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1.
Environ Toxicol Chem ; 40(5): 1452-1462, 2021 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33512743

RESUMO

An in situ exposure and effects bioassay system was developed for assessing the toxicity of oil spills to aquatic organisms. The assessment tool combines components of 2 previously developed systems, the sediment ecotoxicity assessment ring (SEA Ring) and the drifting particle simulator. The integrated drifting exposure and effects assessment ring (DEEAR) is comprised of a Global Positioning System (GPS) float, a drifter drogue, the SEA Ring, and the Cyclops-7 fluorescent sensor. Polyethylene passive sampling devices (PED) were mounted for an additional means to characterize water quality conditions and exposures. The DEEAR is optimized for evaluating oil exposure and toxicity in the shallow surface mixing layer of marine waters. A short-term preliminary test was conducted in San Diego, California, USA, to verify the operation of the GPS tracking, the iridium communications, and the integrated SEA Ring exposure system. Further, a proof-of-concept demonstration was conducted offshore in the Santa Barbara Channel, where natural oil seeps produce surface slicks and sheens. Two DEEAR units were deployed for 24 h-one within the oil slick and one in an area outside observable slicks. An aerial drone provided tracking of the surface oil and optimal sites for deployment. The DEEAR proof-of-concept demonstrated integrated real-time tracking and characterization of oil exposures by grab samples, PED, and fluorescent sensors. Oil exposures were directly linked to toxic responses in fish and mysids. This novel integrated system shows promise for use in a variety of aquatic sites to more accurately determine in situ oil exposure and toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1452-1462. © 2021 SETAC.


Assuntos
Poluição por Petróleo , Petróleo , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Organismos Aquáticos , Petróleo/análise , Petróleo/toxicidade , Poluição por Petróleo/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade
2.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage ; 22(9): 1337-45, 2014 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25046535

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging methods have been proposed for non-invasive evaluation of osteoarthritis (OA). We measured cell toxicities of cartilage-targeted low-generation dendrimer-linked nitroxide MR contrast agents and gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) on cultured chondrocytes. DESIGN: A long-term Swarm rat chondrosarcoma chondrocyte-like cell line was exposed for 48-h to different salts (citrate, maleate, tartrate) and concentrations of generation one or two diaminobutyl-linked nitroxides (DAB4-DLN or DAB8-DLN), Gd-DTPA, or staurosporine (positive control). Impact on microscopic cell appearance, MTT spectrophotometric assays of metabolic activity, and quantitative PicoGreen assays of DNA content (cell proliferation) were measured and compared to untreated cultures. RESULTS: Chondrocyte cultures treated with up to 7.5 mM Gd-DTPA for 48-h had no statistical differences in DNA content or MTT reaction compared to untreated cultures. At all doses, DAB4-DLN citrate treated cultures had results similar to untreated and Gd-DTPA-treated cultures. At doses >1 mM, DAB4-DLN citrate treated cultures showed statistically greater DNA and MTT reaction than maleate and tartrate DAB4-DLN salts. Cultures exposed to 5 mM or 7.5 mM DAB8-DLN citrate exhibited rounded cells, poor cell proliferation, and barely detectable MTT reaction. Treatment with 0.1 µM staurosporine caused chondrocyte death. CONCLUSION: Long-term exposure, greater than clinically expected, to either DAB4-DLN citrate or Gd-DTPA had no detectable toxicity with results equivalent to untreated cultures. DAB4-DLN citrate was more biocompatible than either the maleate or tartrate salts. Cells exposed for 48-h to 5 mM or 7.5 mM DAB8-DLN salts demonstrated significant cell toxicity. Further evaluation of DAB8-DLN with clinically appropriate exposure times is required to determine the maximum useful concentration.


Assuntos
Cartilagem Articular/efeitos dos fármacos , Condrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Meios de Contraste/toxicidade , Animais , Cartilagem Articular/metabolismo , Cartilagem Articular/patologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Condrócitos/metabolismo , Condrócitos/patologia , Meios de Contraste/administração & dosagem , DNA/análise , Dendrímeros/administração & dosagem , Dendrímeros/toxicidade , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Gadolínio DTPA/administração & dosagem , Gadolínio DTPA/toxicidade , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Ratos , Estaurosporina/administração & dosagem , Estaurosporina/toxicidade , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/efeitos dos fármacos
3.
Cereb Cortex ; 23(4): 859-72, 2013 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22455839

RESUMO

Cognition and behavior depend on the precise placement and interconnection of complex ensembles of neurons in cerebral cortex. Mutations that disrupt migration of immature neurons from the ventricular zone to the cortical plate have provided major insight into mechanisms of brain development and disease. We have discovered a new and highly penetrant spontaneous mutation that leads to large nodular bilateral subcortical heterotopias with partial callosal agenesis. The mutant phenotype was first detected in a colony of fully inbred BXD29 mice already known to harbor a mutation in Tlr4. Neurons confined to the heterotopias are mainly born in midgestation to late gestation and would normally have migrated into layers 2-4 of overlying neocortex. Callosal cross-sectional area and fiber number are reduced up to 50% compared with coisogenic wildtype BXD29 substrain controls. Mutants have a pronounced and highly selective defect in rapid auditory processing. The segregation pattern of the mutant phenotype is most consistent with a two-locus autosomal recessive model, and selective genotyping definitively rules out the Tlr4 mutation as a cause. The discovery of a novel mutation with strong pleiotropic anatomical and behavioral effects provides an important new resource for dissecting molecular mechanisms and functional consequences of errors of neuronal migration.


Assuntos
Agenesia do Corpo Caloso/complicações , Agenesia do Corpo Caloso/genética , Córtex Cerebral/patologia , Malformações do Sistema Nervoso/complicações , Malformações do Sistema Nervoso/genética , Estimulação Acústica , Análise de Variância , Animais , Bromodesoxiuridina/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Imagem de Difusão por Ressonância Magnética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/fisiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Atividade Motora/genética , Mutação/genética , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética
4.
BJOG ; 120(3): 346-53, 2013 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23190251

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the use of epidural analgesia and experienced pain during childbirth after a short antenatal training course in self-hypnosis to ease childbirth. DESIGN: Randomised, controlled, single-blinded trial using a three-arm design. SETTING: Aarhus University Hospital Skejby in Denmark during the period July 2009 until August 2011. POPULATION: A total of 1222 healthy nulliparous women. METHOD: Use of epidural analgesia and self-reported pain during delivery was compared in three groups: a hypnosis group receiving three 1-hour lessons in self-hypnosis with additional audiorecordings to ease childbirth, a relaxation group receiving three 1-hour lessons in various relaxation methods and mindfulness with audiorecordings for additional training, and a usual care group receiving ordinary antenatal care only. PRIMARY OUTCOME: Use of epidural analgesia. Secondary outcomes included self-reported pain. RESULTS: There were no between-group differences in use of epidural analgesia-31.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 27.1-35.3) in the hypnosis group, 29.8% (95% CI 25.7-33.8) in the relaxation group and 30.0% (95% CI 24.0-36.0) in the control group. No statistically significant differences between the three groups were observed for any of the self-reported pain measures. CONCLUSION: In this large randomised controlled trial of a brief course in self-hypnosis to ease childbirth, no differences in use of epidural analgesia or pain experience were found across study groups. Before turning down self-hypnosis as a method for pain relief, further studies are warranted with focus on specific subgroups.


Assuntos
Analgesia Obstétrica/métodos , Hipnose/métodos , Dor do Parto/terapia , Autocuidado/métodos , Adulto , Analgesia Epidural/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Análise de Intenção de Tratamento , Medição da Dor , Gravidez , Cuidado Pré-Natal/métodos , Terapia de Relaxamento , Método Simples-Cego
5.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage ; 16(7): 815-22, 2008 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18226558

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with contrast media has shown promise for articular cartilage assessment. Dendrimer-linked nitroxides, a new family of MR contrast agents targeted to glycosaminoglycan, may improve cartilage evaluation. This study is designed to determine the ability of dendrimer-linked nitroxides to enhance articular cartilage and measure the intra-articular life-time of these agents. DESIGN: Cartilage T(1) was evaluated using immature bovine patella in solutions of five different dendrimer-linked nitroxides, saline or Gd-DTPA at 1.5T. The "relaxivity per dose" (change in cartilage 1/T(1) produced by a given concentration of agent) was calculated. The half-life of joint fluid enhancement was measured at 2T after solutions of three dendrimer-linked nitroxides, Gd-DTPA, and saline were injected into rabbit stifle joints. Twenty-four hours after injection, the joints were examined grossly and by histology for toxicity. RESULTS: All but the largest dendrimer-linked nitroxide were able to intensely enhance articular cartilage on MR. Relaxivity per dose measurements were between 3.5 and 68 times greater than Gd-DTPA. The largest nitroxide appeared to be excluded from articular cartilage. Intra-articular half-lives of the dendrimer-linked nitroxides were sufficiently long (160-208 min) for in vivo MR imaging to be performed. Histological assessments of joints showed minimal synovial inflammatory and necrosis scores 1 day post-injection that were similar for all agents, including Gd-DTPA. CONCLUSION: Dendrimer-linked nitroxides strongly enhance cartilage and are promising as articular cartilage-specific MR contrast agents. The intra-articular life-time is sufficient for imaging studies and, in initial evaluation, the agents exhibit minimal toxicity in rabbit joints.


Assuntos
Cartilagem Articular/anatomia & histologia , Meios de Contraste/farmacocinética , Dendrímeros/farmacocinética , Animais , Cartilagem Articular/metabolismo , Bovinos , Meios de Contraste/química , Meios de Contraste/toxicidade , Dendrímeros/química , Dendrímeros/toxicidade , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Gadolínio DTPA/farmacocinética , Meia-Vida , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Peso Molecular , Óxidos de Nitrogênio/química , Óxidos de Nitrogênio/farmacocinética , Óxidos de Nitrogênio/toxicidade , Patela/anatomia & histologia , Patela/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Técnicas de Cultura de Tecidos
6.
Neuroscience ; 150(4): 970-83, 2007 Dec 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18022327

RESUMO

Early postnatal freeze-lesions to the cortical plate result in malformations resembling human microgyria. Microgyria in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of rats are associated with a reduced behavioral detection of rapid auditory transitions and the loss of large cells in the thalamic nucleus projecting to primary auditory cortex (A1). Detection of slow transitions in sound is intact in animals with S1 microgyria, suggesting dissociation between responding to slow versus rapid transitions and a possible dissociation between levels of auditory processing affected. We hypothesized that neuronal responses in primary auditory cortex (A1) would be differentially reduced for rapid sound repetitions but not for slow sound sequences in animals with S1 microgyria. We assessed layer IV cortical responses in primary auditory cortex (A1) to single pure-tones and periodic noise bursts (PNB) in rats with and without S1 microgyria. We found that responses to both types of acoustic stimuli were reduced in magnitude in animals with microgyria. Furthermore, spectral resolution was degraded in animals with microgyria. The cortical selectivity and temporal precision were then measured with conventional methods for PNB and tone-stimuli, but no significant changes were observed between microgyric and control animals. Surprisingly, the observed spike rate reduction was similar for rapid and slow temporal modulations of PNB stimuli. These results suggest that acoustic processing in A1 is indeed altered with early perturbations of neighboring cortex. However, the type of deficit does not affect the temporal dynamics of the cortical output. Instead, acoustic processing is altered via a systematic reduction in the driven spike rate output and spectral integration resolution in A1. This study suggests a novel form of plasticity, whereas early postnatal lesions of one sensory cortex can have a functional impact on processing in neighboring sensory cortex.


Assuntos
Córtex Auditivo/fisiopatologia , Percepção Auditiva/fisiologia , Lesões Encefálicas/patologia , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos/fisiologia , Córtex Somatossensorial/lesões , Estimulação Acústica/métodos , Acústica , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Mapeamento Encefálico , Período Crítico Psicológico , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Feminino , Lateralidade Funcional , Masculino , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Tempo de Reação , Córtex Somatossensorial/fisiopatologia
7.
Heredity (Edinb) ; 99(1): 62-9, 2007 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17406662

RESUMO

To investigate whether there are separate or shared genetic influences on the development of the thalamus and cerebral cortex, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for relevant structural volumes in BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains of mice. In 34 BXD RI strains and two parental strains (C57BL/6J and DBA/2J), we measured the volumes of the entire thalamus and cortex gray matter using point counting and Cavalieri's rule. Heritability was calculated using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and QTL analysis was carried out using WebQTL (http://www.genenetwork.org). The heritability of thalamus volume was 36%, and three suggestive QTLs for thalamus volume were identified on chromosomes 10, 11 and 16. The heritability of cortical gray matter was 43%, and four suggestive QTLs for cortex gray matter volume were identified on chromosomes 2, 8, 16 and 19. The genetic correlation between thalamus and cortex gray matter volumes was 0.64. Also, a single QTL on chromosome 16 (D16Mit100) was identified for thalamus volume, cortex gray matter volume and Morris water maze search-time preference (r=0.71). These results suggest that there are separate and shared genetic influences on the development of the thalamus and cerebral cortex.


Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/anatomia & histologia , Córtex Cerebral/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Tálamo/anatomia & histologia , Tálamo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos/genética , Expressão Gênica , Camundongos , Camundongos Mutantes , Tamanho do Órgão/genética , Fenótipo , Tálamo/fisiologia
8.
Br Poult Sci ; 48(1): 21-6, 2007 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17364536

RESUMO

1. This first holo-analysis of the efficacy in broiler nutrition of the saccharide product, Bio-Mos(R) (BM), is part of a comprehensive empirical modelling research programme quantifying and comparing the efficacies and future research needs of the diverse candidates offered as replacements for antibiotics. 2. The data used are from 32 publications with broiler performance data from a world-wide literature collection of 124 (1997-2003) on the use of BM as a broiler feed additive. It contains the results of 82 negatively controlled feeding tests from 21 countries using a total of 85 142 broilers, averaging 401 per treatment. 3. The 82 feed intake, liveweight gain, feed conversion ratio and 44 mortality responses to BM average -12.2 g, 27.6 g, -0.0391 and 0.0311%, respectively, with coefficients of variation of 828, 227, 192 and 8392%. Respective beneficial response frequencies for gain, conversion and mortality are 65, 70 (52% jointly) and 52%. 4. Holo-analytical multiple regression models were elaborated for the effects of BM on feed intake, liveweight gain, feed conversion ratio and mortality, using conventional Por=0.10 out and less stringent Por=0.34 out partial regression coefficient standards, with and without>or=3xroot mean square error outliers, in order to quantify the influences of negative control performance, test duration, BM dosage, cage housing, processed feed, antibiotic feed, year of test and USA test. To date they account for only 5-36% of response variations, due primarily to 52 of the 82 tests having no reported feed formulations. 5. These exploratory models confirm beneficial responses to BM for current broiler performance levels. They also indicate a need to clarify BM dose-response relationships in order to maximise efficient use in praxis and to facilitate cogent comparisons with other pronutrients, including other saccharide products.


Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas/fisiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Oligossacarídeos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Peso Corporal , Galinhas/metabolismo , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Mananas/administração & dosagem , Modelos Biológicos , Análise de Regressão
9.
Br Poult Sci ; 48(1): 27-32, 2007 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17364537

RESUMO

1. This holo-analysis of the effects in turkey nutrition of Bio-Mos(R) (BM) (Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) aims to elaborate comprehensive empirical models for the assessment of responses under practical conditions and for its comparison with other potential pronutrient antibiotic replacements. 2. The data bank utilised was obtained from 54 publications on BM in turkeys from a total collection of 57 papers (1995-2003) on the use of saccharide products as turkey feed additives. These yielded 33 start-to-finish negatively-controlled feed intake, liveweight gain and feed conversion and 24 mortality effects in the USA, France and Poland, using 12,723 birds with a mean of 212 birds per treatment. 3. The feed, gain, conversion and mortality responses to BM compared with the relevant negative controls average -243 g, 57.0 g, -0.0156 and 1.29% with coefficients of variation of 451, 451, 705 and 426%, respectively. Beneficial gain, conversion and mortality effects were found in 52, 52 (33% jointly) and 52% of the tests, respectively. 4. Holo-analytical multiple regression models comparing conventional Por=0.10 out and less stringent Por=0.34 out partial regression coefficient standards, with and without>or=1.5xroot mean square error outliers, contain significant independent variables for negative control performance, duration, year of test, not-USA test, discontinuous dosage, cage housing, mash feed, feed antibiotic, feed anticoccidial, disease condition and high control (>10%) mortality. 5. These developmental models indicate fruitful pathways for future developments with an accent on the definition of specific dose-response relationships, whilst also confirming the value and future potential for BM in turkey production in praxis.


Assuntos
Ração Animal , Suplementos Nutricionais , Oligossacarídeos/administração & dosagem , Perus/metabolismo , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Mananas/administração & dosagem , Modelos Biológicos , Análise de Regressão
11.
Neuroscience ; 141(2): 875-888, 2006 Aug 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16725276

RESUMO

Freezing injury to the developing cortical plate results in a neocortical malformation resembling four-layered microgyria. Previous work has demonstrated that following freezing injury to the somatosensory cortex, males (but not females) have more small and fewer large cells in the medial geniculate nucleus. In the first experiment, we examined the effects of induced microgyria to the somatosensory cortex on neuronal numbers, neuronal size, and nuclear volume of three sensory nuclei: ventrobasal complex, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, and medial geniculate nucleus. We found that there was a decrease in neuronal number and nuclear volume in ventrobasal complex of microgyric rats when compared with shams, whereas there were no differences in these variables in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus or medial geniculate nucleus. We also found that there were more small and fewer large neurons in both ventrobasal complex and medial geniculate nucleus. In experiment 2, we attempted to determine the role of cell death in the thalamus on these histometric measures. We found that cell death peaked within 24 h of the freezing injury and was concentrated mostly in ventrobasal complex. In addition, there was evidence of greater cell death in males at this age. Taken together, these results support the notion that males are more severely affected by early injury to the cerebral cortex than females.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/patologia , Tamanho Celular , Neocórtex/patologia , Neurônios/patologia , Tálamo/patologia , Fatores Etários , Análise de Variância , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Mapeamento Encefálico , Contagem de Células/métodos , Morte Celular/fisiologia , Feminino , Fluoresceínas , Congelamento , Marcação In Situ das Extremidades Cortadas/métodos , Masculino , Neocórtex/fisiopatologia , Compostos Orgânicos , Gravidez , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de Tempo
12.
J Clin Psychol ; 57(10): 1245-50; discussion 1251-60, 2001 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11526612

RESUMO

A special series on Thought Field Therapy in the Journal of Clinical Psychology provides an opportunity for psychologists to learn about techniques and theories outside the mainstream of our field. Unfortunately, by publishing this series of manuscripts without meeting the standards of peer review, the Journal also provides an avenue for the misuse of its good reputation and the improper promotion of untested methods. "Echo attributions" can be made whereby an author attributes the source of his own words to the professional journal in which the text appears. Historical examples illustrate that such misuse of scientific journals and institutions occurs. A formal statement of guidelines is needed to instruct authors on appropriate versus unethical representations of their publications.


Assuntos
Publicidade , Meridianos , Revisão da Pesquisa por Pares/normas , Psicologia Clínica/normas , Psicoterapia Breve/normas , Editoração/normas , Dessensibilização Psicológica/métodos , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/normas , Movimentos Oculares , Humanos , Psicoterapia Breve/métodos , Estados Unidos
13.
Scand J Psychol ; 42(3): 269-75, 2001 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11501740

RESUMO

The present paper reviews data from two previous studies in our laboratory, as well as some additional new data, on the neuronal representation of movement and pain imagery in a subject with an amputated right arm. The subject imagined painful and non-painful finger movements in the amputated stump while being in a MRI scanner, acquiring EPI-images for fMRI analysis. In Study I (Ersland et al., 1996) the Subject alternated tapping with his intact left hand fingers and imagining "tapping" with the fingers of his amputated right arm. The results showed increased neuronal activation in the right motor cortex (precentral gyrus) when tapping with the fingers of the left hand, and a corresponding activation in the left motor cortex when imagining tapping with the fingers of the amputated right arm. Finger tappings of the intact left hand fingers also resulted in a larger activated precentral area than imagery "finger tapping" of the amputated right arm fingers. In Study II (Rosen et al., 2001 in press) the same subject imagining painful and pleasurable finger movements, and still positions of the fingers of the amputated arm. The results showed larger activations over the motor cortex for movement imagining versus imagining the hand being in a still position, and larger activations over the sensory cortex when imagining painful experiences. It can therefore be concluded that not only does imagery activate the same motor areas as real finger movements, but also that adding instructions of pain together with imaging moving the fingers intensified the activation compared with adding instructions about non-painful experiences. From these studies, it is clear that areas activated during actual motor execution to a large extent also are activated during mental imagery of the same motor commands. In this respect the present studies add to studies of visual imagery that have shown a similar correspondence in activation between actual object perception and imagery of the same object.


Assuntos
Dominância Cerebral , Imagens, Psicoterapia/métodos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Córtex Motor/fisiopatologia , Dor/psicologia , Membro Fantasma/psicologia , Adulto , Amputação Cirúrgica/psicologia , Dedos , Humanos , Masculino , Movimento , Dor/fisiopatologia , Membro Fantasma/reabilitação
14.
Neurocase ; 7(3): 255-60, 2001.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11459920

RESUMO

The purpose of the present study was to investigate differences in brain activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during imagery of painful and non-painful 'finger movements' and 'hand positioning' in a subject with an amputated arm. The subject was a right-handed man in his mid-thirties who lost his right arm just above the elbow in a car-train accident. MRI was performed with a 1.5 T Siemens Vision Plus scanner. The basic design involved four conditions: imagining 'painful finger movements', 'non-painful finger movements', 'painful hand positioning', 'non-painful hand positioning'. Imagery of finger movements uniquely activated the contralateral primary motor cortex which contains the classic 'hand area'. The lateral part of the anterior cerebellar lobe was also activated during imagery of finger movements. Imagery of pain uniquely activated the somatosensory area, and areas in the left insula and bilaterally in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus. It is suggested that the insula and thalamus may involve neuronal pathways that are critical for mental processing of pain-related experiences, which may relate to a better understanding of the neurobiology of phantom limb pain.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Imaginação/fisiologia , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Dor/fisiopatologia , Membro Fantasma/diagnóstico , Adulto , Mapeamento Encefálico , Cerebelo/fisiopatologia , Córtex Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Dominância Cerebral/fisiologia , Dedos/inervação , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Membro Fantasma/fisiopatologia , Membro Fantasma/psicologia , Núcleos Talâmicos/fisiopatologia
15.
Am J Pathol ; 158(3): 997-1004, 2001 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11238047

RESUMO

In this study we evaluate the antifibrotic properties of PG-490-88, a water-soluble derivative of triptolide. Triptolide is an oxygenated diterpene that is derived from a traditional Chinese herb that has potent immunosuppressive and antitumor activity. We used the intratracheal bleomycin mouse model and found that PG490-88 inhibits fibrosis in the bleomycin group when given the same day or 5 days after bleomycin. PG490-88 also markedly reduced the number of myofibroblasts in the bleomycin treatment group. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed a significant decrease in TGF-beta in the PG490-88-treated groups compared to the bleomycin-treated group. Additionally, triptolide blocked bleomycin-induced increase in TGF-beta mRNA in cultured normal human lung fibroblasts. The efficacy of PG490-88 when administered late after bleomycin installation suggests a potential role in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.


Assuntos
Bleomicina , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/uso terapêutico , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Fenantrenos , Fibrose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/química , Sobrevivência Celular , Diterpenos/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Compostos de Epóxi , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Imunossupressores/química , Inflamação/patologia , Pulmão/citologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fibrose Pulmonar/induzido quimicamente , Fibrose Pulmonar/genética , Fibrose Pulmonar/patologia , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo
16.
Int J Clin Exp Hypn ; 49(1): 38-55, 2001 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11190791

RESUMO

In a pilot study with 2 patients suffering from phantom limb pain (PLP), hypnotic suggestions were used to modify and control the experience of the phantom limb, and positron emission tomography (PET) was used to index underlying pathways and areas involved in the processing of phantom limb experience (PLE) and PLP. The patients' subjective experiences of pain were recorded in a semistructured protocol. PET results demonstrated activation in areas known to be responsible for sensory and motor processing. The reported subjective experiences of PLP and movement corresponded with predicted brain activity patterns. This work helps to clarify the central nervous system correlates of phantom limb sensations, including pain. It further suggests that hypnosis can be incorporated into treatment protocols for PLP.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Hipnose , Membro Fantasma/terapia , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão , Adulto , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Mapeamento Encefálico , Humanos , Masculino , Medição da Dor , Limiar da Dor/fisiologia , Membro Fantasma/fisiopatologia
17.
Semin Pediatr Neurol ; 8(4): 229-40, 2001 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11768785

RESUMO

A clinically applicable review of circadian rhythm physiology is presented, including a detailed examination of the interaction of circadian and homeostatic systems and the maturation of the circadian system from preconception through adolescence. Emphasis is placed on the clinical evaluation gathering information through the history, sleep log, and if necessary, actigraphy and polysomnography. Circadian disorders, including advanced sleep phase syndrome, circadian disorders seen in blind children, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and non-24-hour sleep phase are described. Case descriptions of each are provided. Treatment and interventions for these disorders are described, including the importance of education, light therapy, sleep-wake schedule adjustments, and the occasional use of medications, such as sedative hypnotics and melatonin.


Assuntos
Transtornos Cronobiológicos/diagnóstico , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Adolescente , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Pré-Escolar , Transtornos Cronobiológicos/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Cronobiológicos/terapia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/uso terapêutico , Anamnese , Melatonina/uso terapêutico , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Fototerapia , Polissonografia
18.
Clin Psychol Rev ; 20(8): 945-71, 2000 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11098395

RESUMO

The enormous popularity recently achieved by Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a treatment for anxiety disorders appears to have greatly outstripped the evidence for its efficacy from controlled research studies. The disparity raises disturbing questions concerning EMDR's aggressive commercial promotion and its rapid acceptance among practitioners. In this article, we: (1) summarize the evidence concerning EMDR's efficacy; (2) describe the dissemination and promotion of EMDR; (3) delineate the features of pseudoscience and explicate their relevance to EMDR; (4) describe the pseudoscientific marketing practices used to promote EMDR; (5) analyze factors contributing to the acceptance of EMDR by professional psychologists; and (6) discuss practical considerations for professional psychologists regarding the adoption of EMDR into professional practice. We argue that EMDR provides an excellent vehicle for illustrating the differences between scientific and pseudoscientific therapeutic techniques. Such distinctions are of critical importance for clinical psychologists who intend to base their practice on the best available research.


Assuntos
Dessensibilização Psicológica , Movimentos Oculares , Psicologia Clínica/tendências , Psicoterapia/métodos , Charlatanismo , Transtornos de Ansiedade/terapia , Humanos , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Psicoterapia/normas , Psicoterapia/tendências , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados Unidos
19.
J Cogn Neurosci ; 12(5): 828-39, 2000 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11054924

RESUMO

Individuals with developmental language disabilities, including developmental dyslexia and specific language impairment (SLI), exhibit impairments in processing rapidly presented auditory stimuli. It has been hypothesized that these deficits are associated with concurrent deficits in speech perception and, in turn, impaired language development. Additionally, postmortem analyses of human dyslexic brains have revealed the presence of focal neocortical malformations such as cerebrocortical microgyria. In an initial study bridging these research domains, we found that male rats with induced microgyria were impaired in discriminating rapidly presented auditory stimuli. In order to further assess this anatomical- behavioral association, we designed two experiments using auditory-reflex modification. These studies were intended to assess whether auditory processing deficits in microgyric male rats would be seen in threshold detection of a silent gap in white noise, and in oddball detection of a two-tone stimulus of variable duration. Results showed no differences between sham and microgyric subjects on gap detection, but did show that microgyric subjects were impaired in the discrimination of two-tone stimuli presented in an oddball paradigm. This impairment was evident for stimuli with total duration of 64 msec or less, while both groups were able to discriminate stimuli with duration of 89 msec or greater. The current results further support the relationship between malformations of the cerebral cortex and deficits in rapid auditory processing. They also suggest that the parameters characterizing rapid auditory processing deficits for a specific task may be influenced by stimulus features and/or cognitive demand of that particular task.


Assuntos
Percepção Auditiva , Encefalopatias/fisiopatologia , Encefalopatias/psicologia , Córtex Cerebral , Estimulação Acústica/métodos , Animais , Sinais (Psicologia) , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/fisiopatologia , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/psicologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Reflexo de Sobressalto
20.
J Anxiety Disord ; 13(1-2): 173-84, 1999.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10225507

RESUMO

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing was introduced by Frances Shapiro (1989) as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. When controlled studies failed to support the extraordinarily positive findings and claims made by Shapiro, proponents of EMDR raised the issue of treatment fidelity and criticized researchers for being inadequately trained. This paper considers the issues raised by EMDR proponents. It is concluded that treatment fidelity has been used as a specious, distracting issue that permits the continued promotion of EMDR in the face of negative empirical findings. Clinical psychologists are urged to remember the basic tenets of science when evaluating extraordinary claims made for novel techniques.


Assuntos
Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/normas , Dessensibilização Psicológica/normas , Imagens, Psicoterapia/normas , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde/normas , Projetos de Pesquisa/normas , Movimentos Sacádicos , Competência Clínica/normas , Protocolos Clínicos/normas , Conflito Psicológico , Humanos , Relações Interprofissionais , Ciência/normas
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