[Sacral root neuromodulation as treatment for fecal incontinence. Preliminary results]. / Neuromodulación de raíces sacras como tratamiento de la incontinencia fecal. Resultados preliminares.

We present our initial experience in the treatment of fecal incontinence (FI) with sacral root neuromodulation (SRN) by reporting the results of a prospective study with 26 patients where baseline Wexner-Cleveland scale scores and ability to delay defecation were compared to results after one year with SRN. The initial study of patients included history taking, general examination, anal ultrasonography, and manometry, and a three-week diary of continence and quality of life specific for FI was used. Before SRN the mean baseline Wexner-Cleveland score was 15.00 +/- 1.81, and 62.50% of patients could only delay defecation for less than a minute. After a year with NRS the mean Wexner-Cleveland score was 4.87 +/- 2.54 (p = 0.0031), and 75.01% of patients could delay defecation above fifteen minutes (p = 0.0018). We also describe the surgical technique and its indications, and finally review the various therapeutical options for FI and show our algorithm for this condition. SRN is an effective technique for the treatment of FI in properly selected patients with no response to medical therapies (including biofeedback) or anatomic correction (sphincteroplasty), with efficacy, little morbidity, and a short hospital stay.

[Treatment of proctalgia fugax with botulinum toxin: results in 5 patients]. / Tratamiento de la proctalgia fugax con toxina botulínica: resultados en 5 pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Proctalgia fugax can be defined as transitory but recurrent anal pain. Although its etiology remains unknown, an internal anal sphincter spasm seems to be the most likely, so that the different treatments focus on reducing the pressure of the internal anal sphincter. This study is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of botulinum A toxin in the treatment of proctalgia fugax. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective clinical trial of patients with proctalgia fugax treated with botulinum A toxin at the Outpatient Clinic attached to the Coloproctogy Unit, University Hospital of Elche, from January 1999 to January 2002. The patients included in the study underwent rectal digital examination, anuscopy, rectoscopy, anal manometry and ultrasonography, barium enema and pelvic CT scan to rule out any organic cause for anal pain. The treatment consisted of 25 IU of botulinum A toxin, with a supplementary dose of 50 IU in those patients with persistence of anal pain episodes within the next two months. The patients were reviewed on the first week, second month, sixth month and first and second year. Anal pain was measured by the patients, using a linear analogue scale from 0 to 10, and continence was assessed at every visit using the Cleveland Continence Grading Scale. RESULTS: Five patients were recluted for the study, with a predominance of females (4 vs. 1). Mean age was 45 years. Length of symptoms prior to the treatment was 13 months (range: 6-18 months). Only one female patient required a second dose of botulinum A toxin to handle the anal pain. All the patients healed and remained free of pain up to finishing the follow-up. There were no local complications. Anal manometry showed an increased MRP (mean resting pressure) in comparison to a control group of patients (114 mmHg vs. 66 mmHg; p < 0.001) that restore to normal values after the treatment (75.65 mmHg). As for the MSP (mean squeeze pressure), it showed no difference with respect to the control group nor did it vary after the treatment. CONCLUSION: Botulinum A toxin offers a high rate of healing with no associate morbidity in the treatment of proctalgia fugax.

Esfinterotomía lateral interna abierta con anestesia local como gold standard en el tratamiento de la fisura anal crónica. Estudio prospectivo clínico y manométrico a largo plazo / No disponible

Introducción: la fisura anal crónica sigue siendo uno de los problemas proctológicos más frecuentes e incapacitantes en la población occidental actual. La esfinterotomía lateral interna abierta es una de las opciones terapéuticas descritas y aceptadas como tratamiento de elección de la fisura anal crónica, ya que reduce la hipertonía esfinteriana (mecanismo etiopatogénico fundamental de la fisura), permitiendo por tanto, disminuir la proctalgia y así la curación de la fisura. Material y métodos: realizamos un estudio prospectivo de 120 pacientes intervenidos por fisura anal crónica con esfinterotomía lateral interna abierta con anestesia local (20 cc mepivacaína al 2%) tratados ambulatoriamente en la consulta de la Unidad de Proctología entre los años 1998-2001. No se requirió estudios preoperatorios, preparación con enemas, profilaxis antibiótica, accesos venosos, ingreso ni observación hospitalaria. Los pacientes fueron revisados a la 1a semana, 2o mes, 6o mes y al año. Resultados: complicaciones precoces (1a semana): 3 hematoma-equimosis de la herida (2,5%), 3 hemorragias autolimitadas (2,5%). No encontramos trombosis hemorroidales, fístulas, abscesos perianales ni mortalidad. Complicaciones tardías (2o mes): 9 pacientes con incontinencia (7,5%) y 3 pacientes (2,5%) con recurrencia de la fisura. Al 6o mes, la incontinencia disminuyó al 5% (6 pacientes), y aparecieron 3 pacientes más con recurren- cia de la fisura (2,5%). Al año se mantuvo la tasa de incontinencia del 5% (a gases y líquidos) y aparecieron otros 3 pacientes con recurrencia de la fisura (2,5%). Recurrencia global del 7,5%. Los hallazgos en la manometría fueron, PMB (presión máxima basal) pre-tratamiento similar a la PMB en pacientes con recurren- cia de la fisura, así como la PMB del grupo control similar a la PMB de pacientes con curación. La PMB en pacientes incontinentes fue más baja que la PMB en pacientes continentes (55 ± 7 frente a 80,7 ± 21). La diferencia entre la PMCV (presión máxima de contracción voluntaria) en pacientes incontinentes y pacientes continentes no fue estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones: la esfinterotomía lateral interna abierta con anestesia local tiene una tasa de curación a largo plazo y unos índices de morbilidad equiparables a otras técnicas, por lo que puede ser considerada como un tratamiento adecuado y eficaz para esta patología (AU)

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Open lateral internal anal sphincterotomy under local anesthesia as the gold standard in the treatment of chronic anal fissures. A prospective clinical and manometric study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic anal fissure is one of the most frequent proctological disorders in Western populations. Open lateral internal sphincterotomy is one of the therapeutic options accepted as the treatment of choice for chronic anal fissure, since it reduces the hypertonia of the internal anal sphincter (the main etiopathogenic mechanism of fissures), decreases anal pain, and allows the fissure to heal. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a prospective study of 120 patients operated on for chronic anal fissure with open sphincterotomy under local anesthesia at our Proctology Outpatient Unit from 1998 to 2001. No preoperative studies, bowel preparation, or antibiotic prophylaxis were carried out. All patients were followed up after 1 week, 2 months, 6 months, and 1 year, and underwent an anal manometry before and after surgery. RESULTS: Early complications: 3 hematoma-ecchymosis of the wound (2.5%), 3 self-limited hemorrhage events (2.5%). No hemorrhoidal thrombosis, fistulas, or perianal abscesses occurred. Fissures recurred in nine patients (7.5%) within one year. The initial rate of incontinence of 7.5% at two months dropped down to 5% at six months. The mean resting pressure (MRP) in incontinent patients was lower than in continent patients (55 +/- 7 mmHg versus 80.7 +/- 21 mmHg). The difference in mean squeeze pressure (MSP) between incontinent patients and continent patients was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Open sphincterotomy under local anesthesia has a long-term rate of healing and a morbidity rate similar to other techniques. It may therefore be considered an effective treatment for chronic anal fissure.

[Can treatment associated with ticlopidine and nifedipine increase serum levels of phenobarbital?]. / ¿Puede el tratamiento asociado con ticlopidina y nifedipina aumentar los niveles séricos de fenobarbital?

INTRODUCTION: We report a case in which the association between ticlopidine, nifedipine and phenobarbital was linked with a higher than expected phenobarbital concentration in serum, which suggested a possible interaction between these drugs. CASE REPORT: A 67 year old male who received treatment with phenobarbital, digoxin, nifedipine, ticlopidine, paroxetine and clorazepate dipotassium. The first control of the level of phenobarbital in serum was performed without any symptoms or signs of toxicity or ineffectiveness. A phenobarbital concentration in serum of 21.4 mg/L was obtained, with a serum level/dosage ratio of 16.7. DISCUSSION: The serum level/dosage ratio of phenobarbital that was found in this case is almost twice as high as expected. In the absence of other factors that can explain this finding, we believe that two drugs (ticlopidine and nifedipine) may be involved in an interaction with phenobarbital. CONCLUSIONS: The high value of the serum level/dosage ratio that was found makes it advisable to monitor the concentrations of phenobarbital in serum in treatment associated with ticlopidine or nifedipine, especially when adjusting the dosage, beginning or ending treatment with these drugs.

¿Puede el tratamiento asociado con ticlopidina y nifedipina aumentar los niveles séricos de fenobarbital? / Can treatment associated with ticlopidine and nifedipine increase serum levels of phenobarbital?

Introducción. Describimos un caso en que la asociación de ticlopidina, nifedipina y fenobarbital se asoció con una concentración sérica de fenobarbital mayor que la previsible, que sugirió una posible interacción entre estos fármacos. Caso clínico. Varón de 67 años en tratamiento con fenobarbital, digoxina, nifedipina, ticlopidina, paroxetina y cloracepato dipotásico. Se realizó el primer control del nivel sérico de fenobarbital, sin ningún síntoma o signo de toxicidad o ineficacia. Se obtuvo una concentración sérica de fenobarbital de 21,4 mg/L, con un índice nivel sérico/dosis de 16,7. Discusión. El índice nivel sérico/dosis de fenobarbital que se encontró en este caso es casi el doble que el previsible. En ausencia de otros factores que puedan explicar este resultado, creemos que dos fármacos (ticlopidina y nifedipina) pueden estar implicados en una interacción con fenobarbital. Conclusiones. El alto valor del índice nivel sérico/dosis que se encontró hace aconsejable monitorizar las concentraciones séricas de fenobarbital en el tratamiento asociado con ticlopidina o nifedipina, especialmente al ajustar las dosis, iniciar o suspender el tratamiento con estos fármacos (AU)

Introduction. We report a case in which the association between ticlopidine, nifedipine and phenobarbital was linked with a higher than expected phenobarbital concentration in serum, which suggested a possible interaction between these drugs. Case report. A 67-year-old male who received treatment with phenobarbital, digoxin, nifedipine, ticlopidine, paroxetine and clorazepate dipotassium. The first control of the level of phenobarbital in serum was performed without any symptoms or signs of toxicity or ineffectiveness. A phenobarbital concentration in serum of 21.4 mg/L was obtained, with a serum level/dosage ratio of 16.7. Discussion. The serum level/dosage ratio of phenobarbital that was found in this case is almost twice as high as expected. In the absence of other factors that can explain this finding, we believe that two drugs (ticlopidine and nifedipine) may be involved in an interaction with phenobarbital. Conclusions. The high value of the serum level/dosage ratio that was found makes it advisable to monitor the concentrations of phenobarbital in serum in treatment associated with ticlopidine or nifedipine, especially when adjusting the dosage, beginning or ending treatment with these drugs (AU)