RESUMO
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a fish viral pathogen that causes severe disease and huge economic losses in the salmonid aquaculture industry. However, anti-IHNV drugs currently are scarce. For the purpose of seeking out anti-IHNV drugs, the anti-IHNV activities of 32 medicinal plants were investigated by using epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. Among these plants, Prunella vulgaris L. (PVL) showed the strongest inhibition on IHNV replication with an inhibitory percentage of 99.3% at the concentration 100â¯mg/L. Further studies demonstrated that ursolic acid (UA), a major constituent of PVL, also showed a highly effective anti-IHNV activity. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 72â¯h of UA on IHNV was 8.0⯵M. Besides, UA could significantly decrease cytopathic effect (CPE) and the viral titer induced by IHNV in EPC cells. More importantly, UA also showed a strong anti-IHNV activity in vivo, as indicated by increasing the survival rate of rainbow trout and inhibiting viral gene expression. Intraperitoneal injection of UA increased the relative percentage of survival of rainbow trout by 18.9% and inhibited IHNV glycoprotein mRNA expression by > 90.0% in the spleen at the 1st-day post-infection. Altogether, UA was expected to be a therapeutic agent against IHNV infection in aquaculture.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Vírus da Necrose Hematopoética Infecciosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Prunella/química , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Triterpenos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Aquicultura , Linhagem Celular , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Epiteliais/virologia , Doenças dos Peixes/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Vírus da Necrose Hematopoética Infecciosa/fisiologia , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Oncorhynchus mykiss/virologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/tratamento farmacológico , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido UrsólicoRESUMO
Viral diseases in aquaculture were challenging because there are few preventative measures and/or treatments. Our previous study indicated that imidazole arctigenin derivatives possessed antiviral activities against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Based on the structure-activity relationship in that study, a new imidazole arctigenin derivative, 4-(8-(2-ethylimidazole)octyloxy)-arctigenin (EOA), was designed, synthesized and its anti-IHNV activity was evaluated. By comparing inhibitory concentration at half-maximal activity (IC50), we found that EOA (IC50â¯=â¯0.56â¯mg/L) possessed a higher antiviral activity than those imidazole arctigenin derivatives in our previous study. Besides, EOA could significantly decrease cytopathic effect (CPE) and viral titer induced by IHNV in epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells. In addition, EOA significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by IHNV in EPC cells. Further data verified that EOA inhibited IHNV replication in rainbow trout, with reducing 32.0% mortality of IHNV-infected fish. The results suggested that EOA was more stable with a prolonged inhibitory half-life in the early stage of virus infection (1-4 days). Consistent with above results, EOA repressed IHNV glycoprotein gene expression in virus sensitive tissues (kidney and spleen) in the early stage of virus infection. Moreover, histopathological evaluation showed that tissues from the spleen and kidney of fish infected with IHNV exhibited pathological changes. But there were no lesions in any of the tissues from the control group and EOA-treaten group. In accordance with the histopathological assay, EOA could elicited anti-inflammation response in non-viral infected rainbow trout by down-regulating the expression of cytokine genes (IL-8, IL-12p40, and TNF-α). Altogether, EOA was expected to be a therapeutic agent against IHNV infection in the field of aquaculture.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Furanos/farmacologia , Vírus da Necrose Hematopoética Infecciosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Lignanas/farmacologia , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologiaRESUMO
Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) is a viral fish pathogen causing high mortality in several carp species and other cultivated fish. However, robust anti-SVCV drugs currently are extremely scarce. For the purpose of seeking out anti-SVCV drugs, here a total of 35 arctigenin derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-viral activities. By comparing the inhibitory concentration at half-maximal activity (IC50) of the 15 screened candidate drugs (max inhibitory response surpassing 90%) in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells infected with SVCV, 2Q and 6â¯A were chosen for additional validation studies, with an IC50 of 0.077⯵g/mL and 0.095⯵g/mL, respectively. Further experiments revealed that 2Q and 6â¯A could significantly decrease SVCV-induced apoptosis and have a protective effect on cell morphology at 48 and 72â¯h post-infection. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced upon SVCV infection could be obviously inhibited by 2Q and 6â¯A, while SVCV-infected cells were clearly observed. On account of these findings, 2Q and 6â¯A could have a promising application for the treatment of infection of SVCV and provide a considerable reference for novel antivirals in aquaculture.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Furanos/farmacologia , Lignanas/farmacologia , Rhabdoviridae/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Carpas , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/veterinária , Ésteres/química , Éteres/química , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To obtain the information on ecological adaptation of Ocimun basilicum introduced from Xinjiang to Hangzhou and study the effect of different harvesting times, drying methods, and different organs of Ocimun basilicum on Volatile oil content METHODS: Extraction was undertaken according to The Pharmacopoeia of China, 2010 edition. RESULTS: Sun-drying was the most efficient way to obtain Volatile oil compared with other methods. The largest biomass was harvested at 3rd, September. Furthermore, Volatile oil was found to accumulate mostly in the flowers and little in the stems. CONCLUSION: Ocimun basilicum can readily inhabit in Hangzhou and its economic value can be significant improved by growing two seasons per year. Only harvest leaves and flowers can significantly reduce the cost for transport and also increase oil extract rate of Volatile oil.
Assuntos
Ocimum basilicum/química , Ocimum basilicum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Plantas Medicinais/química , Biomassa , China , Dessecação/métodos , Ecossistema , Flores/química , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Óleos Voláteis/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Caules de Planta/química , Plantas Medicinais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Controle de Qualidade , Estações do AnoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To screen the optimized methods for detection seed viability and germination rate determination of Atractylodes macrocephala, and determine the relationship between seed viability and germination rate. METHOD: There were four methods, which including 2,3,5-triphynel tetrazolilum chloride (TTC) staining, red ink staining, BTB staining and Nongjia method, to evaluate the 12 A. macrocephala local varieties'seed viability and measure their germination rate. RESULT: Seed viability of A. macrocephala using TTC staining ranked the first compared to that of other three methods. Seed viability was significantly related with germination rate using TTC method. Their correlation coefficient reached 0.915 and regression equation was also found out between seed viability (X) and germination rate (Y), which was Y = -0.083 4 + 0.995 4X. CONCLUSION: TTC staining was the optimal method to determine A. macrocephala seed vitality. Furthermore, seed viability was significant related with germination rate of A. macrocephala.