[The role of phytates in human nutrition].

Claims that consumption of phytate-rich grains, by definition, worsens mineral status needs to be clarified as new evidence emerges about the role of phytic acids (FA) from whole grains in improving population health outcomes. In this regard, it seems appropriate to draw the attention of practitioners to the need to correct patient's diet in order to prevent non-communicable diseases. The aim of this review was to generalize and analyze the modern data on the role of phytates in human nutrition. Material and methods. A search for domestic and foreign literature in the bibliographic databases of articles on medical sciences was carried out using the PubMed, MEDLINE and eLibrary search engines. Results. Deficit of minerals and trace elements in the diet, especially deficiency of iron, calcium, selenium, zinc, iodine, is an urgent public health problem in many countries. Calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, and iron deficiencies are associated with impaired immune function and an increased risk of both acute and chronic diseases. Vegan and vegetarian behavior styles with the restriction and exclusion of animal sources of bioavailable minerals and trace elements are gaining more and more popularity in our country. FA is the main storage form of phosphorus in nuts, grains, legumes, and seeds, which satisfies the biosynthesis needs of growing tissues during germination. FA is known as a dietary inhibitor that chelates minerals and trace elements, limiting their bioavailability and reducing their absorption. Pre-treatment methods to reduce phytate levels and increase the nutritional value of diets are fermentation, soaking, and sprouting. Reducing phytate content in plant foods by processing leads to a measurable improvement in mineral status, however, the chelating and antioxidant properties of phytates may be beneficial and their potential in the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and kidney stone formation is currently being studied. Conclusion. Essential components of a healthy diet are whole whole grains, legumes, vegetables, seeds and nuts, despite the fact that most of them are relatively high in FA. Despite some antinutrient properties, FAs have preventive effects on public health.

[Clinical efficacy of a modern probiotic for the correction of intestinal microflora in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea and antibiotic-associated diarrhea].

Despite the fact that dietary supplements (DS) are not medicines, an increasing number of publications testify to the effectiveness of probiotics consumed with food in the complex treatment and prevention of a number of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the complex probiotic in the relief of diarrheal syndrome associated with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in patients with IBS with diarrhea and AAD. Material and methods. The study included 54 patients (31 with IBS with diarrhea and 23 with idiopathic AAD) aged 18 to 50 years. All patients included in the study were prescribed 1 capsule (350 mg) of the DS Neobiotic Lactobalance® per day for 21 days. One capsule contains: bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium longum CBT BG7, Bifidobacterium lactis CBT BL3 Bifidobacterium bifidum CBT BF3), lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus CBT LA1, Lactobacillus rhamnosus CBT LR5), lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus CBT ST3), fructooligosaccharides, vitamin C. The daily intake of bifidobacteria was 8.7×108 CFU, lactobacilli - 6.1×109 CFU, lactic acid bacteria 3.1×108 CFU and vitamin C - 12 mg. The severity of symptoms was assessed in points (from 0 to 7 points) using the GSRS questionnaire (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale). All patients underwent a microbiological analysis of feces with an assessment of the degree of dysbiosis before and after the administration of DS. Results. In patients with IBS with diarrhea, the assessment of the manifestations of diarrheal syndrome according to the GSRS questionnaire decreased statistically significantly from 17 to 6 points (2.9 times), abdominal pain - from 12 to 4 points (3.0 times) and dyspeptic syndrome - from 8 to 3 points (in 2.7 times). In patients with AAD, also according to the GSRS questionnaire, the manifestations of diarrheal syndrome decreased statistically significantly from 13 to 3 points (4.3 times), abdominal pain - from 4 to 1 points (4.0 times) and dyspepsia syndrome - from 5 to 2 points (in 2.5 times). Against the background of DS intake, according to the data of bacteriological examination of feces, intestinal microbiota normalized by day 21 due to an increase in the number of lacto- and bifidobacteria (p=<0.05). Conclusion. The study showed that the DS Neobiotic Lactobalance® contributes to the normalization of the intestinal microbiota and reduces the severity of clinical manifestations (diarrheal disorders or manifestations of diarrhea) in IBS and idiopathic AAD.

[Iatrogenic deficits of micronutrients].

Long-term use of certain drugs causes subclinical and clinically significant micronutrient deficiencies, which can affect the course of the disease, its prognosis, quality of life, and patient compliance with therapy. The aim of the study was to single out groups of drugs, which long-term use leads to micronutrient deficiency, and to determine vitamins, minerals and trace elements, which supply can be reduced as a result of pharmacotherapy, basing on the analysis of data published in the scientific literature. Material and methods. This review analyzes articles on medical sciences from MEDLINE and PubMed-NCBI bibliographic databases. Results. Combined oral contraceptives reduce woman's supply with B vitamins (B6, B12, B9), can cause hypomagnesemia, affect the calcium/magnesium blood ratio, reduce the amount of vitamin E circulating in blood. Proton pump inhibitors reduce the absorption of vitamin B12, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc. Aspirin increases ascorbic acid metabolism. Loop diuretics increase urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, thiamine, thiazide ones elevate zinc and vitamin B9 excretion. Loss of taste when taking captopril is associated with a decrease in zinc supply. The use of calcium channel blockers interfere with the absorption of folic acid by gingival fibroblasts. Conclusion. Given the growing prevalence of long-term drug use, it is necessary to be able to predict and prevent potential consequences of interactions with micronutrients. It is advisable, along with a varied and healthy diet, to provide patients with supplementation in order to prevent micronutrient deficiencies. Optimization of vitamin status of the population in terms of its significance for public health is comparable to drug therapy and is one of the technologies for reducing losses from chronic diseases.

First main series of transition elements with atomic numbers from 22 to 29, found in air pollution and detected in the plants from Tajikistan areas.

According to several reports, the presence of transition metal elements in the atmosphere was associated with adverse health effects. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the presence of transition metal particles with atomic numbers 22-29 on some medicinal plants (n = 22) from various regions of the Republic of Tajikistan and their content in the atmosphere. Samples (n = 43) of individual plant organs, such as seeds, flowers, leaves, trunks, and plant roots, were examined for their elemental composition using X-ray fluorescence analysis. Selection of particles contained in the atmosphere was carried out for 24 h/3 days by the aspiration method using fiberglass filters GF 10 in an apparatus installed at an altitude of 864 m on the periphery of the capital. For the analysis of plant samples, measurements were carried out on a SPECTROSCAN MAX-G wave-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. For samples containing filtered atmosphere elements, a high-resolution PANanalytical Epsilon 5 high-resolution energy-dispersive spectrometer was used. Eight transition elements from the 1st main series of metals with atomic numbers 22-29, such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt nickel, and copper, were found in plant organs, as well as in the atmosphere samples. Our results showed that the distribution of metals on plants varied depending on plants and their organs. We did not find any correlation between the region of plant collection and their absorption of metal elements. The distribution of metals varied in various plant organs. In the atmosphere samples, we found all the metals that were found in plants. In conclusion, medicinal plants can adsorb and accumulate some harmful chemical elements in their organs, are involved in the recirculation of these metals, and contribute air pollution.

[Clinical efficacy of probiotic strains of the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus].

The article analyzes the effectiveness of the most studied probiotic strains that are used for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes. The requirements for probiotic microorganisms are described, depending on the form in which they are used. However, their scope most often covers both prevention and treatment of various functional disorders and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. At the same time, a lot of data has been accumulated on the effectiveness of probiotics for the treatment and prevention of diseases of other organs and organism systems. Most strains are successfully used as dietary supplements, and some of them have found their application in food industry.

[Lipoic acid: physiological role and prospects for clinical application].

α-Lipoic acid (also known as thioctic acid) is a natural vitamin-like compound. Lipoic acid contains asymmetrical carbon, which causes the presence of two possible optical isomers (enantiomers): R-lipoic acid (levogyrate isomer) and S-lipoic acid (rightspinning isomer). Lipoic acid functions as a cofactor for several important mitochondrial multienzyme complexes, enhances the uptake of glucose by the cells, and modulates the activity of various signaling molecules and transcription factors. It was shown that α-lipoic acid and its derivative, dihydrolipoic acid, have a direct antioxidant effect due to the neutralization of reactive oxygen species that are destructive to DNA, proteins and lipids of cells. Dihydrolipoic acid enhances the antioxidant properties of ascorbic acid, glutathione and ubiquinone. Available evidence suggests that supplementation with lipoic acid reduces the symptoms of peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Results from randomized controlled trials show that high doses of lipoic acid can improve the glycemic profile of subjects with metabolic disorders. Lipoic acid can be used to control body weight in people with obesity. R-Lipoic acid is synthesized in the human body and is contained in foods in a form covalently associated with lysine (lipoyllysine). Its dose in dietary supplements significantly exceeds the amount in the diet. Most dietary supplements contain a racemic mixture of R- and S-lipoic acid.

[Long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of diseases in adults and children: a view of the clinical pharmacologist].

Adequate and balanced intake of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFA) is important throughout life, and directly affects health status: from preconception and pregnancy to the prevention of various diseases. Russia geographically belongs to regions with a low level of consumption of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. In addition, gender characteristics and genetic polymorphisms underlie the variability of the synthesis of ω-3 LCPUFA in the human organism from alpha-linolenic acid. ω-3 LCPUFA play one of the key roles in the human organism: they regulate lipid metabolism, have a positive effect on cognitive functions, have anti-inflammatory activity, and contribute to the prolongation of pregnancy. ω-3 LCPUFA should be ingested in sufficient quantities, since they are essential nutrients, be in the form of release, provide high compliance for admission and be balanced in content of EPA and DHA.

[Vitamin-mineral supplements in nutrition of adults].

The diet of population consisting of natural products is quite adequate and even excessive of energy consumption, but is not able to meet fully the need of organism in a number of micronutrients. Due to lack of sun exposure and long presence indoors endogenous synthesis of vitamin D in the skin by ultraviolet radiation does not provide the body's need for this vitamin. Intake of vitaminmineral supplements (VMS) is appropriate because combined deficiency of vitamins and minerals takes place in population. Prophylactic doses (equal to physiological needs) provide a diet completeness and reduce the risk of vitamin deficiency and its consequences. The high incidence of combined deficiency of vitamins among population and the existence of vitamin interactions are the basis for the application of the multivitamins. The simultaneous intake of vitamins is more physiological, their combination is more effective than a separate or isolated destination of each of them. Efficacy of the VMS has been shown in the treatment and prevention of some diseases. The main requirements for the VMS are full list of vitamins and minerals, the lack of which is detected most frequently, in doses covering the needs of organism. For the health of the pregnant woman and her unborn child preference should be given for complexes, containing DHA and/or probiotics along with vitamins. The principles of the selection of the composition and vitamin doses in the VMS for using patients suffering from various pathologies should be based on data on the patient's sufficiency with vitamins, the understanding of the role of vitamin deficiency in the pathogenesis of the disease, as well as on the composition of the diet and its modifications.

[Preclinical investigation of pharmaceuticals impact against cytochrome P450 activity and prognosis of substrate affinity as means for providing substrate therapy safety].

Tricyclic antidepressants, not influencing the P450 3A4 activity, are safe in combination with drugs of other groups used in the treatment of comorbid patients. Azaphen is is one of the agents most widely used in the clinical practice. The in vitro electrochemical analysis showed that pipofezin (azaphen) was not a substrate, inductor, and/or inhibitor of cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 isoenzymes. The Guzar programme computer modelling and the literature data demonstrated the substrate affinity of pipifezin to CYP1A2.

[Clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic interactions between drugs and phytopreparations].

In modern clinics, the pharmacotherapy is frequently accompanied by the administration of phytopreparations (by which are implied any preparations based on or containing plant materials). There are many data indicative of the possible pharmacokinetic interactions between drugs and phytopreparations. Among the most important issues is the ability of components of phytopreparations to induce or inhibit the isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 and/or glycoprotein P. For this reason, phytopreparations can either increase or decrease the efficacy of jointly admninistared drugs, as well as provoke the development of undesired side reactions.

[Safety of food supplements containing plant components].

For today the biologically active additives (BAA) extensively use by people as a source essential substances. However majoriry of people don't know, that BAA which contain vegetable components may induces various undiserable effects (UE). Review contain information about frequency of serious UE, first of all induced BAA, which contain medicinal plants. Discussed problem of charge efficacy and safety drugs when its use jointly with BAA. Think that need to give in BAA instruction additional information about possibility UE BAA.

[Food supplements and medicines of vegetative origin. Safety estimation and standardization]. / Biologicheskie dobavki k pishche i lekarstvennye sredstva rastitel'nogo proiskhozhdeniia. Otsenka bezopasnosti i stendartizatsiia.

The article describes the modern legislative and normative base of both Russian made and foreign made food supplements turnover. The main requirements to them. The reasons for banning the use of some particular ingredients in food supplements formula are substantiated. The ways of improving the normative base for food supplements as well as for medicines of vegetative origin are proposed. The conclusion is made, that this base is more perfect than for the medicines, produced from herbs.

[Interaction of biologically active additives, containing medicinal plants with drugs]. / O vzaimodeistvii biologicheski aktivnykh dobavok, soderzhashchikh lekarstvennye rasteniia, s lechebnymi sredstvami.

For today the biologically active additives (BAA) actively are included into clinical practice as means of "additional" therapy of a number of diseases and their consumption constantly grows. However, majority of the patients do not suspect about an opportunity of interaction between drugs and BAA, containing medicinal plants, and the treating doctors simply underestimate it. The interaction drugs with BAA, containing medicinal plants is investigated not enough. There are separate messages about this interactions of a similar sort, the doctor should take into account this information at realization pharmacotherapy and active image to be interested at the patient about BAA application.

[The concentration of vitamin C and selenium in serum of volunteers, receiving different vitamin preparations]. / Dinamika kontsentratsii vitamina C i selena v plazme krovi dobrovol'tsev, poluchavshikh razlichnye vitaminnye preparaty.

Dynamics of changes in serum ascorbic acid and selenium concentration as a result of single dose consumption was investigated on 18 volunteers (12 males and 6 females). Pure ascorbic acid and complex preparation intake was shown to effect the serum ascorbic acid level to a lesser extent than pure vitamin C. The highest concentration of both vitamin C and selenium were observed 2 hours after the administration of "Selmevit".