RESUMO
The human skin is a crucial organ that protects the organism from the outer environment. Skin integrity and health depend on both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors such as aging and genetic background contribute to weakened skin and disease susceptibility. Meanwhile, extrinsic factors including UV radiation, pollution, smoking, humidity, and poor diet also affect skin health and disease. On the other hand, healthy dietary patterns such as plant-based diets have gained popularity as a complementary therapy for skin health. A plant-based diet is defined as all diets based on plant foods, including an abundance of vegetables, fruits, beans, lentils, legumes, nuts, seeds, fungi, and whole grains, with limited or no animal products or processed foods. However, some authors also exclude or limit processed foods in the definition. Recent research has shown that these diets have beneficial effects on inflammatory skin diseases. This review explored the beneficial effects of plant-based diets on inflammatory skin diseases and plant-based functional foods on healthy skin. In conclusion, plant-based diets and plant-based functional foods may have beneficial effects on skin health through the gut microbiome.
Assuntos
Dermatite , Dieta Vegetariana , Humanos , Dieta , Verduras , PlantasRESUMO
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in the airways with a multifactorial origin but with inflammation and oxidative stress as related pathogenic mechanisms. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a nutraceutical with different biological properties due to sulfur-containing natural compounds. Studies have shown that several compounds in garlic may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases, including those related to the lungs. Therefore, it is possible to take advantage of the compounds from garlic as nutraceuticals for treating lung diseases. The objective of this article is to review the biological properties of the sulfur compounds present in garlic for the treatment of asthma, as well as the cellular mechanisms involved. Here, we discuss the potential therapeutic effects of garlic compounds in the modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as its antibiotic and antiviral activities for identifying and testing potential treatment options for asthma management.
Assuntos
Asma , Alho , Humanos , Compostos de Enxofre/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Estresse Oxidativo , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of diseases in which the common denominator is the affection of blood vessels, heart tissue, and heart rhythm. The genesis of CVD is complex and multifactorial; therefore, approaches are often based on multidisciplinary management and more than one drug is used to achieve the optimal control of risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension, hypertrophy, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation). In this context, allicin, a sulfur compound naturally derived from garlic, has shown beneficial effects on several cardiovascular risk factors through the modulation of cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways. Effective pharmacological treatments for CVD or its risk factors have not been developed or are unknown in clinical practice. Thus, this work aimed to review the cellular mechanisms through which allicin exerts its therapeutic effects and to show why it could be a therapeutic option for the prevention or treatment of CVD and its risk factors.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Alho , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Dissulfetos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Ácidos Sulfínicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Sulfínicos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling. Recent evidence supports that inflammation plays a key role in triggering and maintaining pulmonary vascular remodeling. Recent studies have shown that garlic extract has protective effects in PAH, but the precise role of allicin, a compound derived from garlic, is unknown. Thus, we used allicin to evaluate its effects on inflammation and fibrosis in PAH. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control (CON), monocrotaline (60 mg/kg) (MCT), and MCT plus allicin (16 mg/kg/oral gavage) (MCT + A). Right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy and pulmonary arterial medial wall thickness were determined. IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, NFκB p65, Iκß, TGF-ß, and α-SMA were determined by Western blot analysis. In addition, TNF-α and TGF-ß were determined by immunohistochemistry, and miR-21-5p and mRNA expressions of Cd68, Bmpr2, and Smad5 were determined by RT-qPCR. Results: Allicin prevented increases in vessel wall thickness due to TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, and Cd68 in the lung. In addition, TGF-ß, α-SMA, and fibrosis were lower in the MCT + A group compared with the MCT group. In the RV, allicin prevented increases in TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-ß. These observations suggest that, through the modulation of proinflammatory and profibrotic markers in the lung and heart, allicin delays the progression of PAH.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Dissulfetos/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Ácidos Sulfínicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica/genética , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica/metabolismo , Receptores de Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas Tipo II/genética , Receptores de Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas Tipo II/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Fibrose , Ventrículos do Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Ventrículos do Coração/metabolismo , Ventrículos do Coração/patologia , Masculino , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Artéria Pulmonar/efeitos dos fármacos , Artéria Pulmonar/metabolismo , Artéria Pulmonar/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Proteína Smad5/genética , Proteína Smad5/metabolismoRESUMO
Betulinic acid, which is found in transgenic roots of Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, is a pentacyclic triterpene with distinctive pharmacological activities. In this study, we report the differences in the content of betulinic acid and selected anthraquinones in transgenic S.â obtusifolia hairy roots with overexpression of the PgSS1 gene (SOPSS2 line) and in transformed hairy roots without this genetic construct (SOA41 line). Both hairy root lines grew in 10â L sprinkle bioreactor. Additionally, the extracts obtained from this plant material were used for biological tests. Our results demonstrated that the SOPSS2 hairy root cultures from the bioreactor showed an increase in the content of betulinic acid (38.125â mg/g DW), compared to the SOA41 hairy root line (4.213â mg/g DW). Biological studies have shown a cytotoxic and antiproliferative effect on U-87MG glioblastoma cells, and altering the level of apoptotic proteins (Bax, p53, Puma and Noxa). Antimicrobial properties were demonstrated for both tested extracts, with a stronger effect of SOPSS2 extract. Moreover, both extracts showed moderate antiviral properties on norovirus surrogates.
Assuntos
Modelos Biológicos , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos/metabolismo , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/metabolismo , Senna/metabolismo , Antraquinonas/química , Antraquinonas/metabolismo , Antraquinonas/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Reatores Biológicos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucosiltransferases/genética , Glucosiltransferases/metabolismo , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos/química , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/química , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/química , Senna/química , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/genética , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/metabolismo , Ácido BetulínicoRESUMO
In this work, a bioactive persimmon extract was produced from discarded fruits. A central composite design was used to evaluate the effect of different extraction parameters and ripeness stages of persimmon fruits on the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the resulting extracts. Significantly greater phenolic contents were obtained from immature persimmon (IP) fruits. The optimum IP extract with the conditions set by the experimental design was industrially up-scaled and its composition and functional properties were evaluated and compared with those obtained under lab-scale conditions. Both extracts contained significant protein (>20%) and phenolic contents (â¼11-27 mg GA/g dry extract) and displayed significant antiviral activity against murine norovirus and hepatitis A virus. Moreover, the extract showed no toxicity and significantly reduced the fat content and the cellular ageing of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) without affecting the worm development. These effects were mediated by down-regulation of fat-7, suggesting an anti-lipogenic activity of this extract.
Assuntos
Diospyros/química , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Fenóis/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Resíduos/análise , Animais , Antioxidantes/química , Antivirais/química , Caenorhabditis elegans , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos , Norovirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas/químicaRESUMO
The current popularity of minimally processed foods is an opportunity for natural antimicrobial agents to be combined with mild heat treatments to act synergistically in reducing viral foodborne pathogens. Viral inactivation by heat-treatments (at 25, 40, 50 and 63⯰C for 30â¯min) combined with aged green tea extract (aged-GTE) was initially evaluated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) against murine norovirus (MNV-1) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) by cell culture, and against human norovirus by in situ capture RT-qPCR. The combination of aged-GTE and heat treatment at 50⯰C for 30â¯min exerted strong antiviral activity, reducing by more than 5 log MNV-1 infectivity in PBS. Heating at 40⯰C for 30â¯min reduced the binding of norovirus to porcine gastric mucine (PGM) to 41.5% and the addition of aged-GTE further decreased the binding to 4.7%. Additionally, the reduction of MNV-1 and HAV infectivity was investigated in two different types of juices exposed to mild heat treatments alone, and combined with aged-GTE. The addition of aged-GTE increased to more than 4 log the inactivation of MNV-1 in juices exposed to 50⯰C for 30â¯min. However, this synergistic effect of aged-GTE combined with heat treatments was not observed for HAV in any of the juices. Aged-GTE, then, could be considered as an additional control measure to improve the food safety of mild heat pasteurized juices.
Assuntos
Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/virologia , Temperatura Alta , Pasteurização/métodos , Chá/química , Inativação de Vírus , Animais , Antivirais/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/virologia , Vírus da Hepatite A/fisiologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Norovirus/fisiologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Suínos , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease characterized by the loss and obstructive remodeling of the pulmonary arterial wall, causing a rise in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, which is responsible for right heart failure, functional decline, and death. Although many drugs are available for the treatment of this condition, it continues to be life-threatening, and its long-term treatment is expensive. On the other hand, many natural compounds present in food have beneficial effects on several cardiovascular conditions. Several studies have explored many of the potential beneficial effects of natural plant products on PAH. However, the mechanisms by which natural products, such as nutraceuticals, exert protective and therapeutic effects on PAH are not fully understood. In this review, we analyze the current knowledge on nutraceuticals and their potential use in the protection and treatment of PAH, as well as whether nutraceuticals could enhance the effects of drugs used in PAH through similar mechanisms.
Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Suplementos Nutricionais , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Artéria Pulmonar/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Posidonia oceanica waste biomass has been valorised to produce extracts by means of different methodologies and their bioactive properties have been evaluated. Water-based extracts were produced using ultrasound-assisted and hot water methods and classified according to their ethanol-affinity (E1: ethanol soluble; E2: non-soluble). Moreover, a conventional protocol with organic solvents was applied, yielding E3 extracts. Compositional and structural characterization confirmed that while E1 and E3 extracts were mainly composed of minerals and lipids, respectively, E2 extracts were a mixture of minerals, proteins and carbohydrates. All the extracts showed remarkably high antioxidant capacity, which was not only related to phenolic compounds but also to the presence of proteins and polysaccharides. All E2 and E3 extracts inhibited the growth of several foodborne fungi, while only E3 extracts decreased substantially the infectivity of feline calicivirus and murine norovirus. These results show the potential of P. oceanica waste biomass for the production of bioactive extracts.
Assuntos
Alismatales/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacocinética , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Biomassa , Infecções por Caliciviridae/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Calicivirus Felino/efeitos dos fármacos , Gatos , Etanol/química , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/microbiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Lipídeos/química , Lipídeos/isolamento & purificação , Lipídeos/farmacologia , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fungos Mitospóricos/efeitos dos fármacos , Norovirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Plantas/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Células RAW 264.7 , Solventes/química , Água/químicaRESUMO
Aged-green tea extract (GTE) is known to reduce the infectivity of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and murine norovirus (MNV), a human norovirus surrogate, in vitro and in washing solutions. Initially, the effect of aged-GTE was evaluated on virus like particles (VLPs) of human norovirus (HuNoV) genogroup I (GI) by a porcine gastric mucine (PGM)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and on HuNoV GI suspensions by an in situ capture-RT-qPCR method, suggesting that HuNoVs are very sensitive to aged-GTE treatment at 37⯰C. Moreover, the potential application of aged-GTE was evaluated using model foods and simulated gastric conditions. Then, aged-GTE samples prepared in orange juice, apple juice, horchata, and milk, respectively, were individually mixed with each virus and incubated overnight at 37⯰C. Aged-GTE at 5â¯mg/ml in apple juice reduced MNV infectivity to undetectable levels and from 1.0 to 1.8â¯log in milk, horchata and orange juice. Aged-GTE at 5â¯mg/ml in orange juice, apple juice, horchata and milk reduced HAV infectivity by 1.2, 2.1, 1.5, and 1.7â¯log, respectively. Additionally, aged-GTE at 5â¯mg/ml in simulated intestinal fluid reduced MNV titers to undetectable levels and reduced HAV infectivity by ca. 2.0â¯log. The results show a potential for aged-GTE as a suitable natural option for preventive strategies for foodborne viral diseases.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Chá/química , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Manipulação de Alimentos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/análise , Vírus da Hepatite A/efeitos dos fármacos , Macaca mulatta , Camundongos , Leite/química , Norovirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Células RAW 264.7RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a stereological method in optical coherence tomography (OCT) as an in vivo volume measurement of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (L-CNV) lesion size. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Laser photocoagulation was applied in rats to rupture Bruch's membrane and induce L-CNV. In vivo OCT images of neovascular lesions were acquired with a spectral-domain OCT system at days 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 after laser surgery. A stereological image-processing method was used to calculate lesion volumes from the OCT images. Rats were euthanized at day 14, and confocal microscopy was used to obtain accurate volume measurements of the lesions ex vivo. Lesion sizes calculated from OCT and confocal were compared. RESULTS: In vivo assessment by OCT allowed three distinct stages of L-CNV to be visualized: the initial early reaction, neovascular proliferation, and regression. At day 14, correlations between OCT and confocal lesion volumes showed a positive association (Pearson's r = 0.50, P < .01). Except for the largest lesions, volumes measured by OCT were statistically similar to those measured by the confocal gold standard (P = .90). CONCLUSION: The stereological approach used to measure neovascular lesion volume from OCT images offers an accurate means to track L-CNV lesion size in vivo. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2018;49:e65-e74.].
Assuntos
Corioide/irrigação sanguínea , Neovascularização de Coroide/diagnóstico , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade/efeitos adversos , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodos , Animais , Neovascularização de Coroide/etiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Angiofluoresceinografia/métodos , Fundo de Olho , Degeneração Macular/diagnóstico , Degeneração Macular/cirurgia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos BNRESUMO
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of office-based vitreoretinal procedures. Methods: Patients undergoing primary elective pars plana vitrectomy were elected for surgery in an office-based setting (performed in a minor procedure room under topical anesthesia [TA] and oral anxiolysis). Rates of surgical objective achievement, surgical timing, and comfort were recorded to evaluate feasibility. Intraoperative and postoperative adverse events were assessed to evaluate safety. Results: Office-based vitrectomy surgery was performed in 34 eyes of 30 patients. The mean surgical time was 12.351 ± 8.21 min. Surgical objectives were achieved in 100% of cases. The mean best-corrected visual acuity improvement was 9.08 letters (P < 0.0001). During most parts of the procedure, no patient reported pain or discomfort. Neither intraoperative nor postoperative adverse events were reported until the final follow-up visit. Conclusion: Office-based vitreoretinal procedures under TA could be as feasible and as safe as vitreoretinal procedures under conventional anesthesia.
Assuntos
Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ambulatórios/métodos , Anestesia Local/métodos , Doenças Retinianas/cirurgia , Acuidade Visual , Vitrectomia/métodos , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Estudos Prospectivos , Doenças Retinianas/fisiopatologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
In the field of cancer immunotherapy, an original approach consists of using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to target and activate neutrophils, cells of the innate immune system. G-CSF is a leukocyte stimulating molecule which is commonly used in cancer patients to prevent or reduce neutropenia. We focused herein on developing a G-CSF nanocarrier which could increase the in vivo circulation time of this cytokine, keeping it active for targeting the spleen, an important reservoir of neutrophils. G-CSF-functionalized silica and gold nanoparticles were developed. Silica nanoparticles of 50 nm diameter were functionalized by a solid phase synthesis approach. The technology enabled us to incorporate multiple functionalities on the surface such as a PEG as hydrophilic polymer, DTPA as 111In chelating agent and G-CSF. The gold nanocarrier consisted of nanoparticles of 2-3 nm diameter elaborated with DTPA groups on the surface and functionalized with G-CSF. We studied the particle biodistribution in mice with special attention to organs involved in the immune system. The two nanocarriers with similar functionalization of surface showed different pathways in mice, probably due to their difference in size. Considering the biodistribution after G-CSF functionalization, we confirmed that the protein was capable of modifying the pharmacokinetics by increasing the nanocarrier concentration in the spleen, a reservoir of G-CSF receptor expressing cells.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacocinética , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/administração & dosagem , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/farmacocinética , Nanopartículas/química , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/química , Animais , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Ouro/química , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/química , Camundongos , Nanopartículas/ultraestrutura , Dióxido de Silício/química , Baço/imunologia , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HPP) was evaluated for inactivation of murine norovirus (MNV), a propagable norovirus (NoV), and human NoV genogroup II.4. Inactivation of MNV was assessed by viral culturing (50% tissue culture infectious dose [TCID(50)]) and real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), whereas NoV survival was determined only by RT-qPCR. A treatment of 450 MPa for 15 min at 45°C was sufficient to inactivate 6.5 log(10) of infectious MNV in culture medium as determined by TCID(50). Further, the inactivation of MNV was enhanced when pressure was applied at an initial temperature of 25°C. On the other hand, a baroprotective effect was observed when MNV suspensions were supplemented with 10 mM of CaCl(2). A 400 MPa treatment at 45°C inactivated >5 log(10) of infectious MNV, whereas the addition of CaCl(2) increased the pressure resistance of MNV, with <0.5 log(10) reduction observed. MNV decay as determined by TCID(50) was generally greater than that determined by RT-qPCR; for instance, MNV genomes were detected even after 15 min treatment at 450 MPa, with <0.5 log(10) reduction. Experiments with NoV suspensions showed that all tested HPP treatments reduced the numbers of NoV by <0.5 log(10) units as determined by RT-qPCR. Additionally, RNA of human NoV was more resistant to certain HPP treatments than the RNA of MNV.
Assuntos
Infecções por Caliciviridae/prevenção & controle , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Norovirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Norovirus/metabolismo , Pressão , Inativação de Vírus , Animais , Cloreto de Cálcio/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Transformada , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Humanos , Pressão Hidrostática , Camundongos , Viabilidade Microbiana/efeitos dos fármacos , Norovirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Norovirus/isolamento & purificação , RNA Viral/química , RNA Viral/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Temperatura , Inativação de Vírus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Se estudió el efecto de la administración perinatal de algunos fármacos psicotrópicos (haloperidol, penfluridol, trifluoperazina, pimocida y verapamil) sobre algunos parámetros morfológicos y bioquímicos del hipotálamo, en ratas machos y en hembras androgenizadas por la administración de propionato de testosterona a las 72 horas de vida extrauterina. El verapamil indujo el crecimiento hipotalámico tanto en machos como en hembras androgenizadas. Todos los fármacos disminuyeron el peso testicular, siendo más eficaces el haloperidol (1.50 ñ 0.49 g) y la pimocida (2.00 ñ 0.11 g). En las hembras neonatas, la testosterona disminuyó el desarrollo ovárico (46.3 ñ 4.5 vs 23.1 ñ 2.7 mg). El haloperidol y la pimocida revirtieron parcialmente dicho efecto mientras que el verapamil fue ineficaz. Las concentraciones de proteínas, DNA y RNA fueron mayores en el hipotálamo de la hembra adulta, tanto normal como tratada, que en el macho (fig. 1). La testosterona disminuyó las concentraciones de las tres macromoléculas al nivel encontrado en los machos; todos los fármacos utilizados revirtieron este efecto. En los machos, todos los tratamientos mostraron tendencia a elevar la concentración de proteínas, DNA y RNA a los niveles encontrados en la hembra adulta; la trifluoperazina, el verapamil y el penfluridol fueron los más eficaces, la pimocida sólo elevó las protéinas y el haloperidol únicamente elevó el DNA