Bioguided isolation, identification and bioactivity evaluation of anti-fatigue constituents from Schizophyllum commune.

This study aims to clarify the specific anti-fatigue components of Schizophyllum commune (S.commune) and analyze its potential anti-fatigue mechanism. The main anti-fatigue active ingredient of S.commune was locked in n-butanol extract (SPE-n) by activity evaluation. Twelve compounds were identified by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The anti-fatigue effect of morusin is the most predominant among these 12 ingredients. The determination of biochemical indices showed that morusin could increase liver glycogen reserves, improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes in liver, and reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in muscle tissue, thereby reducing myocyte damage. Further studies revealed that morusin could reduce the level of oxidative stress by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, thus alleviating the fatigue of mice caused by exhaustive exercise. The current findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of natural anti-fatigue functional food.

Integrative multiomics enhancer activity profiling identifies therapeutic vulnerabilities in cholangiocarcinoma of different etiologies.

OBJECTIVES: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous malignancy with high mortality and dismal prognosis, and an urgent clinical need for new therapies. Knowledge of the CCA epigenome is largely limited to aberrant DNA methylation. Dysregulation of enhancer activities has been identified to affect carcinogenesis and leveraged for new therapies but is uninvestigated in CCA. Our aim is to identify potential therapeutic targets in different subtypes of CCA through enhancer profiling. DESIGN: Integrative multiomics enhancer activity profiling of diverse CCA was performed. A panel of diverse CCA cell lines, patient-derived and cell line-derived xenografts were used to study identified enriched pathways and vulnerabilities. NanoString, multiplex immunohistochemistry staining and single-cell spatial transcriptomics were used to explore the immunogenicity of diverse CCA. RESULTS: We identified three distinct groups, associated with different etiologies and unique pathways. Drug inhibitors of identified pathways reduced tumour growth in in vitro and in vivo models. The first group (ESTRO), with mostly fluke-positive CCAs, displayed activation in estrogen signalling and were sensitive to MTOR inhibitors. Another group (OXPHO), with mostly BAP1 and IDH-mutant CCAs, displayed activated oxidative phosphorylation pathways, and were sensitive to oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors. Immune-related pathways were activated in the final group (IMMUN), made up of an immunogenic CCA subtype and CCA with aristolochic acid (AA) mutational signatures. Intratumour differences in AA mutation load were correlated to intratumour variation of different immune cell populations. CONCLUSION: Our study elucidates the mechanisms underlying enhancer dysregulation and deepens understanding of different tumourigenesis processes in distinct CCA subtypes, with potential significant therapeutics and clinical benefits.

Based on network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the molecular mechanism of Ginseng and Astragalus decoction against postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Traditional Chinese medicine suggests that Ginseng and Astragalus Decoction (GAD) may effectively treat postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO). However, the exact mechanism of action for GAD remains unclear. This study aims to utilize network pharmacology and molecular docking technology to explore the potential mechanism of GAD in treating PMO. The main chemical components of GAD were identified by consulting literature and traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database. GeneCards and online mendelian inheritance in man were used to identify PMO disease targets, and Cytoscape 3.8.2 software was used to construct a herb-disease-gene-target network. The intersection of drug targets and disease targets was introduced into the search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes platform to construct a protein-protein interaction network. Additionally, we further conducted gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment analyses, followed by molecular docking between active ingredients and core protein targets. We have identified 59 potential targets related to the treatment of PMO by GAD, along with 33 effective components. Quercetin and kaempferol are the compounds with higher degree. In the protein-protein interaction network, IL6, AKT1, and IL1B are proteins with high degree. The enrichment analysis of gene ontology and KEEG revealed that biological processes involved in treating PMO with GAD mainly include response to hormones, positive regulation of phosphorylation, and regulation of protein homodimerization activity. The signal pathways primarily include Pathways in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway. Molecular docking results indicate that kaempferol and quercetin have a high affinity for IL6, AKT1, and IL1B. Our research predicts that IL6, AKT1, and IL1B are highly likely to be potential targets for treating PMO with GAD. PI3K/AKT pathway and AGE-ARGE pathway may play an important role in PMO.

A Chinese Herb Prescription "Fang-gan Decoction" Protects Against Damage to Lung and Colon Epithelial Cells Caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein by Regulating the TGF-ß/Smad2/3 and NF-κB Pathways.

Objective To explore the effects and mechanisms of a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, "Fang-gan Decoction" (FGD), in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced lung and intestinal injuries in vitro and in vivo.Methods Female BALB/c mice and three cell lines pretreated with FGD were stimulated with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (spike protein). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and pathologic scoring of tissues, cell permeability and viability, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the lung and colon were detected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the levels of inflammatory factors in serum and cell supernatant. The expression of NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65, p-IκBα, p-Smad2/3, TGF-ß1, Caspase3, and Bcl-2 was evaluated by Western blotting.Results FGD protected against the damage to the lung and colon caused by the spike protein in vivo and in vitro according to the pathologic score and cell permeability and viability (P<0.05). FGD up-regulated ACE2 expression, which was reduced by the spike protein in the lung and colon, significantly improved the deregulation of inflammatory markers caused by the spike protein, and regulated the activity of TGF-ß/Smads and NF-κB signaling.Conclusion Traditional Chinese medicine has a protective effect on lung and intestinal tissue injury stimulated by the spike protein through possible regulatory functions of the NF-κB and TGF-ß1/Smad pathways with tissue type specificity.

A Brief Review of Natural Products with Urate Transporter 1 Inhibition for the Treatment of Hyperuricemia.

Hyperuricemia is a common disease caused by a high level of uric acid. Urate transporter 1 (URAT1) is an important protein and mediates approximately 90% of uric acid reabsorption. Therefore, the URAT1 inhibitor is a class of uricosuric medicines widely used in the clinic for the treatment of hyperuricemia. To find the new medicine with stronger URAT1 inhibition and lower toxicity, researchers have been exploring natural products. This study systematically summarizes the natural products with URAT1 inhibition. The results show that many natural products are potential URAT1 inhibitors, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, stilbenes, and steroids, among which flavonoids are the most promising source of URAT1 inhibitors. It is worth noting that most studies have focused on finding natural products with inhibition of URAT1 and have not explored their activities and mechanisms toward URAT1. By reviewing the few existing studies of the structure-activity relationship and analyzing common features of natural products with URAT1 inhibition, we speculate that the rigid ring structure and negative charge may be the keys for natural products to produce URAT1 inhibition. In conclusion, natural products are potential URAT1 inhibitors, and exploring the mechanism of action and structure-activity relationship will be an important research direction in the future.

Dietary citrate supplementation enhances longevity, metabolic health, and memory performance through promoting ketogenesis.

Citrate is an essential substrate for energy metabolism that plays critical roles in regulating cell growth and survival. However, the action of citrate in regulating metabolism, cognition, and aging at the organismal level remains poorly understood. Here, we report that dietary supplementation with citrate significantly reduces energy status and extends lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Our genetic studies in fruit flies implicate a molecular mechanism associated with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), target of rapamycin (TOR), and ketogenesis. Mice fed a high-fat diet that supplemented with citrate or the ketone body ß-hydroxybutyrate (ßOHB) also display improved metabolic health and memory. These results suggest that dietary citrate supplementation may prove to be a useful intervention in the future treatment of age-related dysfunction.

Chronic Ethanol Consumption Induces Osteopenia via Activation of Osteoblast Necroptosis.

Chronic high-dose alcohol consumption impairs bone remodeling, reduces bone mass, and increases the risk of osteoporosis and bone fracture. However, the mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced osteoporosis are yet to be elucidated. In this study, we showed that excess intake of ethyl alcohol (EtOH) resulted in osteopenia and osteoblast necroptosis in mice that led to necrotic lesions and reduced osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). We found that EtOH treatment led to the activation of the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling, resulting in increased osteoblast necroptosis and decreased osteogenic differentiation and bone formation both in vivo and in vitro. We further discovered that excessive EtOH treatment-induced osteoblast necroptosis might partly depend on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation; concomitantly, ROS contributed to necroptosis of osteoblasts through a positive feedback loop involving RIPK1/RIPK3. In addition, blocking of the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling by necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a key inhibitor of RIPK1 kinase in the necroptosis pathway, or antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an inhibitor of ROS, could decrease the activation of osteoblast necroptosis and ameliorate alcohol-induced osteopenia both in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, we demonstrated that chronic high-dose alcohol consumption induced osteopenia via osteoblast necroptosis and revealed that RIPK1 kinase may be a therapeutic target for alcohol-induced osteopenia.

Long-term partial replacement of mineral fertilizer with in situ crop residues ensures continued rice yields and soil fertility: A case study of a 27-year field experiment in subtropical China.

High yields and environment-related issues because of over-fertilization in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production is a major concern in China. Partial replacement of mineral fertilizer (MF) with organic matter is considered a win-win approach for resource-saving and environmentally friendly rice production. Here, we examined the effects of reduced MF and in situ crop residue on the rice yield and soil fertility in the long term. A 27-year field experiment (a randomized block design with three replicates) in subtropical China was conducted to test the feasibility of the substitution in a double rice paddy ecosystem. The treatments were CT (no fertilizer application considered as control), NPK (mineral fertilizer N, P, and K), and RFC (reduced MF and in situ crop residue to supplement the reduced NPK dose). The crop residue included half of the rice straw and green manure contents, which were retained in situ in the RFC treatment. The RFC maintained the same rice yield and soil fertility levels as NPK. In general, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) content in RFC increased by 10.3% -20.8%, and 7.5% -28.0%, respectively, than that in NPK from the 5th to the 25th years. There was no significant difference in the content and net accumulation of SOC, TN, and TP and soil available nutrients between the RFC and NPK treatments after 25 years. The average annual yields were 9690 and 9872 kg ha-1 for the NPK and RFC treatments, respectively. There was no difference in the yield of the first, second, and annual rice crops between RFC and NPK in most years (six of the fifty-four seasons showed a significant difference). RFC increased the partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE) of MF, and yield stability (CV) (p < 0.05). Positive nutrient balance and a reduced loss of nutrients are evident reasons for achieving better indicators (PFP, AE, and CV) for nutrient compensation and organic nutrient utilization in the RFC treatment. The partial replacement of MF with in situ crop residue retention, is a simple and efficient way to maintain the soil fertility and rice yield as NPK in southern China.

Discovery of novel HBV capsid assembly modulators by structure-based virtual screening and bioassays.

HBV capsid assembly has been regarded as an attractive potential target for anti-HBV therapy. In this study, we discovery the Novel HBV capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) through structure-based virtual screening and bioassays. A total of 16 structurally diverse compounds were purchased and assayed, including three compounds with inhibition rate > 50% at 20 µM. Further lead optimization based on the most potent compound II-1-7 (EC50 = 5.6 ± 0.1 µM) were performed by using substructure searching strategy, resulting in compound II-2-9 with an EC50 value of 1.8 ± 0.6 µM. In bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, compound II-2-9 inhibited the HBV by disrupting the HBV capsid interactions. In summary, this study provides a highly efficient way to discover novel CAMs, and 2-aryl-4-quinolyl amide derivatives could serve as the starting point for development of novel anti-HBV drugs.

Anti-cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury of polysaccharides: A review of the mechanisms.

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury can lead to a series of serious brain diseases and cause death or different degrees of disability. Polysaccharide is a kind of biological macromolecule with multiple pharmacological activities and has been proven that it may be used for the treatment of cerebral I/R injury in the future. By sorting out all relevant research from 2000 to 2020, we selected 74 references and identified 22 kinds of polysaccharides. Almost all of these polysaccharides are extracted from traditional Chinese medicine. Research shows that these polysaccharides can improve cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through anti-oxidative stress, inhibiting the neuroinflammation, glutamate neurotoxicity and neuronal apoptosis, and exerting neurotrophic effect. The specific mechanisms include clearing ROS and RNS, inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and blocking caspase cascade, regulating NMDA receptor and promoting angiogenesis. We hoped this review is instructive for researchers to design, research and develop polysaccharides.

Discovery of 2-(5-(quinolin-6-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)acetamide derivatives as novel PI3Kα inhibitors via docking-based virtual screening.

PI3Kα is an attractive target for PIK3CA mutated malignant tumor and searching for lead compounds with novel scaffold is important for the development of PI3Kα inhibitors. Therefore, the strategy of docking-based virtual screening was performed to discovery potent inhibitors. The 4L2Y_A PI3Kα crystal structure was used as the model protein receptor due to its high docking reliability. After the multistep virtual screening protocol and biological evaluation, three hits were picked up and further similarity searching led to more potent 2-(5-(quinolin-6-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)acetamide derivatives ES-25 and ES-27. In addition, the primary SAR of these novel derivatives was discussed, which provide a basis for the further structural modification.

Four new steroids from the marine soft coral-derived fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO41201.

Penicildiones A-D (1-4), four new steroids derivatives together with three known compounds including 16α-methylpregna-17α,19-dihydroxy-(9,11)-epoxy-4-ene-3,18-dione-20-acetoxy (5), stachybotrylactone B (6) and stachybotrin (7) were isolated from the soft coral-derived fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO41201, cultured in the 1% NaCl PDB substrate. Their structures were determined through spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography. Biological evaluation results revealed that 6 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against HL-60, K562, MOLT-4, ACHN, 786-O, and OS-RC-2 cell lines with IC50 values of 5.23, 4.12, 4.31, 23.55, 7.65 and 10.81 µmol·L-1, respectively, while other compounds showed weak or no cytotoxicity at 50 µmol·L-1.

Novel androgen receptor antagonist identified by structure-based virtual screening, structural optimization, and biological evaluation.

Androgen receptor (AR) plays important roles in the development of prostate cancer (PCa), and therefore it has been regarded as the most important therapeutic target for both hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) and advanced PCa. In this study, a novel hit (C18) with IC50 of 2.4 µM against AR transcriptional activity in LNCaP cell was identified through structure-based virtual screening based on molecular docking and free energy calculations. The structure-activity relationship analysis and structural optimization of C18 resulted in the discovery of a structural analogue (AT2), a more potent AR antagonist with 16-fold improved anti-AR potency. Further assays indicated that AT2 was capable of effectively inhibiting the transcriptional function of AR and blocking the nuclear translocation of AR like the second-generation AR antagonists. The antagonists discovered in this study may be served as the promising lead compounds for the development of AR-driven PCa therapeutics.

Study on GLI values of Polygonatum odoratum base on multi-temporal of unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing / 中国中药杂志

Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) remote sensing and vegetation index have great potential in the field of Chinese herbal medicine planting. In this study, the visible light image of Polygonatum odoratum planting area in Changyi district of Jilin province were acquired by UAV, and the real-time monitoring of P. odoratum planting area was realized. The green leaf index(GLI) was established, and GLI values of P. odoratum were collected used the spatial sampling points. To compare the GLI values in different periods, it was found that the GLI values of P. odoratum have three stages changing rule of rising-gentle-falling related to the germination, vigorous growth and withered of P. odoratum growth. Meanwhile, the GLI values were compared with four biomass data of P. odoratum, including plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content in leaves, and it was found that the GLI value was related to the growth potential of P. odoratum. The GLI value with a rapid increase in rising stage or at a high level in the gentle stage means the P. odoratum was in a better growth potential. GLI value has a same change trend with plant height, and has certain correlation with plant height and leaf area. However, there is no obvious relationship between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents in leaves and GLI value. The study clarified the change rule of GLI value of P. odoratum, explained the reason for the change of GLI value, and expanded the application range of GLI. The research shows that UAV and vegetation index can be applied to monitoring the Chinese herbal medicines planting, and provides a new idea for exploring more effective information extraction methods of Chinese herbal medicines.

[Differential Responses of Rhizospheric nirK- and nirS-type Denitrifier Communities to Different Phosphorus Levels in Paddy Soil].

Phosphorus is an essential life element, which can affect the activities and functions of denitrifiers. Both nirK and nirS genes can code nitrite reductase; however, it remains unclear whether nirK- and nirS-containing denitrifers respond differentially to changes in the availability of phosphorus in paddy soil. In this study, P-deficient paddy soil was used to grow rice plants. Three phosphorus levels established by applying P fertilizer at a rate of 0 mg·kg-1 (CK), 15 mg·kg-1 (P1), and 30 mg·kg-1(P2), respectively. The abundance and community structure of nirK- and nirS- containing denitrifers were determined using quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing techniques. Results indicated that nirK- and nirS-containing communities responded differentially to changes in the P levels. The nirS-containing communities are more sensitive to the changes in P in both rhizosphere and bulk soil samples. In addition, the abundance of nirS genes was 2-3 times higher in the P2 treatment than in the CK treatment. Furthermore, the nirS community structure is also clearly differed from the CK treatment. However, P addition only induced partial modification of the community structure and abundance of nirK-containing denitrifiers. Moreover, compared to the bulk soil with each phosphorus level, the nirS community structure in the rhizosphere soil changed significantly; however, only the P2 treatment induced significant increases in the abundance of the nirS gene. In contrast, no significant differences in the abundance and composition of nirK-containing denitrifers were detected between rhizosphere and bulk soils under different phosphorus levels. Collectively, application of phosphate fertilizer in P-deficient paddy soil could significantly increase the abundance of nirK- and nirS-containing denitrifiers, changing their community structures, with nirS-type showing a greater sensitivity than nirK-type denitrifiers. In comparison, the denitrifying communities in the rhizosphere were more sensitive to variable P levels than that in the bulk soil. Compared to bulk soils, rice growth shifted the community structure of nirS- and nirK-containing denitrifiers in rhizosphere soils at each level of P, but failed to induce significant changes in their abundance (except for P2) that could cause a significant increase in nirS abundance. These results could provide a theoretical basis for exploring the effects of fertilization on soil denitrification.

Stomach Cancer and Exposure to Talc Powder without Asbestos via Chinese Herbal Medicine: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

The present investigation was designed to explore the risk of stomach cancer by oral intake of talc powder without asbestos. We conducted a population-based cohort study on a randomly sampled cohort from Taiwan's health insurance database, with population of 1,000,000. The study participants were followed up through 2013. The outcome event of interest was the diagnosis of stomach cancer. The exposure of interest was the prescription of talc powder. Cox regression analyses were performed respectively. There were 584,077 persons without talc exposure and 21,575 talc users, 1849 diagnosed with stomach cancer. Persons with exposure of talc had a higher hazard ratio of stomach cancer (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.13; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.54⁻2.94; p < 0.001). Classification by cumulative exposure of talc yielded adjusted hazard ratios of stomach cancer of 1.58 (95% CI, 0.79⁻3.17; p = 0.19) and 2.30 (95% CI, 1.48⁻3.57; p < 0.001) among persons with high (>21 g) and medium (6⁻21 g) exposure of talc, as compared to the low-exposure counterparts. Our data demonstrated positive association between increased risk of stomach cancer and oral intake of talc without asbestos. Despite the absence of dose-response effect, there might be a link between stomach cancer and talc.

[Treatment Status and Emission Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds from Typical Industrial Sources].

The status of treatment equipment, the emission characteristics, and the ozone formation potential (OFP) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for 11 typical enterprises, which were categorized into the 8 major VOC emission industries identified by the emission inventory of a typical city in the Yangtze River Delta, are discussed in this paper. There was a large difference in the removal efficiency of non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) between different treatment techniques, and even an increase in concentration occurred after some of the treatments. The current treatment equipment for VOCs needs further optimization. The emissions of NMHC, benzene, toluene, and xylene in most of the surveyed enterprises exceeded their corresponding standards, with toluene the worst offender. The most abundant compounds in the eight emission industries were aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs, whereas aromatic hydrocarbons contributed the most to ozone formation potential. There were large differences in emission characteristics of VOCs from different industries. Priority should be placed on the industries that have large OFP when control strategies of VOCs are considered.

New chlorinated diphenyl ethers and xanthones from a deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium chrysogenum SCSIO 41001.

Seven new compounds, including four new chlorinated diphenyl ethers, namely chrysines A-D (1-4), one new dichlorinated xanthone, chrysoxanthone (5), dichloroorcinol (6), and one new benzeneacetic acid derivative, 3-isopentyl-4-hydroxy phenylacetic acid methyl ester (7), along with fourteen known compounds (8-21), were isolated from a deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium chrysogenum SCSIO 41001. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods and X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis. All of the isolated compounds (1-21) were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity using PNPG method. Among them, nine compounds (2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 17, and 18) exhibited inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.35, 0.20, 0.04, 0.16, 0.15, 0.09, 0.14, 0.14, and 0.12mM, respectively (IC50 0.28mM for the positive control acarbose).

Vaccinols J-S, ten new salicyloid derivatives from the marine mangrove-derived endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis vaccinii.

Ten new salicyloid derivatives, namely vaccinols J-S (1-10), along with five known compounds (11-15) were isolated from Pestalotiopsis vaccinii (cgmcc3.9199) endogenous with the mangrove plant Kandelia candel (L.) Druce (Rhizophoraceae). Their structures including absolute configurations were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, optical rotation, CD spectra, quantum ECD calculations. To the best of our knowledge, vaccinol J (1) is the first example of salicyloid derivatives containing 2-methylfuran moiety. All of the new compounds were tested for their anti-enterovirus 7l (EV71) and cytotoxic activities. Among them, vaccinol J (1) exhibited in vitro anti-EV71 with IC50 value of 30.7µM (IC50 177.0µM for the positive control ribavirin).

Effects of astaxanthin on oxidative stress induced by Cu2+ in prostate cells.

Astaxanthin (AST), a carotenoid molecule extensively found in marine organisms and increasingly used as a dietary supplement, has been reported to have beneficial effects against oxidative stress. In the current paper, the effects of AST on viability of prostate cells were investigated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay; cell apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were determined by flow cytometry; the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured by fluorospectrophotometer; and activities of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were evaluated by a detection kit. The results show that copper ion (Cu2+) induced apoptosis, along with the accumulation of intracellular ROS and MDA, in both prostate cell lines (RWPE-1 and PC-3). AST treatments could decrease the MDA levels, increase MMP, and keep ROS stable in RWPE-1 cell line. An addition of AST decreased the SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities in PC-3 cell line treated with Cu2+, but had a contrary reaction in RWPE-1 cell lines. In conclusion, AST could contribute to protecting RWPE-1 cells against Cu2+-induced injuries but could cause damage to the antioxidant enzyme system in PC-3 cells.