Traditional Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Renal Fibrosis in Diabetic Nephropathy by Targeting Notch Signaling Pathway： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Diabetic nephropathy （DN） is one of the common chronic kidney diseases （CKD） worldwide and a major cause of end-stage renal disease （ESRD）， seriously threatening and affecting the life and health of the global population. Currently， the pathogenesis of DN is considered to be closely related to factors such as glucose metabolism disorders， abnormal lipid metabolism， oxidative stress， activation of inflammatory factors， autophagy， and cell apoptosis in the continuous high-glucose environment of the body. Renal fibrosis is an important pathological feature and ultimate pathological outcome of DN. Timely intervention in renal fibrosis is of significant clinical and practical importance for the prevention and treatment of DN. Due to the limitations of western medicine in treating DN， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） intervention in the process of renal fibrosis in DN has been widely used as a routine and potential treatment method due to its multi-component， multi-effect， and multi-target effects， effectively delaying the progression of the disease. It has been found that the Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in the development and maintenance of homeostasis in the body， and abnormal activation of the Notch signaling pathway is associated with DN. Activation of this signaling pathway plays a key role in the process of renal fibrosis. This article reviewed the regulatory mechanism of the Notch signaling pathway in renal fibrosis in DN， focusing on the relationship between targeting Notch signaling pathway by Chinese medicinal monomers and prescriptions and renal fibrosis in DN in order to provide a theoretical basis for the development of new drugs， basic research， and clinical application of TCM in the prevention and treatment of DN.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Targets mTOR Signaling Pathway for Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Diabetic kidney disease （DKD）， a chronic kidney disease with unique pathological structural and functional alterations in the kidney， is a common complication of diabetes mellitus （DM）. The majority of researchers believe that the occurrence of this disease is associated with glucose metabolism disorders， oxidative stress， inflammation， endoplasmic reticulum stress， autophagy， and disorders of lipid metabolism and exosome release. The mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway， which can maintain glomerular podocyte homeostasis and participate in autophagy， renal fibrosis， oxidative stress， lipid metabolism disorders， and inflammatory response in DKD， has been discovered to play a key role in DKD. Therefore， it has emerged as a novel target for the treatment of DKD. Studies have demonstrated that traditional Chinese medicine can prevent the renal damage in DKD by regulating the mTOR signaling pathway to delay the disease progression and improve the prognosis and the quality of life of the patients. This article summarizes the structure and role of the mTOR signaling pathway in DKD and briefs the research progress in the prevention and treatment of DKD via this signaling pathway by the active components， extracts， and compound prescriptions of Chinese medicines， aiming to present new ideas and approaches for the clinical treatment of DKD with traditional Chinese medicine.

Standardized manipulations for pediatric Tuina in medical institutions / 国际中医中药杂志

The standardization of pediatric Tuina is beneficial to pediatric Tuina practitioners in a norm practices. The paper collects the content from teaching textbooks, TCM ancient books and database literature, and tries to develop the technical specifications of pediatric Tuina by four rounds Delphi surveys and expert consensus. This specification covers the manipulation of pediatric Tuina, the position of acupoints, the effects of acupoints and the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric Tuina, including indications, contraindications, cautious use, operation steps and methods.

Correlation between the prevalence of dental fluorosis and dietary nutrient intake in children / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the correlation between the prevalence of dental fluorosis in children and the intake of dietary nutrients. Methods A total of 81 children aged 8-12 (34 males and 47 females) with fluorosis were randomly selected in the districts of Daxu, Fuping, and Fuyang in Shaanxi Province where the drinking water had been changed for more than 5 years. The diagnosis of dental fluorosis was carried out using Dean's method. According to the 1:1 case-control study method, 81 children aged 8-12 (34 males and 47 females) without dental fluorosis were selected as a control group. A “double meal method“ was employed for dietary investigation for 3 consecutive days. The differences in dietary nutrient intake between the two groups of children were analyzed and compared. Results There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the difference in the dietary intake of vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, phosphorus, and selenium in the fluorosis group was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The logistic regression analysis of the prevalence of dental fluorosis in children showed that the dietary nutrient magnesium was associated with the onset of dental fluorosis. Conclusion Within a certain range, dietary magnesium is a protective factor for children with dental fluorosis. It is suggested that school-age children in areas with excessive water fluoride should be supplemented with sufficient magnesium in their diets.

Regulation of Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway in Renal Interstitial Fibrosis by Traditional Chinese Medicine：A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Chronic kidney disease （CKD） has become a public health problem worldwide with renal interstitial fibrosis （RIF） serving as the important pathological feature and pathological outcome of various CKD. Therefore， anti-fibrosis therapy has important practical significance for delaying the progression of CKD and improving the prognosis of CKD patients. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is a conserved signaling pathway through evolution， which plays a vital role in organ formation， tissue homeostasis， and disease progression during embryonic development. A growing body of research has confirmed that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is one of the key signaling pathways in a variety of kidney diseases and its activation is closely related to RIF. RIF is aggravated by the specific regulation of the expression of downstream target genes， such as fibroblasts， zinc finger transcription factor 1 （Snail1）， M2 macrophages， matrix metalloproteinase-7 （MMP-7）， plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 （PAI-1）， and renin-angiotensin system（RAS）， and relieved by targeting the signaling pathways， such as Klotho， Dickkopf-related protein 1 （DKK1）， secreted frizzled-related protein 1 （Sfrp1）， and indocyanine green-001. In addition，the pathological view of RIF in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） coincides with that in western medicine. Based on the etiology and pathogenesis of TCM in the combination of deficiency and excess， TCM regulates fibrosis-promoting mediators by tonifying deficiency， eliminating turbidity， removing the toxin， resolving stasis， and treating both symptoms and root causes in a multi-target， multi-layer， and multi-pathway manner to inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and play an important role in renal protection. Therefore， this study reviewed the regulatory mechanism of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in RIF and the protective effect of targeting this signaling pathway on renal function and discussed the potential role of TCM in delaying the progression of RIF， which is expected to provide new targets and strategies for the prevention and treatment of RIF.

Evaluation of collateral circulation compensation in patients with cerebral infarction by three-dimensional arterial spin marker imaging with different delay time / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of three-dimensional arterial spin marker imaging(3D-ASL) for evaluating collateral circulation compensatory status in patients with cerebral infarction.Methods:A total of 24 patients with cerebral infarction who were treated at Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Chinese Medicine from September 2017 to January 2019 were examined by 1.5-T high-field MR scanner.The changes of cerebral blood flow(CBF) between the infarcted area and the contralateral normal area were compared when the labeled delay time(PLD)=1.5s and PLD=2.5s, and the patients were divided into the group with strong collateral circulation compensation and the group with weak collateral circulation compensation according to the difference in lesion area measured by 3D-ASL(PLD=1.5s and 2.5s). The changes of national institutes of health stroke scale(NIHSS) score and Bathel index at admission and 15 days after admission were compared.Results:3D-ASL measurement of PLD=1.5s showed that the CBF value in the infarcted area was (33.70±20.83)mL/(100g×min), which was significantly lower than that in the contralateral normal area(PLD=1.5s)[(49.93±13.13)mL/(100g×min)]( t=3.229, P<0.05). When PLD=2.5s, ASL measurement results showed that the CBF value in the infarcted area increased significantly[(58.26±23.50)mL/(100g×min) vs.(33.70±20.83)mL/(100g×min)]( t=3.831, P<0.05), and the CBF value in the contralateral normal area also increased significantly[(68.29±14.03)mL/(100g×min) vs.(49.93±13.13)mL/(100g×min)]( t=4.681, P<0.05). At this time, the CBF value in the infarcted area was still significantly lower than that in the contralateral normal area[(58.26±23.50)mL/(100g×min) vs.(68.29±14.03)mL/(100g×min)]( t=1.795, P<0.05). On the day of admission, the BI index of patients in the weak collateral circulation compensation group(12 cases) was significantly higher than that in the strong collateral circulation compensation group(12 cases)[(90.42±10.50) vs.(67.92±27.57)]( t=2.642, P<0.05), and the NIHSS score was significantly lower than that in the strong collateral circulation compensation group[(1.25±1.01) vs.(3.83±3.62)]( t=2.378, P<0.05). After 15 d of admission, there were no significant differences in BI index and NIHSS score between the two groups(all P>0.05). Conclusion:3D-ASL with different delay time can effectively and intuitively reflect collateral circulation compensation of patients with cerebral infarction, and it has very important reference value for the evaluation of patients' disease and the formulation of clinical treatment plan.

Mechanism of Xiahuang Granules in treating opioid-induced constipation based on network pharmacology / 中草药

Objective: To explore the potential mechanism of Xiahuang Granules in the treatment of opioid-induced constipation. Methods: Various medicinal ingredients and targets information of Xiahuang Granules were found in TCMSP database. In Genecards database, "opiod constipation", "opioid-induced bowel dysfunction" and "opioid-induced constipation" were used as keywords to search for targets related to opioid-induced constipation, and the active targets mapping of Xiahuang Granules were selected as the research targets. The common targets were imported into the STRING database to build the targets interaction network diagram, and Cytoscape 3.3.0 software was used for visual processing to screen out the core targets. The OmicsBean analysis platform and STRING database were used to conduct GO function enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on the targets. Results: A total of 55 chemical constituents, 158 candidate target genes, 86 common targets after mapping Venny, 49 corresponding chemical components, 12 core targets and 19 main chemical components of Xiahuang Granules were obtained by screening. GO functional enrichment analysis showed 4 150 biological process items, involving chemical stimulus cell reactions, chemical reactions, biological quality control and other processes; A total of 302 cell composition items, involving voxel projection, extracellular space, and whole membrane processes; A total of 459 molecules function items, involving processes such as protein binding, molecular transduction activity, and enzyme binding were obtained. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed 149 signaling pathways related to the effect of Xiahuang Granules, involving the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications and tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, etc. The network of "medicinal herb-component-target-pathway" of Xiahuang Granules was established. Conclusion: The main chemical components of Xiahuang Granules including naringenin, nobiletin, aloe emodin, rhein may regulate endocrine resistance and tumor necrosis factor signaling pathways by acting on key proteins such as TNF, MAPK3, IL-6, VEGFA, and PTGS2, thus play a role in laxative, antispasmodic, and promoting gastrointestinal motility, which provides theoretical basis for Xiahuang Granules to treat opioid-induced constipation and is consistent with the preliminary verification results of Xiahuang granules.

Analysis of anti-coronavirus mechanism of Xiaoer Feire Kechuan Particles based on network pharmacology / 中草药

Objective: To explore the potential anti-coronavirus mechanism of Xiaoer Feire Kechuan Particles (XFKP). Methods: TCMIP database was used to search and summarize the information of each medicinal herbs-components-target of XFKP. All the candidate target genes were also searched. "Corona virus" was used as the key word in Genecards database to search for corona virus related targets, and the mapping of the active targets with XFKP were used to select the common targets as the research targets. The selected common targets will be found in the summarized database of each medicinal herbs-components-target. The common targets were imported into the STRING database to construct the network diagram of target interaction, and Cytoscape 3.3.0 software was used for visualization processing to screen out the core targets. With the help of OmicsBean analysis platform and String database, Gene ontology (GO) biological process analysis and KEGG signal pathway enrichment analysis were carried out on the target. Results: A total of 342 chemical components and 737 candidate target genes were obtained. Venny mapped 48 common targets, corresponding to 173 compounds, 19 core targets, and 27 main compounds. GO biological process (BP) entries included 3 420, cell component (CC) entries included 239, and molecular function (MF) entries included 343. Through KEGG enrichment analysis, 160 signal pathways related to the therapeutic effect of XFKP were obtained. The "medicinal herbs-components-target-pathway" network of the key targets of XFKP was established. Conclusion: The 173 compounds can intervene 160 signaling pathways by acting on 48 related targets, such as IL-17 signaling pathway, influenza A, etc., mainly involving anti-inflammation, immune regulation, relieving cough and asthma, antibacterial, antiviral and sedative aspects, providing theoretical basis for the treatment of corona virus-related diseases with XFKP.

Molecular mechanism of Shuguan Granules in treating angina based on integrative pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

The paper analyzed the combined administration of traditional Chinese medicine Shuguan Granules, and studied its six plant herbs, namely Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Polygonati Rhizoma, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Epomedii Folium, and Carthami Flos by network pharmacology analysis, in order to define chemical constituents and drugs targets through integrated pharmacology platform. Based on the results, indications of Shuguan Granules were collected through the ETCM database. Therefore, the present study could determine the potential optimal indications of the drug. The results showed that chest apoplexy was the main traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) symptom treated by Shuguan Granules, whose monarch drug was Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. Network pharmacology analysis found that the target enrichment results of Shuguan Granules were related to the indications of coronary heart disease, angina and atherosclerosis. According to the indications, angina may be the best indication for Shuguan Granules. The 229 components in Shuguan Granules involved a total of 109 core targets, of which TNF and MMP9 were the direct targets to the angina disease. In addition, Shuguan Granules could also indirectly intervene in the progression of angina through MAPK, NFKB, GF and other targets. The main pathways involving angina pectoris are PI3 K-Akt signaling pathway, RAS signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, Estrogen signaling pathway and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, which can intervene in many aspects of angina, such as inflammatory reaction, blood lipid metabolism and vasodilation.

Review of Promoting Teaching Level of Molecular Pharmacognosy Experiment Course Based on Transformation of Scientific Research Results / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Molecular Pharmacognosy is a new interdisciplinary subject formed by the organic integration of molecular biology and pharmacognosy. It is highly practical and innovative. In the course of teaching,both experimental teaching and theoretical teaching are of great significance. " Molecular Identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine" and the traditional teaching mode of confirmatory experiment are the preferred choices for the establishment of Molecular Pharmacognosy experimental courses in universities and colleges. Molecular Pharmacy is a forward-looking discipline with many emerging methods and technologies. Basic experimental teaching is not enough for students to learn this subject better,so it is especially important to introduce the latest scientific research results in experimental teaching. Experimental teaching based on the transformation of the latest scientific research results not only enables students to master basic experimental skills,but also broadens the breadth of students' knowledge,cultivates students' scientific research ideas,stimulates students' innovation spirit. Some suggestions and prospects have been put forward for the compilation of experimental teaching materials,the construction of experimental platform,the cultivation of teachers and academic exchanges. It is hoped that the contents of experimental textbooks will be developed from confirmatory experiments to comprehensive experiments,and the experimental platform for rational,standardized and efficient use will be built. Meanwhile,experimental courses involving multiple fields can be completed by multi-disciplinary teachers,and it is encouraged to actively carry out and participate in flexible,diverse,lively and interesting teaching practices. All the suggestions are intended to promote the development of Molecular Pharmacognosy.

Discovery and Application of Quality Marker of Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on Integrative Pharmacology / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Quality marker(Q-marker) is a new concept and pattern for quality control of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),which will lead the development direction for quality control of TCM.Among them,how to characterize the overall quality attribute of TCM and its biological effect,is a critical scientific problem in the study of Q-marker.In this paper,integrated pharmacology is utilized to screen out and confirm the Q-marker from the complex system of TCM,so as to solve the critical scientific problem.System biology in vivo is firstly applied to establish the correlation of chemical fingerprints of TCM,their metabolic fingerprints,network targets,biological effects and efficacy of TCM,which is used to preliminary screen out Q-marker of TCM.Following that,a pharmacological method in vitro,including intestinal absorption in vitro coupled with bioactivity assessment,is employed to simultaneously determine the absorbed doses of TCM and evaluate their biological activity.Furthermore,data mining is utilized to establish the exact quantitative mathematic model between Q-marker of TCM and bioactivity.Meanwhile,two representative examples,including Yuanhu Zhitong tablets,Xinsuning capsules,are introduced to identify Q-marker of TCM and establish their quality standards related with bioactivity,which will be beneficial to improve the level of quality control of TCM and ensure the effectiveness and safety of clinical applications.

Study on relevance mining of "core drug action target" in Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions / 中国中药杂志

Based on the database of "Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions", high-frequency herbs of Xiaoke disease is mined by traditional Chinese medicine inheritance support system, and core herbs and combinations are discovered through association rules and cluster analysis. On this basis, based on the integrative pharmacology of traditional Chinese medicine to explore the herb-disease relationship, the "herb-compound-target" network is constructed and enriched for the analysis of key target gene functions, metabolic pathways, and their "core herb-target interactions". In order to explore the molecular mechanism of its prevention and treatment of diabetes, 341 diabetes prescriptions are collected, organized, and tapped in the Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions. Herb frequency statistics show that Licorice was the most commonly used, followed by Ophiopogonis Radix, Poria, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Coptidis Rhizoma, etc., the medicinal properties are mostly cold, warm and ping, and the medicinal taste tends to be pungent, bitter, and sour, and they were attributed to lung meridian, stomach meridian, spleen meridian, etc. Among them, the 17 herbs were closely related. Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Ophiopogonis Radix, Poria and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were the core Chinese herbs. Ophiopogonis Radix was the key node of Coptidis Rhizoma, Trichosanthis Radix and core Chinese medicine, and Ophiopogonis Radix was the key node for the connection between Coptidis Rhizoma and Trichosanthis Radix and the core Chinese herbs. Using integrated pharmacology platform analysis, 10 crucial core targets for the prevention and treatment of diabetes were obtained, including the known disease targets (PLCD1, PIK3R1, ENPP1), and potential herb targets(GNB1, ADCY1, AKT1, RAC1, PRKAA1, RHOA) , common target (GCK). There were seven similar targets in the 10 crucial core targets predicted with the combination of "Ophiopogonis Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma and Trichosanthis Radix", including PLCD1, PIK3R1, ENPP1, ADCY1, AKT1, PRKAA1, GCK. These genes were mainly located in the cytosol, plasma membrane, etc., involved in adenosine triphosphate binding, protein binding, platelet activation, etc., mainly involved in the endocrine system, signal transduction, chemokine signaling pathway, cancer pathway, and other metabolic pathways, and it is speculated that these genes were potentially associated with diabetes. In this study, Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System and Integrative Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine are used to analyze the prescription law of Xiaoke prescription, and the correlation of "core herbs-functionary targets" is excavated, which provided the basis and reference for the screening and development of TCM prescriptions for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.

Mori Cortex extract ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance in high-fat-diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats / 中国天然药物

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are highly prevalent diseases and are closely associated, with NAFLD being present in the majority of T2DM patients. In Asian traditional medicine, Mori Cortex is widely used for the treatment of diabetes and hyperlipidemia. However, whether it has a therapeutic effect on T2DM associated with NAFLD is still unknown. The present study showed that the oral treatment with Mori Cortex extract (MCE; 10 g·kg·d) lowered the blood lipid levels and reversed insulin resistance (IR) in high fat-diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. The expression levels of sterol receptor element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), which are involved in steatosis in NAFLD rats, were measured in the liver samples. MCE decreased the protein and mRNA expression levels of SREBP-1c and ChREBP. In conclusion, down-regulation of SREBP-1c and ChREBP might contribute to the protective effect of MCE on hepatic injury and IR in the rats with T2DM associated with NAFLD.

Analysis on "component-target-pathway" of Paeonia lactiflora in treating cardiac diseases based on data mining / 中国中药杂志

Based on the literature review and modern application of Paeonia lactiflora in heart diseases, this article would predict the target of drug and disease by intergrative pharmacology platform of traditional Chinese medicine (TCMIP, http://www.tcmip.cn), and then explore the molecular mechanism of P. lactiflora in treatment of heart disease, providing theoretical basis and method for further studies on P. lactiflora. According to the ancient books, P. lactiflora with functions of "removing the vascular obstruction, removing the lumps, relieving pain, diuretic, nutrient qi" and other effects, have been used for many times to treat heart disease. Some prescriptions are also favored by the modern physicians nowadays. With the development of science, the chemical components that play a role in heart disease and the interrelation between these components and the body become the research hotspot. In order to further reveal the pharmacological substance base and molecular mechanism of P. lactiflora for the treatment of such diseases, TCM-IP was used to obtain multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways in treatment of heart disease. ATP1A1, a common target of drug and disease, was related to energy, and HDAC2 mainly regulated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy gene and cardiomyocyte expression. Other main drug targets such as GCK, CHUK and PRKAA2 indirectly regulated heart disease through many pathways; multiple disease-associated signaling pathways interfered with various heart diseases including coronary heart disease, myocardial ischemia and myocardial hypertrophy through influencing energy metabolism, enzyme activity and gene expression. In conclusion, P. lactiflora plays a role in protecting heart function by regulating the gene expression of cardiomyocytes directly. Meanwhile, it can indirectly intervene in other pathways of heart function, and thus participate in the treatment of heart disease. In this paper, the molecular mechanism of P. lactiflora for treatment of heart disease was in computer prediction analysis level, and the specific mechanism of action still needs further experimental verification.

Data mining of the prescription containing Codonopsis and study on the molecular mechanism of prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disease / 药学学报

The medication rules of high frequency herb-pairs containing Codonopsis pilosula (Dangshen) were analyzed with data mining tools, and the molecular mechanisms of these herb-pairs on the gastrointestinal diseases were predicted with the network pharmacology. The R language association rules were used to mine the high frequency herb-pairs from TCM formulae containing Dangshen, and these herb-pairs would be screened out, which satisfied the following requirements with support ≥ 0.3 and confidence ≥ 0.9 at the same time. Using the Integrated Pharmacology Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCMIP) to predict the key core targets of the high frequency herb-pairs, the network of Chinese medicine-compound-target-pathway related to Dangshen were built to explore the preventing and treating molecular mechanism on gastrointestinal diseases. At last, the relation of the main active components from Dangshen and its herbal pairs with target proteins were validated by Systems Dock Web Site. The 185 formulae were selected from 543 formulae containing Dangshen, and 6 herbal pairs with Dangshen, which includes Angelica (Danggui), Licorice (Gancao), Atractylodes macrocephala (Baizhu), Poria cocos (Fuling), dried tangerine peel (Chenpi) and Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi), were discovered with Apriori algorithm. The combination of 6 herbal pairs is similar to Bu Zhong Yi Qi Decoction; 6 herbal pairs with Dangshen were related to the target of POMC, OPRM1, CCR9 and HTR2C in TCMIP. The known targets (HTR2C, POMC, OPRM1, CCR9, OPRD1) and potential drug-targets (GNB1, GCK, SDHD, SLC25A2, DHRS4) for gastrointestinal diseases were predicted about the high frequency pairs with Dangshen. The results of GO enrichment analysis showed that the biological function was mainly located in the mitochondria and myelin sheath, and involved in the biological processes of three carboxylic acid cycle, platelet activation, and aspartic acid metabolism. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the main metabolic pathways related with Dangshen pairs involved amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and endocrine metabolism. The prediction results showed many targets of the frequency herbal pairs with Dangshen preventing and treating gastrointestinal diseases were related with nerve cells. These herbal pairs could prevent and treat the gastrointestinal diseases through the neuroendocrine system and the brain gut axis.

Mori Cortex extract ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance in high-fat-diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats / 中国天然药物

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are highly prevalent diseases and are closely associated, with NAFLD being present in the majority of T2DM patients. In Asian traditional medicine, Mori Cortex is widely used for the treatment of diabetes and hyperlipidemia. However, whether it has a therapeutic effect on T2DM associated with NAFLD is still unknown. The present study showed that the oral treatment with Mori Cortex extract (MCE; 10 g·kg·d) lowered the blood lipid levels and reversed insulin resistance (IR) in high fat-diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. The expression levels of sterol receptor element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and carbohydrate-responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), which are involved in steatosis in NAFLD rats, were measured in the liver samples. MCE decreased the protein and mRNA expression levels of SREBP-1c and ChREBP. In conclusion, down-regulation of SREBP-1c and ChREBP might contribute to the protective effect of MCE on hepatic injury and IR in the rats with T2DM associated with NAFLD.

Consensus on the integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine criteria of diagnostic classification in polycystic ovary syndrome (draft) / 中西医结合学报

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine and metabolic disorder of women, with complex pathogenesis and heterogeneous manifestations. Professor Jin Yu recently wrote an article entitled "Proposal of Diagnosis and Diagnostic Classification of PCOS in Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine."From this, the Obstetrics and Gynecology branches of the Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine and the China Association of Chinese Medicine collaborated with the Gynecology branch of the Chinese Association for Research and Advancement of Chinese Medicine to draft a report on the consensus of criteria for the diagnosis and classification of PCOS in integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. The diagnosis for PCOS includes all three features: (1) oligo-ovulation or anovulation; (2) clinical and/or laboratory evidence of hyperandrogenism;(3) PCOS is classified into four types: types Ia,Ib, IIa, and IIb. Syndrome differentiation types for PCOS in traditional Chinese medicine are as follows: Kidney deficiency with phlegm blockage syndrome, Kidney Yin deficiency with phlegm blockage and blood stasis syndrome, and Kidney deficiency with Liver Qi stagnation syndrome.

Increased Chondrocyte Apoptosis in Kashin-Beck Disease and Rats Induced by T-2 Toxin and Selenium Deficiency / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate chondrocyte apoptosis and the expression of biochemical markers associated with apoptosis in Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and in an established T-2 toxin- and selenium (Se) deficiency-induced rat model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cartilages were collected from the hand phalanges of five patients with KBD and five healthy children. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a selenium-deficient diet for 4 weeks prior to T-2 toxin exposure. The apoptotic chondrocytes were observed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining. Caspase-3, p53, Bcl-2, and Bax proteins in the cartilages were visualized by immunohistochemistry, their protein levels were determined by Western blotting, and mRNA levels were determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Increased chondrocyte apoptosis was observed in the cartilages of children with KBD. Increased apoptotic and caspase-3-stained cells were observed in the cartilages of rats fed with normal and Se-deficient diets plus T-2 toxin exposure compared to those in rats fed with normal and Se-deficient diets. Caspase-3, p53, and Bax proteins and mRNA levels were higher, whereas Bcl-2 levels were lower in rats fed with normal or Se-deficiency diets supplemented with T-2 toxin than the corresponding levels in rats fed with normal diet.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>T-2 toxin under a selenium-deficient nutritional status induces chondrocyte death, which emphasizes the role of chondrocyte apoptosis in cartilage damage and progression of KBD.</p>

Discussion on scientific problems in standard decoction of traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

Based on the reviewing of development and disadvantages of Chinese medicine formula granules, the concept of standard decoction of traditional Chinese medicine was proposed in this study, and it was used as the standard mode of Chinese medicine formula granules to standardize the production process and quality standards of formula granules. The standard was unified according to the principles of "standardization of medicinal materials, standardization of process, intellectualization of production, standardization of quality, normalization of packaging, and informatization of storage"; and consistency evaluation was carried out by the analysis of chemical components, pharmacological activities and clinical efficacy of the standardized decoction and the traditional decoction, interpreting the scientific questions to ensure the stability and uniformity of Chinese medicine formula granule as well as the safety and effectiveness of its clinical application.

Analysis of varieties and standards of Primulaceae medicinal plants used in Tibetan medicine / 中国中药杂志

In this paper, the varieties and origin of Primulaceae plants that used in Tibetan medicine were analyzed. The results showed that there were 3 genera and 44 species (including the varieties) of Primulaceae plants were recorded in the relevant literatures. Among them, 17 varieties were recorded in Tibetan names, 24 varieties were recorded in Chinese names and 1 variety was used in both of them. In current quality criteria of standards at all levels in China country, 6 varieties were recorded in Tibetan names and 6 original plants were involved, which were 35% and 14% of them respectively. Seventeen varieties were recorded in Chinese name and 7 original plants were involved, which were 30% and 16% of them respectively. In Tibetan medicine standards and literatures, there were big differences between Tibetan names and Chinese names which were translated from Tibetan names and its original plants. There were only regulations of morphological identification and microscopic authentication, so the standards were very inadequate. Therefore, through literatures research, resources and current situation investigations, combining the research and specification of the name and original of Tibetan medicine, the level of normalization and standardization could be enhanced, the stable and controllable safety and utility in clinical medication could be ensured to promote advancement of industry technology Tibetan medicine.