A Protocol for Organoids from the Urine of Bladder Cancer Patients.

This study investigates the feasibility of establishing urine-derived tumor organoids from bladder cancer (BC) patients as an alternative to tissue-derived organoids. BC is one of the most common cancers worldwide and current diagnostic methods involve invasive procedures. Here, we investigated the potential of using urine samples, which contain exfoliated tumor cells, to generate urine-derived BC organoids (uBCOs). Urine samples from 29 BC patients were collected and cells were isolated and cultured in a three-dimensional matrix. The establishment and primary expansion of uBCOs were successful in 83% of the specimens investigated. The culturing efficiency of uBCOs was comparable to cancer tissue-derived organoids. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to characterize the uBCOs exhibited similar expressions of BC markers compared to the parental tumor. These findings suggest that urine-derived BC organoids hold promise as a non-invasive tool for studying BC and evaluating therapeutic responses. This approach could potentially minimize the need for invasive procedures and provide a platform for personalized drug screening. Further research in this area may lead to improved diagnostic and treatment strategies for BC patients.

Porphyrin Metalation at MgO Surfaces: A Spectroscopic and Quantum Mechanical Study on Complementary Model Systems.

We show that both single-crystalline and nanostructured MgO surfaces convert free-base tetraphenyl porphyrin (2HTPP) into magnesium tetraphenyl porphyrin (MgTPP) at room temperature. The reaction can be viewed as an ion exchange between the two aminic protons of the 2HTPP molecule with a Mg(2+) ion from the surface. The driving force for the reaction is the strong stability of the formed hydroxyl groups along the steps and at defects on the MgO surface. We have used an integrated characterization approach that includes UV/Vis diffuse reflectance measurements on nanostructured powders, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic investigation of atomically clean MgO(100) single-crystalline thin films, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations on model systems. The DFT calculations demonstrate that MgTPP formation is strongly exothermic at the corners, edges and steps, but slightly endothermic on terrace sites. This agrees well with the UV/Vis diffuse reflectance, which upon adsorption of 2HTPP shows a decrease in the absorption band associated with corner and edge sites on MgO nanocube powders.

Deciphering the rhizosphere microbiome for disease-suppressive bacteria.

Disease-suppressive soils are exceptional ecosystems in which crop plants suffer less from specific soil-borne pathogens than expected owing to the activities of other soil microorganisms. For most disease-suppressive soils, the microbes and mechanisms involved in pathogen control are unknown. By coupling PhyloChip-based metagenomics of the rhizosphere microbiome with culture-dependent functional analyses, we identified key bacterial taxa and genes involved in suppression of a fungal root pathogen. More than 33,000 bacterial and archaeal species were detected, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria consistently associated with disease suppression. Members of the γ-Proteobacteria were shown to have disease-suppressive activity governed by nonribosomal peptide synthetases. Our data indicate that upon attack by a fungal root pathogen, plants can exploit microbial consortia from soil for protection against infections.

Reduction of rare soil microbes modifies plant-herbivore interactions.

Rare species are assumed to have little impact on community interactions and ecosystem processes. However, very few studies have actually attempted to quantify the role of rare species in ecosystems. Here we compare effects of soil community assemblages on plant-herbivore interactions and show that reduction of rare soil microbes increases both plant biomass and plant nutritional quality. Two crop plant species growing in soil where rare microbes were reduced, had tissues of higher nutritional quality, which theoretically makes them more susceptible to pest organisms such as shoot-feeding aphids and root-feeding nematodes. Reduction of rare microbes increased aphid body size in the absence of nematodes; nematodes always reduced aphid body size independent of the soil microbial community. This study is the first to show that rare soil microbes are not redundant but may play a role in crop protection by enhancing aboveground and belowground plant defence. It remains to be tested whether these are direct effects of rare soil microbes on plants and herbivores, or indirect effects via shifts in the microbial soil community assemblages.

[The history of massage in the ways of life and healing in India]. / Zur geschichte der massage in der indischen lebens- und heilweise.

The use of massage in India can be accounted for back to the time of the first indo-aryan settlements; its is however, likely that massage was already in use during the preceding era of the Indus valley culture.The important cultural function of the ancient practice of home massage can be seen in that massage was often linked to social, religious or ritual customs. Massage was considered to be beneficial to health. The classic Ayurveda texts mention massage in this sense and recommend it as an almost indispensible healing factor. To this day, massage is regularly used in India for the promotion of general health and fitness as well as in treating minor health problems. Ayurvedic doctors also employ massage as a complete therapy to be applied systematically in the treatment of serious illness. Massage is most commonly applied to the entire body or individual body parts with the aid of ample amounts of warmed oils and, at times, other substances which are specific to the patient's constitution. The usual massage method is similar in some ways to the western method. The Ayurveda system, moreover, has a wide range of special massage methods which are used to treat particular illnesses. While today the efficacy and effect of western massage is, in large part, accounted for scientifically, in India, common, traditional massage is usually employed based on ancient experience. The general social conditions in southern Asia will likely ensure that these types of massage will continue to be a respected and frequently practised aspect of Indian culture in the future.