RESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC known as "carqueja" in Brazil has been acknowledged as a medicinal plant in folk medicine for the treatment of stomach aches and gastrointestinal disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective and healing effects of essential oil from B. trimera (EOBT) against gastric ulcer lesions caused by absolute ethanol and acetic acid, respectively, and to identify the mechanism of action of this essential oil in male Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The plant material used to obtain EOBT was collected in the southern region of Brazil and was analyzed by chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) demonstrate its characteristic chemical composition, with carquejyl acetate as its main component. Different doses of EOBT (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were administered orally in male Wistar rats as an acute treatment against absolute ethanol-induced gastric lesions. The gastric healing effect of EOBT (100 mg/kg) was evaluated once a day after 7, 10, and 14 days of treatment. After treatment, the stomachs of rats from all groups were collected to measure the lesion area (mm2), the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), and the relative expression of caspases -3, -8, -9, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). The zymography method was used to elucidate the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -9 (MMP-9) in the healing action of EOBT. We also analyzed toxicological parameters (body weight evolution and biochemical parameters) that could result after treatment with this essential oil for 14 days. RESULTS: Pretreatment with EOBT (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly decreased the severity of gastric damage induced by absolute ethanol and decreased MPO activity in gastric tissue. After 10 and 14 days of treatment with EOBT (100 mg/kg) once a day, the lesion area was significantly reduced by 61% and 65.5%, respectively, compared to the negative control group. The gastric healing effect of EOBT was followed by a decrease in the expression of COX-1 compared to that in the negative control group. Notably, treatment with EOBT for 14 days increased the expression of VEGF compared to that using an anti-ulcer drug (lansoprazole). Additionally, analyses of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in the gastric mucosa confirmed the accelerated gastric healing effect of EOBT, with a significant decrease in the activity of pro-MMP-2. No sign of toxicity was observed after treatment with EOBT for 14 consecutive days. CONCLUSION: These findings indicated that EOBT was effective in preventing and accelerating ulcer healing by decreasing MPO activity, increasing VEGF expression, and decreasing MMP-2 activity. These actions collectively contribute to the rapid recovery of gastric mucosa following treatment with EOBT, without any observed toxicity.
Assuntos
Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Baccharis/química , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/metabolismo , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Ácido Acético/toxicidade , Animais , Antiulcerosos/uso terapêutico , Antiulcerosos/toxicidade , Brasil , Caspases/metabolismo , Ciclo-Oxigenase 1/metabolismo , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Etanol/toxicidade , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Lansoprazol/farmacologia , Lansoprazol/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Medicina Tradicional , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , Óleos Voláteis/toxicidade , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Úlcera Gástrica/induzido quimicamente , Úlcera Gástrica/metabolismo , Úlcera Gástrica/patologiaRESUMO
:Machaerium hirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld (Fabaceae) known in Brazil as "jacaranda de espinho" or "espinheira santa nativa" is a medicinal plant commonly used in folk medicine to treat ulcers, cough and diarrhea. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from M. hirtum twig (HEMh) using in vivo experimental models of nociception through the involvement of transient receptor potential channels, acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC), nitrergic, opioidergic, glutamatergic, and supraspinal pathways. Our results revealed an antinociceptive effect of HEMh mediated by the opioidergic, L-arginine-nitric oxide and glutamate systems, as well as by interactions with TRPA1/ASIC channels. The anti-inflammatory effect of HEMh evaluated with a xylene-induced ear edema and by the involvement of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) showed involvement of the COX pathway, based on observed decreases in PGE2 levels. A phytochemical investigation of the HEMh led to the isolation of α-amyrin, ß-amyrin, allantoin, apigenin-7-methoxy-6-C-ß-D-glucopyranoside, and apigenin-6-C-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-8-C-ß-D-xylopyranoside. In conclusion, the acute oral administration of HEMh inhibits the nociceptive behavioral response in animals through the nitrergic, opioid, glutamatergic pathways, and by inhibition of the TRPA1 and ASIC channels, without causing locomotor dysfunction. In addition, its anti-inflammatory effect is associated with the COX pathway and decreased PGE2 levels.
Assuntos
Dor Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Fabaceae/química , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Dor Aguda/complicações , Analgésicos Opioides/metabolismo , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Ácido Araquidônico , Arginina/metabolismo , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Etanol , Feminino , Formaldeído , Glutamatos/metabolismo , Indometacina/efeitos adversos , Inflamação/complicações , Canais Iônicos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Nociceptividade/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Úlcera/induzido quimicamente , Úlcera/complicações , Úlcera/tratamento farmacológico , XilenosRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae), known as "amendoeira da praia" in Brazil, has been recognized as a medicinal plant in folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and other inflammatory conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the preventive and healing effects of the infusion of leaves of T. catappa (ILTC) against gastric lesions caused by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury and characterize its mechanism of action in the gastric mucosa of rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Different doses (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) of ILTC were orally administered as acute and subacute treatments against I/R-induced gastric lesion in rats. After treatment, the stomach of rats was collected to measure the lesion area, redox parameters malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) and inflammatory parameters myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The activities of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMPs 2 and 9) were assessed by zymography method to clarify the mechanisms of the healing acceleration promoted by ILTC. RESULTS: Pretreatment with ILTC (100 mg/kg) was effective in preventing the aggravation of lesions in the acute model by reducing MPO activity by 38% relative to control group, despite the lack of clarity of this action at the macroscopical level at the lesion area (p < 0.05). After three days of treatment with ILTC (30 and 100 mg/kg), this infusion significantly reduced the lesion area by 95% and 89%, respectively, compared the control (p < 0.05). The gastric healing effect of all doses of ILTC was followed by a reduction in MPO activity (decrease by 70-78%). Compared to the negative control, an improvement in gastric healing owing to treatment with ILTC was observed and this was followed by an increase in MMP-2 (20-47%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Three days of treatment with ILTC could accelerate the healing process in I/R-induced lesions in rats. By decreasing MPO levels, ILTC enabled the action of MMP-2, which led to tissue recovery in the gastric mucosa.
Assuntos
Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Estômago/efeitos dos fármacos , Terminalia/química , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Araquidonato 15-Lipoxigenase/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismo , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional/métodos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fitoterapia/métodos , Folhas de Planta/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Úlcera Gástrica/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Chrysin exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Here, the gastroprotective effect of chrysin was investigated in mouse models of gastric ulcer induced by absolute ethanol, acetic acid, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. The gastric-healing effect was evaluated at 7 and 14 days after treatment; the mechanism of action was verified using the expression of metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9), caspase-3, cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and 2 (COX-2), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and interleukin-10. Chrysin (10 mg/kg) inhibited macroscopic lesions and increased catalase activity in the mouse model established using absolute ethanol. It ameliorated the gastric ulcer caused by acetic acid by improving the expression of inflammatory genes such as COX-2, inhibiting negative remodeling promoted by MMP-9, increasing cell proliferation effect via EGF, and reducing cellular apoptosis by modulating caspase-3. A faster healing effect was evident in the first 7 days of treatment compared to 14 days of treatment, indicating the pharmacological potential of chrysin. Overall, these results demonstrate the potent effect of chrysin in the gastrointestinal tract and elucidate the genes involved in the healing of gastric ulcers. Moreover, an increase in the levels of gastric mucosa defensive factors is involved in the activity of chrysin in the gastric mucosa.
Assuntos
Antiulcerosos/uso terapêutico , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Flavonoides/uso terapêutico , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Acético/toxicidade , Animais , Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Apoptose/genética , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismo , Ciclo-Oxigenase 1/metabolismo , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/metabolismo , Etanol/toxicidade , Flavonoides/farmacocinética , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Inflamação , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Masculino , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico , Úlcera Gástrica/induzido quimicamente , Úlcera Gástrica/enzimologiaRESUMO
Byrsonima intermedia is a species of bush popularly used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, such as gastric ulcers, gastritis, and diarrhea. Previous studies have revealed that the methanolic crude extract of B. intermedia leaves has gastroprotective and healing properties. In this new study, we specifically investigated two purified partitions, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and water (AcoAq), obtained from the crude extract to characterize the antiulcer effects of these two partitions and the mechanisms of action of this medicinal plant. The healing effects of these partitions on the gastric and duodenal mucosa were assessed after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) or acetic acid-induced injury. The involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and glutathione (GSH) levels were determined. The antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori was evaluated using microdilution methods. The phytochemical analysis of AcoAq revealed a predominance of oligomeric proanthocyanidins and galloyl quinic esters, whereas EtOAc was found to contain concentrated flavonoids. Both partitions led to a significant reduction in gastric lesions, but AcoAq was more effective than EtOAc with regard to anti-Helicobacter pylori activity in addition to protecting the gastric mucosa against ethanol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and duodenal mucosal damage induced by cysteamine. Additionally, both partitions were associated with a significant increase in gastric and duodenal healing and increased gastric mucosal GSH content after damage induced by acetic acid. On the other hand, after 6 days of treatment, EtOAc was more effective than AcoAq in ameliorating gastric damage upon initiation of the gastric I/R, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in the activity of gastric mucosal MPO, IL 1-ß and TNF-alpha, as well as an elevation in IL-10 and GSH content. These results demonstrate that the oligomeric proanthocyanidins and galloyl quinic esters present in AcoAq were more effective in the prevention of gastric and duodenal ulcers due to the antioxidant effects of these compounds, whereas the flavonoids present in EtOAc were more effective due to their anti-inflammatory activity on the gastric and duodenal tissue. All these results confirm that the rich phytochemical diversity of B. intermedia contributes to the pharmacological actions of this medicinal plant on the gastrointestinal tract in addition to its activity against H. pylori.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Malpighiaceae/química , Úlcera Péptica/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Gastrite/tratamento farmacológico , Gastrite/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional/métodos , Úlcera Péptica/metabolismo , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Fitoterapia/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Estômago/efeitos dos fármacos , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC. (Myrtaceae), an Amazonian medicinal plant known as "pedra-ume-caá," is popularly used as a natural remedy for inflammation, wounds, infections, diabetes, fever, and flu. Its anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and gastroprotective effects have already been characterized. We evaluated the gastric healing effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of E. punicifolia (HEEP) in male and female Wistar rats against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and ethanol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The healing effect of HEEP on the gastric mucosa of adult male and female Wistar rats was measured after the chronic application of aggressive factors such as NSAIDs or 80% ethanol. Male, and intact and ovariectomized (OVZ) female rats were treated with HEEP for two days (NSAIDs) or one, two, four, and six days (80% ethanol). The stomachs were analyzed macroscopically for ulcerative lesions (mm2), and the healing process was measured using biochemical analysis with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant parameters. RESULTS: Macroscopic evaluation of the gastric mucosa showed that gastric lesions induced by NSAIDs were significantly healed (66%) and pro-inflammatory interleukin 5 cytokine level was decreased after two-day oral treatment with HEEP compared with those in the negative control group (pâ¯<â¯0.05). However, the gastric lesions induced by NSAIDs did not heal in HEEP-treated female rats (pâ¯>â¯0.05). In addition, four-day treatment with HEEP significantly healed the gastric lesions induced by ethanol in male and female rats (63% and 78%, respectively) compared to those of the negative control group (pâ¯<â¯0.05). However, the OVZ group required six days of HEEP treatment to heal gastric ulcers (67% compared to the control group). HEEP exerts the healing effect against ethanol by significantly reducing neutrophil infiltration into the gastric mucosa by decreasing myeloperoxidase activity in male and OVZ rats after four and six days of treatment, respectively (pâ¯<â¯0.05). Four-day treatment with HEEP also increased the level of a non-enzymatic antioxidant, reduced glutathione in intact females compared to that of the negative control group (pâ¯<â¯0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings indicated that HEEP was effective in promoting the healing of gastric ulcers induced by NSAIDs or ethanol. The gastric healing effects of this extract could be affected by female sex hormone interference; in future, comprehensive studies should be performed by considering sex differences.
Assuntos
Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Eugenia/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/toxicidade , Antiulcerosos/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Etanol/toxicidade , Feminino , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Gástrica/patologia , Masculino , Folhas de Planta , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores Sexuais , Úlcera Gástrica/patologia , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
AIM: To evaluate the sex-specific effects of a hydroalcoholic extract from Eugenia punicifolia (HEEP) leaves on gastric ulcer healing. METHODS: In this rat study involving males, intact (cycling) females, and ovariectomized females, gastric ulcers were induced using acetic acid. A vehicle, lansoprazole, or HEEP was administered for 14 d after ulcer induction. Body weight was monitored throughout the treatment period. At the end of treatment, the rats were euthanized and the following in vivo and in vitro investigations were performed: macroscopic examination of the lesion area and organ weights, biochemical analysis, zymography, and evaluation of protein expression levels. Additionally, the concentration-dependent effect of HEEP was evaluated in terms of subacute toxicity and cytotoxicity. RESULTS: Compared to the vehicle, HEEP demonstrated a great healing capacity by substantially reducing the ulcerative lesion area in males (52.44%), intact females (85.22%), and ovariectomized females (65.47%), confirming that HEEP accelerates the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric lesions and suggesting that this effect is modulated by female sex hormones. The antiulcer effect of HEEP was mediated by prostaglandin E2 only in male rats. Overall, the beneficial effect of HEEP was the highest in intact females. Notably, HEEP promoted the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (intact vs ovariectomized females) and decreased the expression of Caspase-8 and Bcl-2 (intact female vs male or ovariectomized female). Additionally, HEEP enhanced fibroblast proliferation and migration into a wounded area in vitro, confirming its healing effect. Finally, no sign of subacute toxicity or cytotoxicity of HEEP was observed. CONCLUSION: In gastric ulcers, HEEP-induced healing (modulated by female sex hormones; in males, mediated by prostaglandin) involves extracellular matrix remodeling, with gastric mucosa cell proliferation and migration.
Assuntos
Eugenia/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Reepitelização/efeitos dos fármacos , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido Acético/toxicidade , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Feminino , Mucosa Gástrica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Gástrica/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Folhas de Planta/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores Sexuais , Úlcera Gástrica/induzido quimicamente , Úlcera Gástrica/patologia , Testes de Toxicidade Subaguda , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Arrabidaea brachypoda (DC) Bureau is a medicinal plant found in Brazil. Known as "cipó-una", it is popularly used as a natural therapeutic agent against pain and inflammation. This study evaluated the chemical composition and antinociceptive activity of the dichloromethane fraction from the roots of A. brachypoda (DEAB) and its mechanism of action. The chemical composition was characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, and this fraction is composed only of dimeric flavonoids. The antinociceptive effect was evaluated in formalin and hot plate tests after oral administration (10-100 mg/kg) in male Swiss mice. We also investigated the involvement of TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1), TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1), TRPM8 (transient receptor potential melastatin 8), and ASIC (acid-sensing ion channel), as well as the opioidergic, glutamatergic, and supraspinal pathways. Moreover, the nociceptive response was reduced (30 mg/kg) in the early and late phase of the formalin test. DEAB activity appears to involve the opioid system, TRPM8, and ASIC receptors, clearly showing that the DEAB alleviates acute pain in mice and suggesting the involvement of the TRPM8 and ASIC receptors and the opioid system in acute pain relief.
Assuntos
Canais Iônicos Sensíveis a Ácido/metabolismo , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Bignoniaceae/química , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Canais de Cátion TRPM/metabolismo , Analgésicos/química , Analgésicos/isolamento & purificação , Analgésicos/farmacologia , Animais , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Dor/metabolismo , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Raízes de Plantas/química , Plantas Medicinais/químicaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological mechanisms involved in anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal actions of hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves of Cissus sicyoides (HECS). The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by oral administration of HECS against acute model of edema induced by xylene, and the mechanisms of action were analysed by involvement of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The antidiarrheal effect of HECS was observed and we analyzed the motility and accumulation of intestinal fluid. We also analyzed the antidiarrheal mechanisms of action of HECS by evaluating the role of the opioid receptor, α2 adrenergic receptor, muscarinic receptor, nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2. The oral administration of HECS inhibited the edema induced by xylene and AA and was also able to significantly decrease the levels of PGE2. The extract also exhibited significant anti-diarrheal activity by reducing motility and intestinal fluid accumulation. This extract significantly reduced intestinal transit stimulated by muscarinic agonist and intestinal secretion induced by PGE2. Our data demonstrate that the mechanism of action involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of HECS is related to PGE2. The antidiarrheal effect of this extract may be mediated by inhibition of contraction by acting on the intestinal smooth muscle and/or intestinal transit.