Leptin regulates neuropeptides associated with food intake and GnRH secretion.

The present review focused on the most important effects of leptin on the hypothalamus and on how leptin regulates neuropeptides associated with food intake and GnRH secretion. This review of the literature suggests that a reduction in leptin serum concentrations results from lower body energy reserves or poor energy availability, leading to hypothalamic secretion of neuropeptides such as NPY/AgRP and QRFP to stimulate food intake. Under these negative metabolic conditions, GnRH secretion is reduced, impairing reproductive functions. In contrast, when metabolic status is inversed by an increase in food availability, energy reserves or both, leptin serum concentrations increase to an action threshold reversing the pattern of secretion: i.e., reducing NPY/AgRP and QRFP and increasing POMC and Kisspeptin, and thereby reducing food intake and stimulating GnRH secretion to promote reproductive function.

Supplementation with rumen-protected L-arginine-HCl increased fertility in sheep with synchronized estrus.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of L-arginine-HCl supplementation on ovulation rate, fertility, prolificacy, and serum VEGF concentrations in ewes with synchronized oestrus. Thirty Suffolk ewes with a mean body weight of 45 ± 3 kg and a mean body condition score (BCS) of 2.4 ± 0.28 were synchronized for estrus presentation with a progestin-containing sponge (20 mg Chronogest® CR) for 9 days plus PGF2-α (Lutalyse; Pfizer, USA) on day 7 after the insertion of the sponge. The ewes were divided into two groups; i.e., a control group (n = 15) that was fed on the native pasture (basal diet) and an L-arginine-HCl group (n = 15) that received 7.8 g of rumen-protected L-arginine-HCl from day 5 of the sponge insertion until day 25 after mating plus the basal diet. The L-arginine-HCl was administered daily via an esophageal probe between days 5 and 9 of the synchronization protocol and every third day subsequently. Blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein every 6 days throughout the entire experimental period. The results revealed that the L-arginine-HCl supplementation increased fertility during the synchronized estrus (P = 0.05). However, no effects were observed on the final BCS (P = 0.78), estrus presentation (P = 0.33), multiple ovulations (P = 0.24), prolificacy (P = 0.63), or serum VEGF concentration. In conclusion, L-arginine-HCl supplementation during the period used in this study increased fertility in sheep with synchronized estrus possibly due to improved embryo-fetal survival during early pregnancy.