Direct costs in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies on biological therapy: a real-world data study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the direct costs for the Spanish Health System of patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies treated with biological therapies in daily clinical practice and to establish possible factors associated with lower costs. METHODS: A descriptive, observational and retrospective study was conducted. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis who started a biological therapy between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2016 were included. Variables related to socioeconomic status, disease and biological therapy were included. The annual cost of biological treatment and other direct medical costs were calculated for each disease. The analysis of costs was based on the National Health Service perspective. The time horizon comprised the 8-year long study period. RESULTS: A total of 422 biological therapy lines were analysed. The annual biological therapy cost per patient was €12,494±3,865 for rheumatoid arthritis, €11,248±2,763 for ankylosing spondylitis and €12,263±35,155 for psoriatic arthritis (p=0.008). The cost of biological therapies entailed about 80% of the total cost of these diseases. Hospital admission was a factor which contributed to an increasing cost in all these conditions. A longer duration of the biological therapy was associated with lower cost in all the diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of ankylosing spondylitis is lower than that of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. The biological therapy is the factor with the highest impact on the overall cost of these diseases. Preventing hospital admissions and a higher persistence to the biological therapy can contribute to lower costs for the system.

Medication persistence on biological therapies prescribed for the treatment of chronic inflammatory arthropathies: a real-world data study.

OBJECTIVES: Medication persistence, defined as the duration of time from its initiation to its discontinuation, is a surrogate for treatment effectiveness. The aim of the study was to evaluate persistence and causes of biological therapy (BT) suspension in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies: rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. METHODS: Single institution, descriptive, retrospective cohort study. Adult patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies on BT between January 2009 and December 2016 were included. Persistence to BT was compared considering the type of pathology and treatment. The Kaplan-Meier test was used to analyse medication persistanence and factors associated with it. An analysis of reasons for therapy discontinuation was performed. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-two patients were included in the study, which comprised 478 BT lines. For all patients, the 12-month persistence rate was 71.3% (341 out of 478). At the end of the study, 45.2% of the patients continued on their initial BT. Median treatment persistence was 1489 days (CI 95% 1195 to 1783). Longer BT persistence was associated with naïve BT patients: 1945 days (95% CI 1523 to 2367; P<0.001) and ankylosing spondylitis diagnosis: 2402 days (95% CI 1604 to 3200; P=0.014). The most frequent causes of treatment discontinuation were therapeutic failure (47.6%) and adverse drug events (28.2%). CONCLUSIONS: We found good long-term persistence in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies treated with BT. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had significantly shorter persistence compared with those with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Naïve BT was associated with longer persistence. Therapeutic failure was the main cause of BT withdrawal.

Adherence to biological therapies in patients with chronic inflammatory arthropathies.

INTRODUCTION: The aims of the study were to quantify adherence, determine the factors that can  predict adherence and identify the consequences of poorer adherence in patients with chronic  inflammatory arthropathies treated with biological therapies in daily clinical practice. METHOD: A descriptive, observational and retrospective study was carried out. Patients with  rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis who started a biologic therapy  between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2016 were included. Variables related to socioeconomic  status, the disease, the biological therapy and hospital resources were included. Adherence was  calculated by using the medication possession ratio. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-two patients and 423 lines of biological therapy were included.  Mean age ± standard deviation was 50.3 ± 13.9 years, and 228 (53.9%) were women. The  percentage of adherent patients was 187 out of 216 (87%) in rheumatoid arthritis, 91 out of 107  (85%) in ankylosing spondylitis and 84 out of 100 (84%) in psoriatic arthritis. Greater adherence was  associated with more frequent visits to the pharmacy service (odds ratio 1.2, 95% confidence  interval: 1.1-1.3 [p = 0.001]) and poorer adherence with a failure to attend scheduled appointments  at the rheumatology clinic (odds ratio 0.2, 95% confidence interval: 0.1-0.9 [p = 0.030]). There were  no differences between  adherent and non-adherent patients in terms of the number of hospital resources used. CONCLUSIONS: There are no differences in adherence to biological therapies among patients with  chronic inflammatory arthropathies. Adherence correlates with attendance at outpatient  appointments, but this does not imply an increase in the use of hospital resources.

Objetivo: Los objetivos del estudio fueron cuantificar la adherencia, determinar los factores  predictivos y conocer las consecuencias de una menor adherencia, en la práctica clínica diaria, en  pacientes con artropatías inflamatorias crónicas tratados con terapias biológicas. Método: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con artritis  reumatoide, espondilitis anquilosante y artritis psoriásica que iniciaron una terapia biológica entre el 1  de enero de 2009 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, relacionadas con la enfermedad, sobre las terapias biológicas y los recursos  hospitalarios. La adherencia se calculó mediante la ratio media de posesión.Resultados: Se incluyeron 362 pacientes y 423 líneas de terapia biológica. La media de edad ±  desviación estándar fue de 50,3 ± 13,9 años; 228 (53,9%) fueron mujeres. El porcentaje de  adherentes fue de 187 de 216 (87%) en artritis reumatoide, 91 de 107 (85%) en espondilitis  anquilosante y 84 de 100 (84%) en artritis psoriásica. La adherencia se relacionó con acudir con más  frecuencia a la consulta del servicio de farmacia(odds ratio de 1,2; intervalo de confianza 95%: 1,1- 1,3 [p = 0,001]) e inversamente con no acudir a las consultas de reumatología en la fecha prevista (odds ratio de 0,2; intervalo de confianza 95%: 0,1-0,9 [p = 0,030]). No hubo diferencias en  el número de recursos hospitalarios utilizados por pacientes adherentes y no adherentes.Conclusiones: La adherencia a las terapias biológicas entre las artropatías inflamatorias crónicas es  similar. Dicha adherencia se correlaciona con la frecuentación a consultas externas, pero no implica  un aumento del consumo de recursos.

Еffects of fortified milk on cognitive abilities in school-aged children: results from a randomized-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals and long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential for children's brain development and cognitive functions. The current study investigated whether milk fortified with micronutrients and PUFA can result in improved cognitive function in mainstream school children. METHODS: One-hundred-and-nineteen children (age 8-14, 58 boys) were randomly allocated to a fortified milk group or a regular full milk control group. Participants consumed 0.6L/day of the milk for 5 months. We recorded relevant biochemical, anthropometric, and cognitive measures (working memory and processing speed) at the start of the study and at follow-up after 5 months. RESULTS: The fortified milk significantly increased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (change from baseline of 28% [95% CI 17-39%] vs. -6% [95% CI - 13 to 0%] in the control group) and serum 25OH-vitamin D concentrations (41% [95% CI 30-52%] vs. 21% [95% CI 11-30%] in the control group). The fortified milk improved working memory on one of two tests (32% [95% CI 17-47%] vs. 13% [95% CI 6-19%] in the control group). The fortified milk also indirectly increased processing speed on one of two tests; this effect was small and completely mediated by increases in 25OH-vitamin D concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that fortifying milk with micronutrients and PUFA could be an effective and practical way to aid children's cognitive development.

Functional consequences of plant-animal interactions along the mutualism-antagonism gradient.

Plant-animal interactions are pivotal for ecosystem functioning, and usually form complex networks involving multiple species of mutualists as well as antagonists. The costs and benefits of these interactions show a strong context-dependency directly related to individual variation in partner identity and differential strength. Yet understanding the context-dependency and functional consequences of mutualistic and antagonistic interactions on individuals remains a lasting challenge. We use a network approach to characterize the individual, plant-based pollination interaction networks of the Canarian Isoplexis canariensis (Plantaginaceae) with a mixed assemblage of vertebrate mutualists (birds and lizards) and invertebrate antagonists (florivores, nectar larcenists, and predispersal seed predators). We identify and quantify interaction typologies based on the sign (mutualistic vs. antagonistic) and strength (weak vs. strong) of animal-mediated pollination and test the relationship with individual female reproductive success (FRS). In addition, we document pollinator movement patterns among individual plants to infer events of pollen transfer/receipt that define the plant mating networks and test the relationship with FRS. We identify six interaction typologies along a mutualism-antagonism gradient, with two typologies being over-represented involving both mutualists and antagonists and influencing FRS. Plants showing strong mutualistic interactions, but also (weak or strong) interactions with antagonists are relatively better connected in the mating network (i.e., with higher potential to transfer or receive pollen). Thus, mixed flower visitor assemblages with mutualists and antagonists give plants increased their importance in the mating networks, promote outcrossing and increasing both female and male fitness. Our approach helps characterize plant-animal interaction typologies, the context-specificity of diversified mutualisms, and a better forecasting of their functional consequences.

Hipnosis: modelo terapéutico para el asma bronquial / Hypnosis: a therapeutic pattern for bronchial asthma

Introducción: la Psiconeuroinmunología ha ofrecido claves para la comprensión del impacto del estrés psicosocial en las llamadas enfermedades psicosomáticas; entre éstas ocupa un lugar importante el asma bronquial. En la presente investigación se modela una intervención hipnoterapéutica, dirigida a aportar recursos para el afrontamiento y la percepción de los estresores. Objetivo: diseñar y fundamentar un tipo de terapéutica intrahipnótica que contribuya al alivio de los síntomas y la prolongación de los períodos intercrisis. Método: a partir de un método psicofisiológico, que controla los marcadores por etapas, y que aporta certeza sobre el estado de conciencia en que transcurre la terapia, se diseñaron estrategias ancladas a sugestiones posthipnóticas, que mejoraran la percepción de los estresores y el estilo de afrontamiento en los pacientes. Resultados: el paradigma Th1/Th2 ha sido central en la interpretación de la expresión de las citocinas en respuesta al estrés psicológico, que le da mayor integralidad a la interpretación de la fisiopatología del Asma Bronquial, a la luz de la desregulación inmune, en la que la tensión emocional puede desencadenar crisis agudas y contribuir a la desregulación del equilibrio inmune con un empeoramiento de la enfermedad y la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Las hormonas del estrés actúan sobre las células presentadoras de antígenos y los linfocitos e inducen una desviación Th2, facilitando o manteniendo con ello las reacciones atópicas. Conclusiones: se aporta un método terapéutico intrahipnótico reductor de la percepción y el manejo del estrés y la fundamentación teórica que lo sustenta(AU)

Introduction: psychoneuroimmunology has offered keys for the understanding of the impact of the psychosocial stress in psychosomatic illnesses; and bronchial asthma takes an important place among them. In this research, a hypnotherapeutic intervention is modeled, aimed at providing resources for the confrontation and perception of stressors. Objective: to design and establish a type of intrahypnotic therapy that will contribute to the relief of the symptoms and the extension of the intercrisis periods. Method: from a psychophysiological method, which controls the markers in stages and provides certainty about the state of consciousness of the therapy, there were designed strategies attachedto post-hypnotic suggestions that will improve the perception of stressors and style of confrontation in patients. Results: the paradigm Th1 / Th2 has been central in the interpretation of the expression of cytokines in response to the psychological stress, offering a greater integrality to the interpretation of the physiopathology of bronchial asthma, in the light of the immune deregulation where the emotional stress may provoke acute crisis and contribute to the deregulation of the immune balance with a worsening of the disease and quality of life of these patients. The stress hormones act on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes and induce a Th2 deviation, thereby maintaining or facilitating the atopic reactions. Conclusions: it is provided here a reducing intrahypnotic therapeutic method of perception and stress management and the theoretical foundation that supports it(EU)

Consequences of plant-pollinator and floral-herbivore interactions on the reproductive success of the Canary Islands endemic Canarina canariensis (Campanulaceae).

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Pollination is a critical phase for plant reproduction, but ecological and evolutionary outcomes by pollinators may be counteracted by floral herbivores. These interacting assemblages may also be altered (directly or indirectly) by introduced species, especially on oceanic islands. In this study, we analyzed the effects of opportunistic nectar-feeding passerine birds and native (semi-slugs) and introduced (rats) floral herbivores on the reproductive success of Canarina canariensis. • METHODS: Manual pollination experiments were conducted to determine plant breeding system and pollen limitation. We also identified floral visitors and their visitation frequencies by censuses. Bird pollination effectiveness was evaluated by selective exclosures. The intensity of floral herbivory by native vs. introduced herbivores and its effect on plant fitness was estimated in different areas within the Canary island of Tenerife. • KEY RESULTS: Canarina canariensis had a very low spontaneous selfing ability and high pollen limitation, despite being self-compatible. Birds increased fruit set and the percentage of viable seeds per fruit, while florivores, the principal floral visitors, reduced them. Semi-slugs mainly consumed male reproductive organs, while rats preferred female. There was a strong within-island spatial variation in the herbivory intensity. • CONCLUSIONS: Opportunistic nectar-feeding birds increase the production of viable seeds in C. canariensis, but their beneficial effects are counteracted by the high incidence of floral herbivory. Because native semi-slugs damaged anthers more frequently than did introduced rats, these florivores may differ in their effects on male and female plant reproductive success.

Modelo de hipnosis muy profunda colectiva y simultánea para el estudio de funciones cognitivas / Very deep, collective and simultaneous hypnosis model for the study of cognitive functions

Se realizó un estudio analítico experimental durante el 2009, que incluyó a estudiantes de segundo año de licenciatura en enfermería de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Granma, seleccionados mediante el método aleatorio simple, para lo cual se creó un modelo de hipnosis muy profunda, grupal y simultánea, a fin de controlar los fenómenos hipnóticos por etapas y estudiar la memoria. Se utilizaron el test de las 10 palabras como indicador y la prueba de los signos para la validación estadística de los hallazgos. Los resultados de la memorización y su evocación en hipnosis muy profunda durante la vigilia habitual fueron mejores que los de la memorización en vigilia recordada y viceversa. La aplicación del paradigma fisiológico para el diagnóstico del estado de conciencia fue útil para definir la etapa muy profunda, durante la cual no hubo sincronización del ritmo alfa por apertura de los ojos en ese estado de conciencia. Los ritmos alfa y beta devinieron típicos del estado hipnótico(AU)

An experimental-analytic study which included second year students from the Bachellor in Nursery career from the Medical University in Gramma was carried out during 2009. They were selected by means of the simple random method, for which a model of very deep, grupal and simultaneous hypnosis was created, in order to control the hypnotic phenomena in stages and to study memory. The 10 words test as indicator and the signs test for the statistical validation of the findings were used. The results of the memorization and their evocation in deep hypnosis during the habitual wakefulness were better than those of the memorization in recalled wakefulness and vice versa. The application of the physiologic paradigm for the diagnosis of the consciousness state was useful to define the very deep stage, during which there was not synchronization of the alpha rhythm due to the opening of the eyes in that consciousness state. The alpha and beta rhythms became typical of the hypnotic state(AU)

Modelo de hipnosis muy profunda colectiva y simultánea para el estudio de funciones cognitivas / Very deep, collective and simultaneous hypnosis model for the study of cognitive functions

Se realizó un estudio analítico experimental durante el 2009, que incluyó a estudiantes de segundo año de licenciatura en enfermería de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Granma, seleccionados mediante el método aleatorio simple, para lo cual se creó un modelo de hipnosis muy profunda, grupal y simultánea, a fin de controlar los fenómenos hipnóticos por etapas y estudiar la memoria. Se utilizaron el test de las 10 palabras como indicador y la prueba de los signos para la validación estadística de los hallazgos. Los resultados de la memorización y su evocación en hipnosis muy profunda durante la vigilia habitual fueron mejores que los de la memorización en vigilia recordada y viceversa. La aplicación del paradigma fisiológico para el diagnóstico del estado de conciencia fue útil para definir la etapa muy profunda, durante la cual no hubo sincronización del ritmo alfa por apertura de los ojos en ese estado de conciencia. Los ritmos alfa y beta devinieron típicos del estado hipnótico.

An experimental-analytic study which included second year students from the Bachellor in Nursery career from the Medical University in Gramma was carried out during 2009. They were selected by means of the simple random method, for which a model of very deep, grupal and simultaneous hypnosis was created, in order to control the hypnotic phenomena in stages and to study memory. The 10 words test as indicator and the signs test for the statistical validation of the findings were used. The results of the memorization and their evocation in deep hypnosis during the habitual wakefulness were better than those of the memorization in recalled wakefulness and vice versa. The application of the physiologic paradigm for the diagnosis of the consciousness state was useful to define the very deep stage, during which there was not synchronization of the alpha rhythm due to the opening of the eyes in that consciousness state. The alpha and beta rhythms became typical of the hypnotic state.

Yododeficiencia en mujeres gestantes del Área Sanitaria de Palencia (España) / Prevalence of iodine deficiency in pregnant women in the Health Area of Palencia (Spain)

Antecedentes: La deficiencia de yodo en mujeres gestantes puede tener repercusiones importantes e irreversibles en el desarrollo y la maduración del cerebro fetal, incluso desde las primeras semanas del embarazo. Objetivo: El objetivo de nuestro estudio es conocer el estado nutricional de yodo de las mujeres gestantes de nuestra área sanitaria, establecer posibles relaciones con factores alimentarios, conocer su repercusión en la función tiroidea y establecer pautas y recomendaciones de tratamiento. Pacientes y método: Se estudió a 164 mujeres gestantes en sus primeras semanas de gestación. Se determinó la yoduria en muestras de orina de 24 h y se recogieron datos antropométricos, de función tiroidea y dietéticos mediante una encuesta alimentaria en forma de recordatorio semanal, todo ello antes del inicio de suplementación con preparados farmacológicos de sales de yodo. Resultados: La mediana [intervalo intercuartílico] de yoduria obtenida fue de 92 [71-139] µg/l. El 78% de los valores de yoduria se halla por debajo de los 150 µg/l. Hubo mayor proporción de mujeres yodosuficientes entre las que consumían sal yodada. Conclusiones: Nos encontramos en un área sanitaria con yododeficiencia en el 78% de las mujeres embarazadas. El consumo de sal yodada se asocia a suficiencia de yodo e incrementa los valores de yoduria. Se deberían implementar medidas para aumentar el consumo de sal yodada en la población. La pauta de suplementos farmacológicos de yodo en gestantes desde el inicio del embarazo debería ser una medida sistemática (AU)

Background: Iodine deficiency in pregnant women may result in substantial and irreversible impairment in fetal brain development, even from the first few weeks of pregnancy. Objective: To assess the nutritional iodine status of pregnant women in our health area and its relationship with dietary factors and thyroid function and to suggest treatment guidelines. Patients and method: A study in 164 pregnant women in early pregnancy was carried out. Data on urinary iodine concentrations were gathered from 24-hour urine samples. Data on anthropometric parameters and thyroid function were included. Information on dietary habits in the previous week was collected using a nutritional questionnaire. All data were obtained before iodine supplements were administered. Results: The median urinary iodine concentration was 92 [p25-p75 range, 71-139] µg/l. Seventy-eight percent of urinary iodine values were under 150 µg/l. Women who took iodized salt had higher levels of urinary iodine concentrations than women without iodized salt intake. Conclusions: Seventy-eight percent of pregnant women in our health area were iodine deficient. Iodized salt intake is related to iodine sufficiency and to increased urinary iodine concentrations. Measures to increase intake of iodized salt among the population should be implemented. Iodized salt supplements should be systematically prescribed in women from the beginning of pregnancy (AU)

Pacientes VIH-SIDA: inmunidad y calidad de vida, Manzanillo, 2007-2008 / HIV-AIDS patiens: immunity and lifes quality, Manzanillo 2007-2008

La psiconeuroinmunología estudia la contribución de los factores subjetivos al mantenimiento del equilibrio biológico, a través de su acción sobre el sistema inmunitario. En el VIH-SIDA, la infección afecta de forma directa al sistema inmunitario y a causa de su enfermedad, los pacientes experimentan importantes alteraciones como stress y depresión con efectos deletéreos sobre la respuesta inmunológica celular y humoral lo que sustenta la necesidad de seguir profundizando en el conocimiento de las relaciones existentes entre inmunidad y factores subjetivos. Los autores de esta investigación determinaron las relaciones existentes entre las determinantes inmunológicas y la calidad de vida en pacientes con VIH/SIDA en Manzanillo, Granma, Cuba, para lo que se realizó un estudio analítico, transversal con 32 pacientes divididos en seropositivos y casos SIDA, que constituían el universo de estudio, se determinó el coeficiente de correlación entre las variables estudiadas. Los resultados aportaron que la percepción de la calidad de vida referida a la salud de los pacientes seropositivos asintomáticos fue superior con relación a la de los pacientes caso SIDA y se determinó la existencia de una excelente relación de asociación entre los valores de linfocitos CD4 y la calidad de vida de los pacientes VIH/SIDA(AU)

Psychoneuroimmunology studies the contribution of the factors for the maintanance of the biological balance through its actions over the immune system. In the HIV-AIDS, the infection affects, in a direct way the immune system and because of this disease patients feel important alterations like stress and depression with deletereous effects over the cellular and immunological answer what supports the needs to improve the knoledge of the present relations between immunity and subjective factors. The authors of this research determined the present relations between the immunological determinant and life's quality in HIV-AIDS patients from Manzanillo, Granma, Cuba, an analytic-transversal study was performed with 32 patients divided into seropositives and AIDS cases that constituted the universe of study, there were determined the correlation coefficient among the studied variables. The results showed that the perception of life's quality refered to the health asymptomatic seropositive patients was higher according to the AIDS patients cases and it was determined the presence of an excellent association between the lymphacyte values-cd4 and the life's quality of HIV­AIDS patients(EU)

Modelo de intervención hiponoterapéutica en el asma bronquial: evaluación clínica / Pattern of hypnotherapeutical intervention in bronchial asthma: clinical evaluation

La Hipnosis se ha aplicado en el campo de la medicina en diversas enfermedades de las llamadas psicosomáticas, entre las que se destacan las alergias en general y el asma entre ellas como entidad nosológicas predominante, sin embargo en la literatura consultada se comprobó que los artículos sobre Asma Bronquial son generalmente de tipo clínico y los trabajos se han referido a la esfera psicoficiológica. Dada la necesidad de profundizar en estudios controlados en esta entidad los investigadores realizaron un modelo de intervención mediante hipnosis en el asma bronquial y realizaron una comparación de la evolución clínica de los pacientes antes y después de la intervención hipnoterapéutica. Para la investigación se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 10 pacientes con asma bronquial a los que se sometió a un proceso de inducción hipnótica hasta etapa muy profunda, de forma individual o en parejas. Los sujetos fueron usados como controles de ellos mismos comparando sus resultados antes y después de la intervención hipnoterapéutica. De los resultados obtenidos se pudo concluir que hubo mejoría clínica y disminución en el empleo de medicamentos después de la intervención con hipnosis(AU)

The hypnosis has been appied in medicine for different illnesses, called psychosomatics among the, it can be found the allergies in general, specially asthma, predominant nosologycal, the articles about bronchial asthma are generally of clinical type and the works have been refered to psychophysiologic sphere . Due to the necessity to profound in the controlled studies in this entity the searchrs carried out and intervention pattern by means of hypnosis in bronchial asthma and made a comparison of the clinical evolution of patients before and after hypnotherapeutic intervention. For this investigation 10 patients with bronchial asthma were selected and they were submitted to a process of hypnotic inducement until a very deep stage of individual form or pairs, the individuals were used as control by themselves, comparing their results before and after of hypnotherapeutical intervention. From the results obtained, it is reached to the conclusion that there was a clinical improvement and the use of medicine decreased after the intervention with hypnosis(EU)

Los estados de conciencia a propósito de la hipnosis

Al término conciencia se le ha asignado tantos y tan diferentes significados que es casi imposible evitar cierta ambigüedad en el uso del mismo. Cada disciplina lo adopta de acuerdo con su objeto de estudio más específico, de modo que se pueden encontrar varias definiciones en diferentes especialidades como la Medicina Interna, la Neurología, la Fisiología, laPsicología, la Psiquiatría y la propia Filosofía.(AU)

Tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial esencial ligera con hipnosis. Manzanillo, 1997 / Treating essential hypertension with hypnosis, Manzanillo, 1997

Se aplicó hipnosis a 23 pacientes que padecen de hipertensión arterial esencial ligera, clasificados según las normas nacionales por el médico de la familia de un área de salud del Policlínico 2 de Manzanillo, en el período de noviembre de 1996 a mayo de 1997, los cuales cumplieron los criterios de inclusión de ser altamente susceptibles a la hipnosis, así como tener el tratamiento medicamentoso e higiénico dietético habitual. Fueron medidas las variables: número de crisis hipertensivas y cifras de presión arterial media, antes y después de aplicar un método de condicionamiento intrahipnótico en el estado profundo. Los datos se procesaron por las técnicas estadísticas de los signos y por la prueba de hipótesis para observaciones pareadas con la distribución t de Studen, obteniéndose diferencias significativas que demuestran que es más eficaz combinar el tratamiento habitual con el método hipnótico propuesto.(AU)

Aprendizaje en hipnosis profunda: potenciación de capacidades mentales?

En esta investigación los autores se propusieron enfrentar la solución de las dificultades académicas individuales de los estudiantes en la asignatura de Histología, empleando la hipnosis durante parte de su estudio individual, y luego comparar los resultados anteriores en la disciplina con los obtenidos en el examen aplicado después de la intervención. En el período de evaluaciones finales del primer semestre del curso 1997, siete estudiantes en riesgo académico fueron sometidos a inducción hipnótica, para que estudiaran la materia en dos sesiones de hipnosis muy profunda, durante las cuales se les dieron sugerencias de seguridad, concentración máxima, reforzamiento de capacidades intelectuales, aumento de la afectividad positiva hacia el estudio, potenciación de las capacidades de memoria, análisis, síntesis, resumen y generalización. El proceso transcurrió con sordera selectiva y visión selectiva. Los resultados en el examen final fueron comparados mediante la prueba de los signos, con los resultados anteriores obtenidos en la asignatura, comprobándose un aumento significativo del rendimiento(AU)