Sour Tamarind Is More Antihypertensive than the Sweeter One, as Evidenced by In Vivo Biochemical Indexes, Ligand-Protein Interactions, Multitarget Interactions, and Molecular Dynamic Simulation.

This research investigated the antihypertensive effects of tamarind products and compared their potentials based on an animal model's data verified by molecular docking, multitarget interactions, and dynamic simulation assays. GC-MS-characterized tamarind products were administered to cholesterol-induced hypertensive albino rat models. The two-week-intervened animals were dissected to collect their serum and organs and respectively subjected to analyses of their hypertension-linked markers and tissue architectures. The lead biometabolites of tamarinds interacted with eight target receptors in the molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies and with multitarget in the network pharmacological analyses. The results show that the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), C-reactive protein (CRP), troponin I, and lipid profiles were maximally reinstated by the phenolic-enriched ripened sour tamarind extract compared to the sweet one, but the seed extracts had a smaller influence. Among the tamarind's biometabolites, ϒ-sitosterol was found to be the best ligand to interact with the guanylate cyclase receptor, displaying the best drug-likeliness with the highest binding energy, -9.3 Kcal. A multitargeted interaction-based degree algorithm and a phylogenetic tree of pathways showed that the NR3C1, REN, PPARG, and CYP11B1 hub genes were consistently modulated by ϒ-sitosterol to reduce hypertension and related risk factors. The dynamic simulation study showed that the P-RMSD values of ϒ-sitosterol-guanylate cyclase were stable between 75.00 and 100.00 ns at the binding pocket. The findings demonstrate that ripened sour tamarind extract may be a prospective antihypertensive nutraceutical or supplement target affirmed through advanced preclinical and clinical studies.

Quercetin: A Functional Food-Flavonoid Incredibly Attenuates Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Infections through Immunomodulatory Actions.

Many of the medicinally active molecules in the flavonoid class of phytochemicals are being researched for their potential antiviral activity against various DNA and RNA viruses. Quercetin is a flavonoid that can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits and vegetables. It has been reported to be effective against a variety of viruses. This review, therefore, deciphered the mechanistic of how Quercetin works against some of the deadliest viruses, such as influenza A, Hepatitis C, Dengue type 2 and Ebola virus, which cause frequent outbreaks worldwide and result in significant morbidity and mortality in humans through epidemics or pandemics. All those have an alarming impact on both human health and the global and national economies. The review extended computing the Quercetin-contained natural recourse and its modes of action in different experimental approaches leading to antiviral actions. The gap in effective treatment emphasizes the necessity of a search for new effective antiviral compounds. Quercetin shows potential antiviral activity and inhibits it by targeting viral infections at multiple stages. The suppression of viral neuraminidase, proteases and DNA/RNA polymerases and the alteration of many viral proteins as well as their immunomodulation are the main molecular mechanisms of Quercetin's antiviral activities. Nonetheless, the huge potential of Quercetin and its extensive use is inadequately approached as a therapeutic for emerging and re-emerging viral infections. Therefore, this review enumerated the food-functioned Quercetin source, the modes of action of Quercetin for antiviral effects and made insights on the mechanism-based antiviral action of Quercetin.

Deciphering antidiarrheal effects of Meda pata (Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob.) leaf extract in chemical-induced models of albino rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of preventable death in developing countries, mainly caused by bacterial infections and traditional therapies are very common in diarrheal incidences. Meda Pata (Litsea glutionsa) has a long history of use as traditional medicine for diarrhea, dysentery, and spasm in Bangladesh, India, and some other Asian countries. AIM OF THE STUDY: This research reports the antidiarrheal effects of Meda Pata (Litsea glutinosa leaf extract, LGLEx) in animal models. The work has been supported by in silico molecular docking study to verify the effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antidiarrheal effect of LGLEx was investigated in castor oil-induced diarrhea, magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea, and gastrointestinal motility test models. Antidiarrheal effects were supported by a molecular docking study through an interaction between LGLEx's GC-MS analyzed imidazole-containing compounds and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (PDB: 4U14) and 5-HT3 receptor (PDB: 5AIN). RESULTS: LGLEx potentially reduced the diarrheal incidences in in vivo assays reducing gastrointestinal motility. The maximum diarrheal inhibition was obtained in the castor oil-induced model (62.63%) and and BaSO4-induced model (73.14%), which were statistically significant (P < 0.05) when compared to the reference drug loperamide. In the castor-oil and BaSO4-induced models, peristaltic movement was reduced by 25.96% and 32.17%, respectively. Biochemical markers particularly IgE, C-reactive proteins, and serum electrolytes were significantly (P < 0.0) restored in treated groups. A Molecular docking analysis revealed that two compounds (1-Ethyl-2-hydroxymethylimidazole and 1,6-Anhydro-beta-D-glucofuranose demonstrated the highest binding affinity with target receptors muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (PDB: 4U14) and 5-HT3 receptor (PDB: 5AIN) confirming their drug likeliness. The findings indicate a high potential antidiarrheal impact that warrants further investigation for its therapeutic application.