Unveiling the chemical profiling and remarkable modulation of carbohydrate metabolism by costus root, Dolomiaea costus (Falc.) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Dolomiaea costus (Falc.), formerly Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., an ayurvedic medicinal plant, has long been recognized and utilized in diverse indigenous systems of medicine for its multifaceted therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, carminative, expectorant, antiarthritic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, anodyne, and antidiabetic effects. AIM OF THE STUDY: The potential and underlying mechanisms of D. costus root as an antidiabetic agent were investigated in this study. Additionally, the quantification of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which dominate the extracts, was of particular interest in order to elucidate their contribution to the observed effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was employed to analyze the chemical constituents in D. costus root aqueous extract (DCA) and D. costus root ethanolic extract (DCE). Furthermore, the inhibitory potentials of DCE and its respective fractions as well as DCA against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase enzymes were assessed. Subsequently, the efficacy of DCA and DCE extracts was evaluated using an established streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animal model; this involved administering the extracts at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg bwt. and comparing them with a positive control (glibenclamide (Glib.) at 0.6 mg/kg bwt.). After induction of diabetes (except for negative control), all animals received the treatments orally for 21 days consecutively, followed by the collection of rat serum to assess various parameters including, glycemic and lipid profiles, liver and kidney functions, antioxidant activity, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis pathways. RESULTS: The results of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS revealed that isochlorogenic acid A (8393.64 µg/g) and chlorogenic acid (6532.65 µg/g) were the predominant compounds in DCE and DCA, respectively. Both extracts exhibited notable antidiabetic properties, as evidenced by their ability to regulate blood glycemic and lipid profiles (glucose, insulin, HBA1C; HDL, TC, TGs), liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, AST), kidney function (urea, creatinine, uric acid), oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA), antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GSH, SOD), as well as glycolysis (glucokinase) and gluconeogenesis (G-6-P, FBP1) pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Furthermore, the administration of D. costus extracts significantly mitigated STZ-induced diabetic hyperglycemia. These results can be attributed, at least partially, to the presence of several polyphenolic compounds with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Natural angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: A safeguard against hypertension, respiratory distress syndrome, and chronic kidney diseases.

Hypertension is a serious concern as it is one of the causes of kideny failure and pulmonary fibrosis. An important therapeutic strategy for treating chronic hypertension is to inhibit the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACE inhibition reduces kidney damage, pulmonary artery pressure, and high blood pressure. Due to their high efficacy and low risk of side effects, natural renin-angiotensin system inhibitors have drawn increasing attention over the past decades. Alkaloids, amino acids, anthocyanidins, flavonoids, glucosinolates, isoflavonoids, phenolic acids, polyphenolics, and triterpenoids are among the bioactive metabolites pocessing an impressive ACE inhibitory activity. Many herbs including Rosmarinus officinalis, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Curcuma longa, Rauwolfia serpentina, Emblica officinalis, Cynara scolymus, Punica granatum, Mucuna pruriens, Capsicum annuum, and Moringa olifera were found having ACE inhibitory activities comparable to captopril and enalpril. These enticing natural ACE inhibitors deserve to be a safeguard medicine against hypertension, respiratory distress syndrome, and chronic kidney diseases. More clinical trials are required before new natural compounds and herbs can be used to treat chronic hypertension and its ramifications, such as respiratory distress syndrome and kidney failure.

Herbal medicine: the magic way crouching microbial resistance.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses a high level of danger worldwide. Bacterial resistance mechanisms are spreading globally, impeding our ability to treat common infectious diseases. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics accelerate microbial resistance to antibiotics. Despite the exerted efforts, none of the newly developed antibiotics are expected to be effective against the dangerous forms of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Since many plants have been shown to contain powerful antimicrobial compounds that can act synergistically or alternatively to antibiotics, the demand for herbal medicines has recently increased to co-treat microbes that are resistant to antibiotics. Maximum benefit can be achieved when the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of natural products match the antibiotic. This review article refers to nine highly effective and key herbs to use alongside antibiotics to overcome crises of antibiotic resistance. Their unique molecular mechanisms of action have been highlighted.

A new firewall in the fight against breast cancer: in-vitro and in-silico studies correlating chemistry to apoptotic activity of Otostegia fruticosa.

Breast cancer is the most devastating disease for women. There is a great demand for new sources to treat this disease. Medicinal plants are an indispensable source of bioactive compounds with wide range of pharmacological activities. In-vitro cytotoxic activity of Otostegia fruticosa methanolic extract against human breast cancer was studied using MCF-7 cell line. The extract showed mildly potent activity (IC50 = 51 ± 9.836 µg/mL) in comparison to the standard anticancer doxorubicin (IC50 = 7.467 ± 1.05 µg/mL). Potential compounds responsible for activity have been identified using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) module on the major compounds detected by HPLC-MS/MS technique against estrogen alpha receptor (ERα+: PDB ID 2JF9). 3,5-di-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, hyperoside and rutin showed similar binding and antagonistic interaction with the estrogen alpha receptor as tamoxifen in several poses. The retrieved results confirm that we can add this plant to a powerful arsenal that combats this insidious disease.

Intriguing diverse chemistry and unique molecular mechanisms: new medicines with diverse pharmacological activities from cephalopods ink.

The ink that cephalopods secrete to hide and frighten the enemies contains a treasury rich in bioactive diverse compounds like DOPA, melanin, melanin synthase, tyrosinase, angiotensin converting enzyme, catecholamines, oligopeptides, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, fatty acids and minerals. These groups of the aforementioned compounds have promising unique in-vitro and in-vivo biological activities like antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, vasopressin, anti-Parkinson, anti-cancer, anti-coagulant, antimicrobial, anti-retroviral, anti-ulcerogenic and immune boosting activities. Cephalopods ink can be offered in its raw state or after separation and purification of its chemical constituents for use as natural medicine to treat many diverse diseases.

A new arsenal of polyphenols to make Parkinson's disease extinct: HPLC-MS/MS profiling, very interesting MAO-B inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity of Otostegia fruticosa.

Fifteen compounds belong to phenolic acids, derivatives of phenolic acids, iridoids, xanthones and flavonoids were characterized in the methanolic extract of Otostegia fruticosa leaves using HPLC-MS/MS. Extract has been also investigated for its MAO-B inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content. The extract exhibited interesting MAO-B inhibitory activity (IC50; 2.24 ± 0.08) compared to the reference compound selegiline (0.55 ± 0.02 µg/mL). It also showed a potent antioxidant activity proven in both DPPH and ORAC assay methods. The extract showed an IC50 of 3.64 ± 1.22 µg/mL in the DPPH test which was significantly lower than that of the standard ascorbic acid which attained an IC50 of 18.3 ± 1.41 µg/mL. Moreover, in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (ORAC) the extract showed a decline in the IC50 to 3.48 ± 1.16 µg/mL as compared to the standard Trolox which exhibited an IC50 of 27.0 ± 13.41.

Eucalyptus kino: a treasure trove of polyphenols eradicating tumors in-vivo by elevating caspase-3 level, inhibiting TGF-ß and NF-κb gene expression.

30 secondary polyphenolic metabolites were characterised in Eucalyptus kino methanol extract using HPLC-MS/MS. The antitumor activity of the extract in combination with low level ionising radiation in female mice with solid tumors from inoculated Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells was investigated. Tumor cell-inoculated mice received daily extract doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kgBW) with or without a single exposure to 0.25 Gy γ-rays, and cis-platin as a reference anticancer drug. Changes in the tumor volume, oxidative state, levels of caspase-3, TGF-ß and Nf-κB were assessed by q-PCR. Surprisingly, a dose of 200 mg/kg extract together with γ-radiation remarkably reduced the tumor volume, improved the oxidative and apoptotic biomarker levels. In conclusion, results showed that a combination of kino extract with low level γ-radiation synergistically reduced tumor progression due to the antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of the polyphenolics in the extract.

Dismantling Parkinson's disease with herbs: MAO-B inhibitory activity and quantification of chemical constituents using HPLC-MS/MS of Egyptian local market plants.

Withania somnifera, Angelica sinensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Simmondsia chinensis were acquired from the Egyptian market, profiled for their chemical constituents, screened for the in-vitro MAO-B inhibitory activity and evaluated for the total phenolic content. Thirty compounds were characterized in the selected herbs using HPLC-MS/MS. In-vitro MAO-B inhibitory activity and total phenolic content of the acquired herbs were compared with those of a prepared herbal formula consisting of a mixture of equal amounts of the four mentioned herbs. The most potent MAO-B inhibitory activity was exerted by the methanol extract of the prepared formula (IC50 of 712.19 ± 13.90 ng/mL) compared to selegiline (IC50 of 581.69 ± 11.35 ng/mL). The highest value of the total phenolic content was shown by Angelica sinensis methanolic extract (76.15 ± 0.1 mg/g) followed by Glycyrrhiza glabra methanolic extract (65.74 ± 0.1 mg/g), then the mixture's methanolic extract of the four herbs (37.04 ± 0.1 mg/g).

Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Extract Alleviates Neuropathic Pain in Rats via Modulation of the NF-κB/TNF-α/NOX/iNOS Pathway.

Patients with neuropathic pain experience chronic painful tingling, burning, and prickling sensations accompanied with hyperalgesia and/or allodynia. In this study, 38 secondary metabolites of a methanol extract from Salix tetrasperma flowers were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The extract showed substantial anti-inflammatory, central and peripheral anti-nociceptive, antipyretic, and antioxidant activities in vitro and in different animal models. In the chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model, the extract was able to attenuate and significantly relieve hyperalgesia and allodynia responses in a dose dependent manner and restore the myelin sheath integrity and Schwann cells average number in the sciatic nerve. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the extract significantly reduced the expression of various pro-inflammatory biomarkers including nuclear factor kabba B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the oxidative stress biomarker NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1), in brain stem and sciatic nerve tissues. These findings were supported by in vitro enzyme inhibition assays (COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX). Moreover, the extract significantly reduced p53 expression in the brain stem tissue. These findings support the use of S. tetrasperma in folk medicine to alleviate pain. It could be a promising natural product for further clinical investigations to treat inflammation, nociceptive pain and chronic neuropathic pain.

Albizia anthelmintica: HPLC-MS/MS profiling and in vivo anti-inflammatory, pain killing and antipyretic activities of its leaf extract.

In the current work, the phytochemical composition of a leaf methanol extract from Albizia anthelmintica was thoroughly investigated. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of the extract were investigated. In the carrageenan induced hind paw edema bioassay; the extract significantly reduced the edema thickness in rats and diminished the leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity in mice. The extract exhibited central and peripheral anti-nociceptive effects; it significantly decreased the number of acetic acid induced writhes and prolonged the latency time in the hot plate test. The extract showed a substantial antipyretic activity as it decreased significantly the elevated rectal temperature in mice after intraperitoneal injection of Brewer's yeast. Molecular docking of some major compounds in the extract to COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX, enzymes involved in the inflammation cascade, revealed appreciable interactions with the conserved amino acid residues in these target proteins. These findings were confirmed with in vitro enzyme inhibitory assays in which the extract showed IC50 values of 4.11, 0.054, and 1.74 µg/mL towards COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX, respectively. The extract displayed solid antioxidant properties as well with a TAC value of 35.13 U/L and EC50of 5.36 µg/mL in DPPH assay. These findings suggested that Albizia anthelmintica is a good antioxidant with potential therapeutic efficacy for treating inflammation, pain and related oxidative stress disorders.

In vitro antiprotozoal activity of some medicinal plants against sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis.

Aim: Antiprotozoal activity of 36 medicinal plants was evaluated. Materials & methods: In vitro potency against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. b. rhodesiense, T. cruzi and Leishmania infantum beside cytotoxicity on MRC-5 fibroblasts were determined. Results & conclusion: Maytenus parviflora showed the highest activity against T. b. brucei (IC50 of 0.6 µg/ml) and T. b. rhodesiense (IC50 of 0.5 µg/ml) with low cytotoxicity (CC50 of 30 µg/ml). Saussurea costus and Commiphora wightii, showed pronounced potency against T. cruzi with an IC50 of 3.6 and 2.5 µg/ml, respectively. Jatropha pelargonifolia and Solanum villosum exhibited pronounced activity toward L. infantum with an IC50 of 3.2 and 2.0 µg/ml, respectively. M. parviflora, S. costus, C. wightii, J. pelargonifolia and S. villosum showed relevant selectivity.

Tannin-rich extracts from Lannea stuhlmannii and Lannea humilis (Anacardiaceae) exhibit hepatoprotective activities in vivo via enhancement of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2.

The potential hepatoprotective activities of two Lannea species were explored in vivo. Furthermore, the binding activities of their main polyphenols to the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 were investigated. Based on HPLC-MS/MS results, 22 secondary metabolites were characterized in L. stuhlmannii (mainly tannins), while 20 secondary metabolites (mainly sulphated tannins) were identified in L. humilis. Both extracts exhibited substantial antioxidant activities in vitro and counteracted D-galactosamine induced intoxication in rats in vivo and increased the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of liver tissues. In addition to reducing the elevated levels of AST and total bilirubin, both extracts significantly attenuated the deleterious histopathologic changes in liver after D-galactosamine-intoxication. Also, both extracts protected hepatocytes from apoptotic cell death and increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. The identified compounds from both extracts can bind to the Bcl-2: Bim (BH3) interface with an appreciable binding free energy. Hydrogen and ionic bonds and hydrophobic interactions with amino acid residues in the hydrophobic face of Bim (BH3) domain were discovered. To sum up, L. humilis and L. stuhlmanni exhibited promising hepatoprotective activities in vivo against D-GalN-induced liver injury and their hepatoprotection is due to the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of tannins and proanthocyanidins.

HPLC-PDA-MS/MS Characterization of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Turraea fischeri Bark Extract and Its Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities In Vivo.

Turraea fischeri is an East African traditional herb, which is widely used in traditional medicine. In this study, we profiled the secondary metabolites in the methanol extract of T. fischeri bark using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS, and 20 compounds were tentatively identified. Several isomers of the flavonolignan cinchonain-I and bis-dihydroxyphenylpropanoid-substituted catechin hexosides dominated the extract. Robust in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties were observed in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Additionally, the extract exhibited promising hepatoprotective activities in D-galactosamine (D-GaIN) treated rats. A significant reduction in the elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and increase of glutathione (GSH) was observed in rats treated with the bark extract in addition to D-galactosamine when compared with rats treated with D-galactosamine alone. In conclusion, T. fischeri is apromising candidate for health-promoting and for pharmaceutical applications.