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1.
J Nutr Health Aging ; 22(6): 664-675, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29806855

RESUMO

Aging and disease-related malnutrition are well associated with loss of muscle mass and function. Muscle mass loss may lead to increased health complications and associated increase in health care costs, especially in hospitalized individuals. High protein oral nutritional supplements enriched with ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HP-ONS+HMB) have been suggested to provide benefits such as improving body composition, maintaining muscle mass and function and even decreasing mortality rates. The present review aimed to examine current evidence on the effect of HP-ONS+HMB on muscle-related clinical outcomes both in community and peri-hospitalization patients. Overall, current evidence suggests that therapeutic nutrition such as HP-ONS+HMB seems to be a promising tool to mitigate the decline in muscle mass and preserve muscle function, especially during hospital rehabilitation and recovery.


Assuntos
Desnutrição/dietoterapia , Desnutrição/prevenção & controle , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Sarcopenia/dietoterapia , Sarcopenia/prevenção & controle , Valeratos/uso terapêutico , Envelhecimento , Composição Corporal , Suplementos Nutricionais , Humanos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Musculoesqueléticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estado Nutricional
2.
Nutr. hosp., Supl ; 2(supl.2): 38-55, mayo 2009. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-72245

RESUMO

En esta revisión valoraremos el tema en cuatro fases: 1) Prevención primaria Factores de riesgo no modificables: 1) Edad, 2) Sexo, 3) Bajo peso al nacer, 4) Raza, 5) Factores genéticos. Factores de riesgo modificables: 1) Enfermedad aterosclerótica, 2) Hipertensión arterial, 3) Diabetes mellitus, 4) Dislipemia, 5) Hábito tabáquico, 6) Consumo abusivo de alcohol, 7) Actividad física, 8) Dieta y nutrición: Las sociedades científicas recomiendan la dieta DASH (fruta, vegetales, pobre en grasas totales y saturadas) para reducir la presión arterial. La dieta rica solamente en fruta y vegetales puede disminuir el riesgo de ictus. Se recomienda reducir el consumo de sodio (≤ 2,3 g 100 mmol/día) y aumentar el de potasio (≥ 4,7 g . 120 mmol/día). para reducir la presión arterial. 9) Obesidad y distribución de la grasa corporal, 10) Hiperhomocisteinemia. 2) Tratamiento de la fase aguda La incidencia de malnutrición varían entre un 7-15% al ingreso. Después del ictus el estado nutricional se deteriora, generalmente por disfagia y déficit motores que dificultan la alimentación autónoma estando ya desnutridos el 22-35%. La presencia de malnutrición en estos pacientes condiciona de forma desfavorable su pronóstico. En caso de presentar alguna dificultad para la ingesta normal y siempre que el riesgo de aspiración sea mínimo, estar. indicado realizar modificaciones en la textura de la dieta. Si el paciente presenta fatiga o saciedad precoz será útil hacer tomas de poca cantidad pero muy frecuentes. Con mucha frecuencia nos encontramos disfagia para líquidos y deberemos espesar éstos con productos de nutrición enteral como los módulos de espesante. En pacientes con un estado nutricional deficitario o que no cubren sus requerimientos nutricionales con dieta oral los suplementos de nutrición enteral son un recurso eficaz. En pacientes con disfagia persistente, las vías para la administración de nutrición enteral m.s frecuentes son la sonda nasogástrica (SNG) y la gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (PEG). La fórmula de elección es una polimérica, normoproteica y normocalórica y con fibra, salvo que alguna otra situación haga recomendable otro tipo diferente. En los casos de pacientes con desnutrición al ingreso o con úlceras de decúbito se recomienda una fórmula hiperprotéica. Es frecuente la hiperglucemia de estrés, que con fórmulas específicas para la diabetes mellitus se consigue controlar sin requerir tratamiento farmacológico hipoglucemiante ni control glucémico intensivo. 3) Cuidados tras el alta El desarrollo de malnutrición en este grupo de pacientes puede ser muy frecuente y se debe a míltiples factores. Si aparece disfagia, se favorece el desarrollo de infecciones por aspiración. Se debe realizar un seguimiento nutricional de los pacientes que han requerido soporte nutricional durante la fase aguda del ictus hasta su completa recuperación y un aporte de nutrientes adecuado. La nutrición enteral domiciliaria ha demostrado ser coste efectiva en este grupo de pacientes. 4) Prevención secundaria. Manejo óptimo de los factores de riesgo vascular: 1) Hipertensión arterial, 2) Diabetes mellitus, 3) Dislipemia, 4) Hábito tabáquico, 5) Sobrepeso, 6) Vitaminas (AU)


In this review we will approach the topic in four stages: 1) Primary prevention Non-modifiable risk factors: 1) Age, 2) Gender, 3) Low birth weight, 4) Ethnicity, 5) Genetic factors. Modifiable risk factors: 1) Atherosclerotic disease, 2) Arterial hypertension, 3) Diabetes mellitus, 4) Dyslipidemia, 5) Cigarette smoking, 6) Alcohol abuse, 7) Physical activity, 8) Diet and nutrition: the scientific societies recommend the DASH diet (fruits, vegetables, and low in total fat and saturated fat) in order to reduce the blood pressure. The diet rich only in fruits and vegetables may decrease the risk of ictus. Reduction in sodium intake (£ 2.3 g or 100 mmol/day) and increase of potassium (4.7 g or 120 mmol/day) are recommended to reduce arterial blood pressure. 9) Obesity and distribution of body fat, 10) Hyperhomocysteinemia. 2) Managing the acute phase The incidence of malnourishment ranges 7%-15% at admission. After the CVA the nutritional status worsens, generally due to dysphagia and motor deficits that impair autonomous feeding, 22%-35% of the patients being already malnourished. The presence of malnourishment in these patients unfavourably affects their prognosis. In the case of having some difficulty for normal feeding and whenever the risk for aspiration is low, modifying the texture of the diet is indicated. If the patient presents fatigue or early satiety, having small but frequent intakes will be useful. It is common to encounter dysphagia for liquids so that beverages should be thicken with enteral nutrition products such as thickeners. In patients with a deficient nutritional status or not meeting the nutritional requirements with an oral diet, the enteral nutrition supplements are an effective resource. In patients with persistent dysphagia, the most common routes for administrating enteral nutrition are the nasogastric tube (NGT) and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). The first choice formula should be polymeric, normo-proteinic and normocaloric, with fibre, unless the recommendation is changed by some other condition. In the case of patients with hyponutrition at admission or with decubitus ulcers a hyperproteinic diet is recommended. Stress-induced hyperglycaemia is common, which may be controlled with specific diabetes mellitus formulas without needing pharmacological therapy for lowering glucose levels or intensive glycemic monitoring. 3) Care at discharge The development of malnourishment in this group of patients may be very common and is due to multiple factors. If dysphagia ensues, the occurrence of aspiration induced infections is facilitated. A nutritional follow-up should be done in the patients having required nutritional support during the acute phase of a CVA until complete recovery and appropriate nutrients intake are achieved. Home-based enteral nutrition has been shown to be cost effective in this group of patients. 4) Secondary prevention. Optimal management of vascular risk factors: 1) Arterial hypertension, 2) Diabetes mellitus, 3) Dyslipidemia, 4) Cigarette smoking, 5) Overweight, 6) Vitamins (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/dietoterapia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Desnutrição/dietoterapia , Desnutrição/etiologia , Recuperação Nutricional , Apoio Nutricional , Fatores de Risco , Prognóstico
3.
Av. diabetol ; 22(3): 207-215, jul.-sept. 2006. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-050115

RESUMO

La nutrición enteral o parenteral en pacientes con diabetes es frecuente en la práctica clínica. La valoración nutricional, las indicaciones del soporte nutricional y el cálculo de los requerimientos calóricos son similares a los de los pacientes no diabéticos, a excepción de las situaciones clínicas de gastroparesia diabética y de sobrepeso. Se debe evitar la sobrealimentación, por lo que el peso usado para calcular los requerimientos calóricos debería ser uno intermedio entre el ideal y el real. Las fórmulas de nutrición enteral con menor contenido en hidratos de carbono y más ricas en grasas se asocian con un mejor control glucémico que las fórmulas estándares usadas. No hay evidencias científi cas para la nutrición enteral continua en pacientes hospitalizados. Cuando se inicia nutrición enteral por sonda, se recomienda el uso de insulinas de acción rápida hasta que la perfusión llega a 40 mL/h, a partir de la cual el empleo de insulina NPH o análogos de insulina de acción prolongada (glargina o detemir) suele ser seguro. Se pueden usar hipoglucemiantes orales en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 bien controlados y estables. Antes de la administración de nutrición parenteral, debería realizarse un control de glucemia y añadir una cantidad basal de insulina rápida a la solución de nutrición parenteral en los casos de glucemia >150 mg/dL o en pacientes en tratamiento previo con insulina o hipoglucemiantes orales. Se suele iniciar con 0,1 UI/g de glucosa administradas en la solución y suplementos de insulina rápida subcutánea ante situaciones de hiperglucemia, pero cuando ésta es importante, se requiere la instauración de perfusión de insulina intravenosa (i.v.)


In clinical practice, enteral or parenteral nutrition is frequently administered to diabetic patients. Nutritional assessment, indications for nutritional support and the estimation of nutritional needs are similar to those of nondiabetic patients, except that diabetic gastroparesis and excess weight are specific clinical conditions associated with diabetes. To avoid overfeeding, the weight used to estimate caloric requirements should be intermediate between the ideal and the current weight. Enteral formulas with less carbohydrate and more fat content are associated with better glycemic control than standard formulas. There is no evidence to support continuous enteral feeding in hospitalized patients. When initiating tube feeding, the administration of short-acting insulin is recommended, but once the infusion rate has reached 40 mL/h, the use of NPH or long-acting insulin analogues (insulin glargine or detemir) is generally safe. Oral hypoglycemic agents can be used in well-controlled type 2 diabetic patients. Before initiation of parenteral nutrition, capillary blood glucose should be measured. If glucose values are higher than 150 mg/dL or the patient had previously been treated with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, the addition of short-acting insulin to the parenteral nutrition solution is recommended. A common starting dose is 0.1 IU/g of dextrose in the solution and subcutaneous short-acting insulin supplements for elevated glucose values. When hyperglycemia is marked and persistent, intravenous insulin infusion is required


Assuntos
Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Nutrição Parenteral/métodos , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Apoio Nutricional/métodos , Gastroparesia/dietoterapia , Diabetes Mellitus/dietoterapia
5.
Nutr Hosp ; 9(5): 295-303, 1994.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7986852

RESUMO

When the supply of energetic substrates is insufficient to slow the development of the catabolism, the next step is to focus on the neuro-endocrine mechanism which regulates the anabolism-catabolism balance. In this work, we review the endocrine response to stress and its implications in protein metabolism, in order to evaluate the different therapeutic possibilities available. Pharmacological blocking of the secretion of catabolic hormones (glucagon and catecholamines) has been unsuccessful up to now. Insulin is the only hormone which produces anabolism in all energetic substrates, but the results published about its administration with glucose and amino acids and its effects upon the nitrogen balance are controversial. The administration of anabolic steroids such as nandrolone, stanolone, and methenolone are usually associated with protein anabolism with minimum androgenizing action. The most recent works lead to the study of the effects of the use of GH and IGF-1 with clearly hopeful results. We have not yet acquired enough experience to use these methods in the habitual clinical practice. At the moment, the clinical studies are in the experimental stage and their application in nutrition is not accepted by the official authorities.


Assuntos
Hormônios/uso terapêutico , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônios/fisiologia , Humanos , Apoio Nutricional , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios , Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas/metabolismo , Estresse Fisiológico/metabolismo , Estresse Fisiológico/terapia
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