVERS questionnaire: multi-assessing the impact of juvenile idiopathic arthritis on caregivers.

BACKGROUND: The primary caregiver is an important person in the life of patients with JIA. Their reactions depend on social, emotional and economic factors that affect the therapeutic alliance. Some generic instruments have been used to evaluate burden, anxiety, or quality of life of caregivers. This study aims to develop a specific instrument to measure the psychosocial and economic impacts on primary caregivers of patients with JIA. METHODOLOGY: This is a mixed methods research, that includes qualitative and quantitative data, and was carried out in two phases. First phase: a pragmatic qualitative study (questionnaire construction) was conducted in two parts, a non-systematic literature review followed by interviews with primary caregivers. Second phase: a cross-sectional study (questionnaire validation) to complete validation and estimate Cronbach's alphas based on tetrachoric correlation coefficients, correlation matrix and Cohen's kappa coefficient test. RESULTS: There were 38 articles found related to the experience of caregivers. 15 primary caregivers were interviewed (female 93%, median age 45 years). Thematic analysis identified 9 important topics from the perspective of participants (economic impact, coping, family roles, impact of diagnosis, mental health, couple/mate relationships, impact at work, religion, and knowledge of the disease). These topics were combined to create the interview questionnaire (56 items). Later, it was modified to 62 items that were divided into five dimensions: impact of the disease (psychosocial, economic, family, and relationships), knowledge of the disease, alternative medicine, future, and religion. The interview questionnaire was applied to 32 primary caregivers (female 93%, median age 37 years), results identify depression on 29 (90%), 18 (56%) feel sadness at diagnosis, 20 (63%) mentioned that JIA has influenced in their financial situation, 23 (72%) feel anxiety about the future, and 11 (37%) considered that their family relationships have changed. Statistical analysis identified inconsistencies during convergent and divergent validity of the construct. Consequently, 11 items were eliminated, 3 relocated, 6 modified, and 39 compacted obtaining the "Impact of Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases on Caregivers Multi-assessment Questionnaire" (CAREGIVERS questionnaire). This final version resulted on an eight-dimension (28 items) instrument. CONCLUSIONS: The CAREGIVERS questionnaire captures perspectives of both the participants and clinicians. It will be helpful to measure the impact of the disease and thus, to improve the quality of care of children with JIA and their families.

Effects of Colombian oregano essential oil (Lippia origanoides Kunth) and Eimeria species on broiler production and cecal microbiota.

The gut microbiota has an important effect on poultry health and production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Colombian oregano (COO), Lippia origanoides Kunth, essential oil supplementation on broiler chicken performance and their cecal bacterial microbiome by 16S-based sequencing. Essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Two COO levels in feed, 0 ppm control (C) and 100 ppm (O), were evaluated in 2 groups of broilers either unchallenged (U) or challenged (E) with a viable attenuated Eimeria (coccidia) oocyte vaccine. Four treatments, UC, UO, EC, and EO, were distributed among 720 one-day-old male Ross broilers randomly placed in 24 pens. Cecal contents DNA was extracted and pyrosequencing was performed following a standard procedure. Pyrosequencing data were processed, and sequence reads were phylogenetically classified. Similarity of membership and structure in the communities were calculated. At the end of the study, the greatest COO effect was found in coccidia-challenged broilers, with an OE body weight of 1,889 ± 52.4 g with respect to 1,799 ± 36.2 g for CE (P < 0.01). Broiler cecal samples were consistent in that phylum Firmicutes and class Clostridia were highly prevalent; COO had no effect on these taxa levels between the 4 treatments (P > 0.05). A positive correlation (P < 0.01) was observed between the Firmicutes:Bacteriodetes phyla ratio against body weight at 35 D of age. This study provided both positive and negative correlations between broiler body weight against some bacterial groups identified, offering perspectives regarding bacterial groups and their impact on host health and metabolism. Lippia origanoides Kunth high thymol content showed a beneficial effect on body weight and the feed conversion ratio in broilers under coccidia challenge.

Patrón de aislamiento bacteriano y sensibilidad antimicrobiana en urocultivos positivos obtenidos de una población pediátrica / Uropathogen pattern and antimicrobial susceptibility in positive urinary cultures isolates from paediatric patients

Introducción. El conocimiento de los uropatógenos y sus perfiles de sensibilidad antibiótica deben ser la base del tratamiento empírico racional en las infecciones urinarias. Material y métodos. Se analizaron retrospectivamente el patrón bacteriano y la sensibilidad antimicrobiana en los urocultivos positivos pediátricos identificados en un período de 5 años (2009-2013) de un Hospital de tercer nivel, y se compararon los resultados con un estudio previo realizado en el mismo Hospital entre 1995 y 1999. Resultados. Se aislaron un total de 2,762 cultivos de orina positivos en el período de estudio referido. Escherichia coli fue el microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado (58,9%), seguido de Enterococcus sp. (11,6%) y Proteus mirabilis (10,9%). Más del 95% de las cepas de E. coli no productoras de BLEE fueron sensibles a fosfomicina, nitrofurantoína, cefotaxima y aminoglucósidos. Por contra, el 56, 49 y 22% de los aislados de E. coli fueron resistentes a ampicilina, cefalosporinas orales de primera generación y cotrimoxazol, respectivamente. Ampicilina y amoxicilina/clavulánico fueron los antibióticos más eficaces para tratar Enterococcus sp. y P. mirabilis, respectivamente. La distribución porcentual de gérmenes y la sensibilidad antimicrobiana obtenidas en el estudio no presentaron cambios sustanciales respecto a las publicadas en el mismo hospital en la década de los noventa. Conclusiones. E. coli fue el germen mayoritariamente aislado, con un alto porcentaje de resistencias a ampicilina, cefalosporinas orales de primera generación y cotrimoxazol. Este patrón urinario de aislamientos y sensibilidad antimicrobiana fue similar al reportado en otros estudios pediátricos y tampoco se modificó respecto a una serie comparable de la década de los noventa, por lo que puede considerarse que las recomendaciones actuales del tratamiento antibiótico empírico en las infecciones urinarias se mantienen vigentes (AU)

Introduction. Knowledge of urophatogens and antibiotic susceptibility should be used to assist with empirical urinary tract infection treatment. Material and methods. We retrospectively analysed local bacterial pattern and antimicrobial susceptibility in positive urinary isolates from paediatric patients collected in the period 2009-2013. Results were compared with a previous study carried out in the same sanitary area between 1995 and 1999. Results. We identified 2,762 urinary isolates. Escherichia coli was the most common uropathogen (58.9%), followed by Enterococcus sp. (11.6%) and Proteus mirabilis (10.9%). More than 95% of non extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli were susceptible to nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, cefotaxime and aminoglycosides. However, 56%, 49%, and 22% of the E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin, oral first-generation cephalosporins, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, respectively. Ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate were the most effective antibiotics to treat Enterococcus sp. and P. mirabilis, respectively. Not significant modifications were found compared to results published at the same area in the ‘90s. Conclusions. E. coli was the mostly isolated uropathogen, with a high percentage of resistance to ampicillin, oral first-generation cephalosporins, and trimethoprim-sulfameth-oxazole. These urinary isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were similar to those reported in other paediatric studies and did not show significant changes compared to local previously published results. Thus, it can be considered that the current recommendations about empiric antibiotic therapy in paediatric urinary tract infections remain applicable nowadays (AU)

Efectos de la suplementación con ß-alanina en tests de Wingate en jugadoras universitarias de fútbol femenino / Effects of ß-alanine supplementation on wingate tests in university female fottballers

Introducción: El fútbol es un deporte intermitente que desarrolla acciones de alta intensidad usando la vía anaeróbica, por tal razón, la fatiga muscular se produciría principalmente por el aumento de la acidosis. La carnosina, la cual se forma a partir de L-histidina y ß-alanina, ha demostrado producir un efecto «Tampón» sobre la acidosis muscular. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la suplementación con ß-alanina, en tres pruebas de Wingate sucesivas, y comparar la potencia media, máxima y el lactato sanguíneo en seleccionadas universitarias de fútbol femenino. Métodos: Se evaluaron 10 jugadoras de futbol, quienes realizaron tres Wingate, descansando 5 min entre cada sprint, determinando la potencia media, máxima y el lactato al final de cada prueba, posteriormente consumieron 2,4 gr/día de ß-alanina por 30 días y se repitieron las pruebas. El grupo control (n=8) realizó las mismas pruebas, pero sin consumir el suplemento. Se usó el cicloergómetro Monark (Ergomedic 874E) y para medir lactato el Lactate Pro 2. Resultados: El grupo con suplementación, mejoró significativamente (p<0,001) la potencia media a diferencia del grupo control. La potencia máxima mejoró solo en el primer sprint a diferencia del grupo control (p<0,05); y no se obtuvieron diferencias en el lactato. Discusión: la evidencia demuestra que la ß-alanina mejora el rendimiento en pruebas de más de 30 segundos de duración, pero en nuestro estudio mejora la potencia media y la potencia máxima incluso al realizar sprint consecutivos, pudiendo emular la realidad de juego en el futbol (AU)

Introduction: Football is a sport that develops actions intermittent high-intensity exercise using the anaerobic pathway, for that reason, the muscle fatigue would produce primarily by increasing acidosis. Carnosine, which is formed from L-histidine, ß-alanine, has proven to produce an effect «buffer» of acidosis. Objective: To determine the effect of ß-alanine supplementation, on three successive Wingate tests and compare the average power, maximum power and lactate blood in selected female college soccer. Methods: We evaluated 10 football players who were three Wingate, 5 min rest between each sprint, determining the average power, maximum and lactate at the end of each test, then consumed 2,4 gr/day of ß-alanine for 30 days and repeated the tests. The control group (n=8) performed the same tests, but without consuming the supplement. Monark cycle ergometer was used (Ergomedic 874E) and to measure lactate the Lactate Pro 2. Results: The group with supplementation significantly improved mean power difference from the control group. The maximum power improved only in the first sprint unlike the control group and Lactate did not differ. Discussion: The evidence shows that the ß-alanine improves performance on tests of more than 30 second long, but in our study improves average power and peak power even when performing consecutive sprint, being able to emulate the reality of the football game (AU)

Traducción y comentario de un documento freudiano de 1892: análisis del informe de la conferencia de Sigmund Freud sobre hipnosis y sugestión / Translation and commentary of a Freudian document of 1892: analysis of the report of Sigmund Freud's lecture on hypnosis and suggestion

Este artículo ofrece la primera traducción al español del informe que reproduce fielmente el contenido de una conferencia dictada por Sigmund Freud en 1892, titulada ¡Über Hypnose und Suggestion¡ [Sobre hipnosis y sugestión]. Ese documento aporta elementos muy valiosos para una mejor comprensión de los inicios del pensamiento freudiano, particularmente de su relación con el terreno de la hipnosis. En este texto se reconstruyen los primeros pasos de Freud en el campo del hipnotismo, y se detalla el modo en que se posicionó respecto de los debates que dos escuelas francesas de medicina sostenían sobre aquellos problemas. El análisis de la exposición de 1892 tiene como resultado, primero, una mejor intelección de la perspectiva asumida por Freud hacia las doctrinas de Charcot y Bernheim, y segundo, la demostración de la importancia que la obra de Jospeph Delbœuf tuvo para el creador del psicoanálisis en ese momento capital de su recorrido profesional.

Effect of Origanum chemotypes on broiler intestinal bacteria.

Essential oils have been proposed as alternatives to antibiotic use in food animal production. This study evaluated 3 chemotypes of the Origanum genus, containing varying amounts of secondary metabolites carvacrol, thymol, and sabinene, in the broiler chicken diet. Aerial parts of Origanum vulgare L. (OL), O. vulgare L. ssp. hirtum (OH), and O. majorana (OM) were collected from a greenhouse located in the high altitude Sabana de Bogotá (Savanna of Bogotá) and O. vulgare L. ssp. hirtum (OG) produced and ground in Greece. Oregano essential oils (OEO) from these plants were obtained by steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Six treatments were evaluated: 200 mg/kg of OEO from OH, OL, and OM, 50 mg/kg of OEO from OG, 500 mg/kg of chlortetracycline, and without additives. Broiler chicks were maintained at 2,600 m above sea level, placed in brooder cages under a completely randomized design. Template DNA was isolated from duodenal, jejunal, ileal, and cecal contents in each group and bacterial 16S rDNA patterns were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Dendrograms of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis band patterns revealed 2 main clusters, OEO-treated chicks and nontreated control chicks, in each intestinal segment. Band patterns from different gut compartments revealed major bacterial population shifts in the foregut (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) compared with the hindgut (cecum and colon) at all ages evaluated (P < 0.05). The OEO groups showed less shift (62.7% similarity coefficient) between these 2 compartments versus the control groups (53.7% similarity coefficient). A reduction of 59% in mortality from ascites was seen in additive-supplemented groups compared with the control group. This study represents the first work to evaluate the effects of the 3 main chemotypes of Origanum genus in broilers.

Negative clinical results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of two doses of immunologically enhanced, grass subcutaneous immunotherapy despite dose-dependent immunological response.

OBJECTIVE: Specific immunotherapy is the only treatment for the underlying allergic disease in patients with respiratory allergies. The primary objective of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two maintenance doses of immunologically enhanced, standardised quality (SQ+) grass subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) [4,000 SQ+ and 15,000 SQ+; AVANZ(®) Phleum pratense (ALK)] compared with placebo. METHODS: This was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II/III trial. The primary evaluation was based on the combined rhinoconjunctivitis score during the entire grass pollen season. Adult subjects with grass pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis interfering with usual activities or sleep despite symptomatic medication use, were enrolled. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty subjects were randomised to receive either 4,000 SQ+ (n = 150), 15,000 SQ+ (n = 152) or placebo (n = 148). The average grass pollen exposure was 27 grains/m(3)/day. No statistically significant differences between the active groups and the placebo group were found for clinical endpoints (p > 0.05). Highly statistically significant (p < 0.001) increases in IgG4 and IgE-blocking factor were found for both active groups versus placebo. The most frequently reported adverse events were mild-to-moderate local injection-site reactions; events were generally more frequent with 15,000 SQ+ than with 4,000 SQ+ and placebo. The most common adverse events leading to premature discontinuation from the trial were anaphylactic reactions (one subject from the placebo group and five subjects from the 15,000 SQ+ group). CONCLUSIONS: The inconclusive results were most probably influenced by a very low grass pollen season. Other factors such as the extent of the pre-seasonal treatment could potentially have contributed. The tolerability profile was acceptable for further development.

[Effects of ß-alanine supplementation on wingate tests in university female footballers]. / Efectos de la suplementación con ß-alanina en tests de Wingate en jugadoras universitarias de fútbol femenino.

INTRODUCTION: Football is a sport that develops actions intermittent high-intensity exercise using the anaerobic pathway, for that reason, the muscle fatigue would produce primarily by increasing acidosis. Carnosine, which is formed from L-histidine, ß-alanine, has proven to produce an effect "buffer" of acidosis. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of ß-alanine supplementation, on three successive Wingate tests and compare the average power, maximum power and lactate blood in selected female college soccer. METHODS: We evaluated 10 football players who were three Wingate, 5 min rest between each sprint, determining the average power, maximum and lactate at the end of each test, then consumed 2,4 gr/day of ß-alanine for 30 days and repeated the tests. The control group (n=8) performed the same tests, but without consuming the supplement. Monark cycle ergometer was used (Ergomedic 874E) and to measure lactate the Lactate Pro 2. RESULTS: The group with supplementation significantly improved mean power difference from the control group. The maximum power improved only in the first sprint unlike the control group and Lactate did not differ. DISCUSSION: The evidence shows that the ß-alanine improves performance on tests of more than 30 second long, but in our study improves average power and peak power even when performing consecutive sprint, being able to emulate the reality of the football game.

Introducción: El fútbol es un deporte intermitente que desarrolla acciones de alta intensidad usando la vía anaeróbica, por tal razón, la fatiga muscular se produciría principalmente por el aumento de la acidosis. La carnosina, la cual se forma a partir de L-histidina y ß-alanina, ha demostrado producir un efecto "Tampón" sobre la acidosis muscular. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la suplementación con ß-alanina, en tres pruebas de Wingate sucesivas, y comparar la potencia media, máxima y el lactato sanguíneo en seleccionadas universitarias de fútbol femenino. Métodos: Se evaluaron 10 jugadoras de futbol, quienes realizaron tres Wingate, descansando 5 min entre cada sprint, determinando la potencia media, máxima y el lactato al final de cada prueba, posteriormente consumieron 2,4 gr/día de ß-alanina por 30 días y se repitieron las pruebas. El grupo control (n=8) realizó las mismas pruebas, pero sin consumir el suplemento. Se usó el cicloergómetro Monark (Ergomedic 874E) y para medir lactato el Lactate Pro 2. Resultados: El grupo con suplementación, mejoró significativamente (p.

Estudio observacional sobre las técnicas de punción del bloqueo axilar para cirugía de mano en pacientes ambulantes en un hospital universitario: Aportes a la ecografía / No disponible

Objetivos: Valorar el aporte de la ecografía para la realización de bloqueos axilares en cirugía mayor ambulatoria con tres tipos de técnicas. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo en pacientes programados para cirugía de manos. Se construyó una base con datos demográficos, el tipo y eficacia de la técnica en cuanto al bloqueo motor y sensitivo, dolor posoperatorio, el grado de satisfacción y complicaciones asociadas. Las tres técnicas estudiadas fueron el uso de neuroestimulador, el uso de la ecografía y la combinación de ambas. Resultados: Se recogieron 151 casos. 77(51 %) se realizaron con NS solo, 36 (24 %) combinando la técnica de NS con Eco, y 38 (25 %) con Eco solo. 15 (20 %) pacientes puncionados con NS requerían un refuerzo de anestesia local versus 14 (38,9 %) en el grupo NS + Eco y 1 (2,6 %) en el grupo Eco solo (p < 0,001). La técnica combinada NS + Eco ha permitido bajar más el volumen de anestésico local comparado con la técnica Eco sola (NS + Eco: 26,2 ± 7,3; Eco solo: 31,4 ± 5,6; p = 0,001). En las 24 primeras horas posoperatorias, no hubo diferencias significativas en el consumo de analgésicos (p = 0,59). El índice de satisfacción era alto y comparable entre los tres grupos (NS: 8,4 ± 1,7/10; NS + Eco: 8,5 ± 1,9/10; Eco: 9,0 ± 1/10; p = 0,17). No hubo complicaciones ni reingresos a las 24 horas de la realización del bloqueo. Conclusión: La técnica ecográfica es segura y permite aumentar la seguridad del bloqueo con una eficacia equivalente o mejor a la técnica neuroestimulada. En cambio, la combinación de las 2 técnicas, da peores resultados, por lo que no recomendamos su uso (AU)

Objective: Asses the role of ultrasound guided axillary block in hand day case surgery with three different techniques. Materials and methods: we design a prospective, observational study in patients scheduled for day case hand surgery. Demographics data, type and efficiency of technique regarding sensitive and motor block, postoperative pain, satisfaction survey and complications were recorded. Block using neurostimulator (NS), ultrasound guide (US) and the combination of both was evaluated (NS+US). Results: 151 patients were included. 77 (51 %) were performed only by NS, 36 (24 %) using both techniques and 38 (25 %) with US solely. 15 (20 %) patients blocks by NS required an extra dose of local anesthetic in relation to 14 (38.9 %) in NS + US group and only 1 patient (2.6 %) block using US (p < 0.001). The combination technique allow to reduce total volume of local anesthetic used respect US guide block (NS + US: 26.2 ± 7.3; US: 31.4 ± 5.6; p = 0.001). In the first postoperative day, no different in analgesic consumption between three groups was found (p = 0.59).The satisfaction was high and comparable in all patients regardless of the technique used (NS: 8.4 ± 1.7/10; NS + US: 8.5 ± 1.9/10; US: 9.0 ± 1/10; p = 0.17). No complications and readmission was reported. Conclusion: US guided are a safe technique and make possible to increase block safety and efficiency. Nevertheless, the combination technique gives worse results and we should avoid their use (AU)

Metabolitos secundarios y actividad antibacteriana in vitro de extractos de hojas de Anacardium occidentale L. (marañón) / Secondary metabolites and in vitro antibacterial activity of extracts from Anacardium occidentale L. (Cashew tree) leaves

Introducción: las hojas de Anacardium occidentale L. (marañón) tienen contenidos óptimos de nutrientes; se ha utilizado como antidiarreico y nutracéutico en animales, sin embargo, la caracterización fitoquímica y antimicrobiana de sus extractos son insuficientes. Objetivo: determinar los metabolitos secundarios y la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de extractos de hojas de Anacardium occidentale L. Métodos: del polvo de las hojas de Anacardium occidentale L. se obtuvo inicialmente el extracto fluido y la tintura al 20 por ciento. Se realizó tamizaje fitoquímico y pruebas de calidad de las preparaciones farmacéuticas. Se determinó la actividad antibacteriana (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella entérica, Shigella sp.) de tres diluciones del extracto seco (50, 100 y 200 mg/mL) de la tintura al 20 por ciento y de los extractos n-hexánico, clorofórmico y acetato de etilo (Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella entérica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Enterobacter aerogenes), con posterior caracterización fitoquímica. Resultados: en el extracto fluido y en la tintura al 20 por ciento se detectaron cumarinas y otros metabolitos como saponinas, flavonoides, azúcares reductores, aminoácidos libres, triterpenos/esteroides, fenoles/taninos. El índice de refracción, la densidad, el pH y los sólidos totales mostraron resultados similares para el extracto fluido y la tintura al 20 por ciento. Además, para estos indicadores no se encontraron diferencias significativas 6 meses después. El extracto seco mostró actividad antibacteriana contra Staphylococcus aureus, con los mayores halos de inhibición para la dilución de 200 mg/mL. Asimismo, el extracto de acetato de etilo indicó el menor crecimiento de esta bacteria patógena, según los halos de inhibición. En los extractos, clorofórmico y acetato de etilo(AU)

Introduction: the leaves of Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) have optimal contents of nutrients and have been used as antidiarrheal and nutraceutical in animals; however, the phytochemical characterization and antimicrobial of the extracts are insufficient. Objective: to determine secondary metabolites and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Anacardium occidentale L. leaf extracts. Methods: fluid extract and 20% tincture were initially obtained from powdered leaves of Anacardium occidentale L. Phytochemical screening and quality testing of pharmaceuticals were performed. The antibacterial activity was determined (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enteric and Shigella sp.) in three dilutions of the dry extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/mL) from the 20 percent tincture and from the n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sp., Salmonella enteric, Pseudomonas aerugiosa and Enterobacter aerogenes), with subsequent phytochemical characterization. Results: high content of coumarins and other metabolites such as saponins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, free aminoacids, triterpenes and/or steroids, phenols and/or tannins were detected in the fluid extract and the 20 percent tincture. The refractive index, the density, the pH and the total solids showed similar results for the fluid extract and for the 20 percent tincture. Besides, no significant differences were found in these parameters six months after the study. The dry extract showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with the largest inhibition zones for dilution of 200 mg/mL. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract indicated the slowest growth of this bacterial pathogen, according to inhibition hales. In the chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts, abundant coumarins and reducing sugars were found. Conclusions: the fluid extract and the 20 percent tincture from Anacardium occidentale leaves contained(AU)

Metabolitos secundarios y actividad antibacteriana in vitro de extractos de hojas de Anacardium occidentale L. (marañón) / Secondary metabolites and in vitro antibacterial activity of extracts from Anacardium occidentale L. (Cashew tree) leaves

Introducción: las hojas de Anacardium occidentale L. (marañón) tienen contenidos óptimos de nutrientes; se ha utilizado como antidiarreico y nutracéutico en animales, sin embargo, la caracterización fitoquímica y antimicrobiana de sus extractos son insuficientes. Objetivo: determinar los metabolitos secundarios y la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de extractos de hojas de Anacardium occidentale L. Métodos: del polvo de las hojas de Anacardium occidentale L. se obtuvo inicialmente el extracto fluido y la tintura al 20 por ciento. Se realizó tamizaje fitoquímico y pruebas de calidad de las preparaciones farmacéuticas. Se determinó la actividad antibacteriana (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella entérica, Shigella sp.) de tres diluciones del extracto seco (50, 100 y 200 mg/mL) de la tintura al 20 por ciento y de los extractos n-hexánico, clorofórmico y acetato de etilo (Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella entérica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Enterobacter aerogenes), con posterior caracterización fitoquímica. Resultados: en el extracto fluido y en la tintura al 20 por ciento se detectaron cumarinas y otros metabolitos como saponinas, flavonoides, azúcares reductores, aminoácidos libres, triterpenos/esteroides, fenoles/taninos. El índice de refracción, la densidad, el pH y los sólidos totales mostraron resultados similares para el extracto fluido y la tintura al 20 por ciento. Además, para estos indicadores no se encontraron diferencias significativas 6 meses después. El extracto seco mostró actividad antibacteriana contra Staphylococcus aureus, con los mayores halos de inhibición para la dilución de 200 mg/mL. Asimismo, el extracto de acetato de etilo indicó el menor crecimiento de esta bacteria patógena, según los halos de inhibición. En los extractos, clorofórmico y acetato de etilo

Introduction: the leaves of Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) have optimal contents of nutrients and have been used as antidiarrheal and nutraceutical in animals; however, the phytochemical characterization and antimicrobial of the extracts are insufficient. Objective: to determine secondary metabolites and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Anacardium occidentale L. leaf extracts. Methods: fluid extract and 20% tincture were initially obtained from powdered leaves of Anacardium occidentale L. Phytochemical screening and quality testing of pharmaceuticals were performed. The antibacterial activity was determined (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enteric and Shigella sp.) in three dilutions of the dry extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/mL) from the 20 percent tincture and from the n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sp., Salmonella enteric, Pseudomonas aerugiosa and Enterobacter aerogenes), with subsequent phytochemical characterization. Results: high content of coumarins and other metabolites such as saponins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, free aminoacids, triterpenes and/or steroids, phenols and/or tannins were detected in the fluid extract and the 20 percent tincture. The refractive index, the density, the pH and the total solids showed similar results for the fluid extract and for the 20 percent tincture. Besides, no significant differences were found in these parameters six months after the study. The dry extract showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with the largest inhibition zones for dilution of 200 mg/mL. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract indicated the slowest growth of this bacterial pathogen, according to inhibition hales. In the chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts, abundant coumarins and reducing sugars were found. Conclusions: the fluid extract and the 20 percent tincture from Anacardium occidentale leaves contained

Composición química y tamizaje fitoquímico del polvo de hojas y retoños del Anacardium occidentale L (marañón) / Chemical composition and phytochemical screening of leaf and shoot powder of Anacardium occidentale L (cashew tree)

Introducción: la composición química y el tamizaje fitoquímico de una planta medicinal puede definir sus beneficios; la literatura refiere información de estas determinaciones en la fruta del Anacardium occidentale L; no obstante, en cuanto a las hojas y retoños no se encontró información suficiente. Objetivo: determinar la composición química y el tamizaje fitoquímico en el polvo de hojas y retoños del Anacardium occidentale L Métodos: en el polvo de hojas y retoños de Anacardium occidentale L se determinó la composición bromatológica, algunos carbohidratos, material saponificable, fitoesteroles, minerales, ácidos grasos y tamizaje fitoquímico; mediante técnicas del Ministerio de Salud Pública, Official Methods of Analysis, cromatografía gaseosa, espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia. Resultados: el polvo de hojas y retoños de A occidentale mostró un aceptable contenido de materia seca, proteína bruta, betasitosterol y stigmasterol. El ácido graso saturado octadecanoico y el monoinsaturado gadoleico se detectaron con mayores cuantías en el polvo. Se observó una concentración significativa del potasio y del mineral traza manganeso. En el tamizaje fitoquímico, el extracto etéreo no presentó alcaloides, las coumarinas y quinonas se detectaron en el extracto etanólico y acuoso, respectivamente. Las antocianidinas, triterpenos o esteroides y taninos se observaron en el extracto etanólico. Además en ambos extractos (acuoso y etanólico) se detectaron flavonoides y saponinas. Conclusiones: según la composición química y la presencia de metabolitos secundarios benéficos en el polvo de las hojas y retoños de A. occidentale se recomienda el estudio de este polvo en humanos y animales, como nutracéutico o terapéutico(AU)

Introduction: the chemical composition and phytochemical screening of a medicinal plant can define its benefits. The literature covers information about these determinations on the fruit of Anacardium occidentale L but little information was found about its leaves and shoots. Objective: to determine the chemical composition and phytochemical screening in the leaf and shoot powder from Anacardium occidentale L Methods: bromatological composition, some carbohydrates, saponifiable material, phytosterols, minerals, fatty acids and phytochemical screening were determined in leaf and shoot powder from Anacardium occidentale L, using techniques approved by the Ministry of Public Health, Official Methods of Analysis, gas chromatography, atomic absorption spectrophotometer and high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: the leaf and shoot powder from Anacardium occidentale L showed an acceptable content of dry matter, crude protein, beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated octadecenoic, gadoleic larger amounts were detected in the powder. There was a significant concentration of potassium and manganese trace mineral. In the phytochemical screening, the ether extract showed no alkaloids, the coumarins and quinones were detected in the ethanol and aqueous extract, respectively. Anthocyanidins, triterpenes or steroids and tannins were observed in the ethanol extract. Also, in both extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) flavanoids and saponins were detected. Conclusions: according to the chemical composition and the presence of beneficial secondary metabolites, it is recommended to study the use of leaf and shoot powder from A occidentale in humans and animals as a nutraceutic or therapeutical agent(AU)

Composición química y tamizaje fitoquímico del polvo de hojas y retoños del Anacardium occidentale L (marañón) / Chemical composition and phytochemical screening of leaf and shoot powder of Anacardium occidentale L (cashew tree)

Introducción: la composición química y el tamizaje fitoquímico de una planta medicinal puede definir sus beneficios; la literatura refiere información de estas determinaciones en la fruta del Anacardium occidentale L; no obstante, en cuanto a las hojas y retoños no se encontró información suficiente. Objetivo: determinar la composición química y el tamizaje fitoquímico en el polvo de hojas y retoños del Anacardium occidentale L Métodos: en el polvo de hojas y retoños de Anacardium occidentale L se determinó la composición bromatológica, algunos carbohidratos, material saponificable, fitoesteroles, minerales, ácidos grasos y tamizaje fitoquímico; mediante técnicas del Ministerio de Salud Pública, Official Methods of Analysis, cromatografía gaseosa, espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia. Resultados: el polvo de hojas y retoños de A occidentale mostró un aceptable contenido de materia seca, proteína bruta, betasitosterol y stigmasterol. El ácido graso saturado octadecanoico y el monoinsaturado gadoleico se detectaron con mayores cuantías en el polvo. Se observó una concentración significativa del potasio y del mineral traza manganeso. En el tamizaje fitoquímico, el extracto etéreo no presentó alcaloides, las coumarinas y quinonas se detectaron en el extracto etanólico y acuoso, respectivamente. Las antocianidinas, triterpenos o esteroides y taninos se observaron en el extracto etanólico. Además en ambos extractos (acuoso y etanólico) se detectaron flavonoides y saponinas. Conclusiones: según la composición química y la presencia de metabolitos secundarios benéficos en el polvo de las hojas y retoños de A. occidentale se recomienda el estudio de este polvo en humanos y animales, como nutracéutico o terapéutico

Introduction: the chemical composition and phytochemical screening of a medicinal plant can define its benefits. The literature covers information about these determinations on the fruit of Anacardium occidentale L but little information was found about its leaves and shoots. Objective: to determine the chemical composition and phytochemical screening in the leaf and shoot powder from Anacardium occidentale L Methods: bromatological composition, some carbohydrates, saponifiable material, phytosterols, minerals, fatty acids and phytochemical screening were determined in leaf and shoot powder from Anacardium occidentale L, using techniques approved by the Ministry of Public Health, Official Methods of Analysis, gas chromatography, atomic absorption spectrophotometer and high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: the leaf and shoot powder from Anacardium occidentale L showed an acceptable content of dry matter, crude protein, beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated octadecenoic, gadoleic larger amounts were detected in the powder. There was a significant concentration of potassium and manganese trace mineral. In the phytochemical screening, the ether extract showed no alkaloids, the coumarins and quinones were detected in the ethanol and aqueous extract, respectively. Anthocyanidins, triterpenes or steroids and tannins were observed in the ethanol extract. Also, in both extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) flavanoids and saponins were detected. Conclusions: according to the chemical composition and the presence of beneficial secondary metabolites, it is recommended to study the use of leaf and shoot powder from A occidentale in humans and animals as a nutraceutic or therapeutical agent