Naturally occurring small molecules with dual effect upon inflammatory signaling pathways and endoplasmic reticulum stress response.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is determinant to maintain cellular proteostasis. Upon unresolved ER stress, this organelle activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). Sustained UPR activates is known to occur in inflammatory processes, deeming the ER a potential molecular target for the treatment of inflammation. This work characterizes the inflammatory/UPR-related molecular machinery modulated by an in-house library of natural products, aiming to pave the way for the development of new selective drugs that act upon the ER to counter inflammation-related chronic diseases. Starting from a library of 134 compounds of natural occurrence, mostly occurring in medicinal plants, nontoxic molecules were screened for their inhibitory capacity against LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation in a luciferase-based reporter gene assay. Since several natural products inhibited NF-κB expression in THP-1 macrophages, their effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inflammasome activation was assessed, as well as their transcriptional outcome regarding ER stress. The bioactivities of several natural products are described herein for the first time. We report the anti-inflammatory potential of guaiazulene and describe 5-deoxykaempferol as a novel inhibitor of inflammasome activation. Furthermore, we describe the dual potential of 5-deoxykaempferol, berberine, guaiazulene, luteolin-4'-O-glucoside, myricetin, quercetagetin and sennoside B to modulate inflammatory signaling ER stress. Our results show that natural products are promising molecules for the discovery and pharmaceutical development of chemical entities able to modulate the inflammatory response, as well as proteostasis and the UPR.

Noninvasive Red Laser Intervention before Radiotherapy of Triple-negative Breast Cancer in a Murine Model.

Radiotherapy is a well-established cancer treatment; it is estimated that approximately 52% of oncology patients will require this treatment modality at least once. However, some tumors, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), may present as radioresistant and thus require high doses of ionizing radiation and a prolonged period of treatment, which may result in more severe side effects. Moreover, such tumors show a high incidence of metastases and decreased survival expectancy of the patient. Thus, new strategies for radiosensitizing TNBC are urgently needed. Red light therapy, photobiomodulation, has been used in clinical practice to mitigate the adverse side effects usually associated with radiotherapy. However, no studies have explored its use as a radiosensitizer of TNBC. Here, we used TNBC-bearing mice as a radioresistant cancer model. Red light treatment was applied in three different protocols before a high dose of radiation (60 Gy split in 4 fractions) was administered. We evaluated tumor growth, mouse clinical signs, total blood cell counts, lung metastasis, survival, and levels of glutathione in the blood. Our data showed that the highest laser dose in combination with radiation arrested tumor progression, likely due to inhibition of GSH synthesis. In addition, red light treatment before each fraction of radiation, regardless of the light dose, improved the health status of the animals, prevented anemia, reduced metastases, and improved survival. Collectively, these results indicate that red light treatment in combination with radiation could prove useful in the treatment of TNBC.

Noninvasive Red Laser Intervention before Radiotherapy of Triple-negative Breast Cancer in a Murine Model.

Radiotherapy is a well-established cancer treatment; it is estimated that approximately 52% of oncology patients will require this treatment modality at least once. However, some tumors, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), may present as radioresistant and thus require high doses of ionizing radiation and a prolonged period of treatment, which may result in more severe side effects. Moreover, such tumors show a high incidence of metastases and decreased survival expectancy of the patient. Thus, new strategies for radiosensitizing TNBC are urgently needed. Red light therapy, photobiomodulation, has been used in clinical practice to mitigate the adverse side effects usually associated with radiotherapy. However, no studies have explored its use as a radiosensitizer of TNBC. Here, we used TNBC-bearing mice as a radioresistant cancer model. Red light treatment was applied in three different protocols before a high dose of radiation (60 Gy split in 4 fractions) was administered. We evaluated tumor growth, mouse clinical signs, total blood cell counts, lung metastasis, survival, and levels of glutathione in the blood. Our data showed that the highest laser dose in combination with radiation arrested tumor progression, likely due to inhibition of GSH synthesis. In addition, red light treatment before each fraction of radiation, regardless of the light dose, improved the health status of the animals, prevented anemia, reduced metastases, and improved survival. Collectively, these results indicate that red light treatment in combination with radiation could prove useful in the treatment of TNBC.

Spectrochemical analysis of seasonal and sexual variation of antioxidants in Corema album (L.) D. Don leaf extracts.

Bioactive phytoconstituents have been increasingly investigated for their potential human health benefits. Corema album (L.) D. Don, an Ericaceae, reportedly has antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Aiming at enhancing its nutraceutical potential, we performed a spectrochemical analysis of hydroethanolic extracts from C. album leaves. We report on changes in the antioxidant activity of the extracts, as well as in the accumulation of key phytoconstituents (namely phenolic compounds), in female and male samples, throughout three harvesting seasons (February, July, and October). For each extract, the antioxidant activity was assessed by different spectrophotometric methods. Simultaneously, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), and high-performance liquid chromatography - electrospray ionisation - quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS), were used to identify and monitor variations in the composition of phenolic compounds in the extracts. The main compounds identified were epicatechin, laricitrin-O-hexoside isomers, and myricetin-O-hexoside isomers. Significant differences were found in the composition and relative abundance of the compounds of interest, according to sex and season. Overall, a trend was observed whereby phenolic content and antioxidant activities were higher in males and increased between the earlier and the latest harvests. Based on these results, we may conclude that late summer or early autumn harvests are preferable when aiming at the highest yearly content of bioactive compounds. Additionally, it should be considered that extracts from male individuals typically display higher antioxidant activities. Ultimately, our understanding of C. album in the context of nutraceutical applications is benefited from the quantitative and qualitative portrait provided here, thus promoting its relevance as a source of bioactive compounds.

Effects of Triiodothyronine Treatment in an Animal Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Background: Low levels of triiodothyronine (T3) are common in patients with heart failure (HF). Our aim was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with low and replacement doses of T3 in an animal model of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Methods: We evaluated four groups: ZSF1 Lean (n = 8, Lean-Ctrl), ZSF1 Obese (rat model of metabolic-induced HFpEF, n = 13, HFpEF), ZSF1 Obese treated with a replacement dose of T3 (n = 8, HFpEF-T3high), and ZSF1 Obese treated with a low-dose of T3 (n = 8, HFpEF-T3low). T3 was administered in drinking water from weeks 13 to 24. The animals underwent anthropometric and metabolic assessments, echocardiography, and peak effort testing with maximum O2 consumption (VO2max) determination at 22 weeks, and a terminal hemodynamic evaluation at 24 weeks. Afterwhile myocardial samples were collected for single cardiomyocyte evaluation and molecular studies. Results: HFpEF animals showed lower serum and myocardial thyroid hormone levels than Lean-Ctrl. Treatment with T3 did not normalize serum T3 levels, but increased myocardial T3 levels to normal levels in the HFpEF-T3high group. Body weight was significantly decreased in both the T3-treated groups, comparing with HFpEF. An improvement in glucose metabolism was observed only in HFpEF-T3high. Both the treated groups had improved diastolic and systolic function in vivo, as well as improved Ca2+ transients and sarcomere shortening and relaxation in vitro. Comparing with HFpEF animals, HFpEF-T3high had increased heart rate and a higher rate of premature ventricular contractions. Animals treated with T3 had higher myocardial expression of calcium transporter ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2) and α-myosin heavy chain (MHC), with a lower expression of ß-MHC. VO2max was not influenced by treatment with T3. Myocardial fibrosis was reduced in both the treated groups. Three animals died in the HFpEF-T3high group. Conclusions: Treatment with T3 was shown to improve metabolic profile, myocardial calcium handling, and cardiac function. While the low dose was well-tolerated and safe, the replacement dose was associated with increased heart rate, and increased risk of arrhythmias and sudden death. Modulation of thyroid hormones may be a potential therapeutic target in HFpEF; however, it is important to take into account the narrow therapeutic window of T3 in this condition.

Photobiomodulation Reduces Periocular Wrinkle Volume by 30%: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate red and amber light-emitting diode protocols for facial rejuvenation at the same light dose. Background: The demand for minimally invasive cosmetic procedures to address skin aging has grown throughout the world. In vitro red and amber photobiomodulation (PBM) has been shown to improve collagen synthesis. Meanwhile, red PBM has already been studied in clinical trials; however, a comparison of the use of different wavelengths at the same light dose to reduce periocular wrinkles has not yet been performed. Methods: This split-face, randomized clinical trial recruited 137 women (40-65 years old) presenting with skin phototypes II-IV and Glogau photoaging scale types II-IV. The individuals received 10 sessions for 4 weeks of red (660 nm) and amber (590 nm) PBM (3.8 J/cm2), one at each side of the face. The outcomes, measured before and after the treatments, were the periocular wrinkle volume measured by VisioFace® RD equipment; hydration measured by the Corneometer CM 825; skin elasticity measured by the Cutometer Dual MPA 580; and quality of life determined by adapted versions of validated questionnaires [Melasma Quality of Life Scale-Brazilian Portuguese (MelasQoL-BP) and Skindex-29]. Results: There was a significant reduction in wrinkle volume after red (31.6%) and amber (29.9%) PBM. None of the treatments improved skin hydration and viscoelasticity. Both questionnaires showed improvements in participants' quality of life. Conclusions: PBM, both at red and amber wavelengths, is an effective tool for rejuvenation, producing a 30% wrinkle volume reduction. The technique has strong potential in patients with diabetes or those presenting with keloids, conditions for which highly inflammatory rejuvenating procedures are not indicated. Clinical trial registration number: REBEC-6YFCBM.

Histological and biochemical effects of preventive and therapeutic vascular photobiomodulation on rat muscle injury.

The intravascular or transcutaneous application of photobiomodulation (PBM) over blood vessels (vascular photobiomodulation, VPBM) has been used for the treatment of inflammatory and chronic conditions with promising systemic results. This study evaluated the VPBM effects on a model of muscle regeneration after acute injury and compared the outcomes of preventive and therapeutic VPBM. Transcutaneous VPBM was administered over the rat's main tail vein. Serum levels of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate were evaluated and muscles were processed for macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Preventive and therapeutic VPBM led to decreased inflammatory infiltrate, edema, and myonecrosis but with an increase in immature muscle fibers. CK, AST, and lactate levels were lower in the groups treated with VPBM (lowest concentrations in preventive VPBM application). Preventive and therapeutic VPBM were capable of exerting a positive effect on acute muscle injury repair, with more accentuated results when preventive VPBM was administered.

The effects of photobiomodulation using LED on the repair process of skin graft donor sites.

The benefits of photobiomodulation (PBM) applied to wounds are well-described in the literature; however, its effects in skin graft donor sites have been poorly studied. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of LED PBM on re-epithelialization and wound quality of the skin donor site and on pain during repair process. This is a case series study that part of the patients received standard treatment and the others received standard treatment combined with PBM. Data collection was performed at the Burn Unit at a Public Hospital, Brazil. The study had 21 participants and 25 donor sites, 13 in the control group (conventional treatment with Membracel® bandage) and 12 in the experimental group (Membracel® + LED). Irradiation parameters were 1.53 J/cm2, 2.55 mW/cm2, 660 nm, 600 s in the immediate postoperative period as well as on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th days postoperatively. Pain was measured using the visual analog scale. The Bates-Jensen scale was used to monitor the re-epithelialization process and measurements were performed of donor skin sites in the postoperative period. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median and interquartile range [p25; p75]. The comparison of the distribution of these variables between groups was performed using the Mann-Whitney test. No differences between groups were found for re-epithelialization time, area or quality of the wound. Regarding pain, a significant reduction was found on the 5th postoperative day in the experimental group compared to the control group. PBM did not induce changes in the re-epithelialization period, wound area or wound quality scores of the Bates-Jensen Scale but did induce a reduction in pain compared to the group treated with Membracel® alone.

Atuação da enfermagem na assistência ao paciente em cuidados paliativos: uma revisão integrativa / Actuación de enfermería en el cuidado del paciente en cuidados paliativos: una revisión integradora / Nursing performance in patient care in palliative care: an integrative review

Objetivo: Analisar as evidências científicas disponíveis na literatura sobre a atuação da enfermagem na assistência ao paciente em cuidados paliativos. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa. Realizou-se a busca por artigos com delimitação nos últimos 5 anos; nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol; disponíveis na íntegra. Nas plataformas de dados: BDENF, DOAJ, LILACS, PMC, SCOPUS e Web of Science. Resultados: Os dados foram organizados e apresentados em figuras e tabelas. Dos 125 estudos encontrados, 25 estava disponível na BDENF, 46 na DOAJ, 24 na LILACS, 26 na PMC, O na SCOPUS, e 4 na Web of Science; contudo, após a leitura permaneceram apenas os que atendiam aos critérios para inclusão e exclusão descritos na metodologia, 6 estudos. Conclusão: Este estudo proporcionou a identificação de algumas dificuldades e das características associadas a atuação da enfermagem na assistência ao paciente em cuidados paliativos; vinculado ao déficit de conhecimento e falta de incentivo.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the scientific evidence available in the literature on the role of nursing in patient care in palliative care. Method: This is an integrative review. The search for articles was carried out; with delimitation in the last 5 years; in Portuguese, English and Spanish; available in full. On data platforms: BDENF, DOAJ, LILACS, PMC, SCOPUS and Web of Science. Results: Data were organized and presented in figures and tables. Of the 125 studies found, 25 were available from BDENF, 46 from DOAJ, 24 from LILACS, 26 from PMC, O from SCOPUS, and 4 from Web of Science; however, after reading, only those who met the criteria for inclusion and exclusion described in the methodology remained, 6 studies. Conclusion: This study provided the identification of some difficulties and characteristics associated with the role of nursing in patient care in palliative care; linked to the lack of knowledge and lack of incentive.(AU)

Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia científica disponible en la literatura sobre el papel de la enfermería en el cuidado dei paciente en cuidados paliativos. Método: Esta es una revisión integradora. Se realizá la búsqueda de artículos; con delimitación en los últimos 5 anos; en portugués, inglés y espariol; disponible en su totalidad. En plataformas de datos: BDENF, DOAJ, LILACS, PMC, SCOPUS y Web of Science. Resultados: Los datos se organizaron y presentaron en figuras y tablas. De los 125 estudios encontrados, 25 estaban disponibles en BDENF, 46 en DOAJ, 24 en LILACS, 26 en PMC, O en SCOPUS y 4 en Web of Science; sin embargo, después de la lectura, solo quedaron aquellos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión descritos en la metodología, 6 estudios. Conclusión: Este estudio permitió identificar algunas dificultades y características asociadas ai papel de la enfermería en el cuidado dei paciente en cuidados paliativos; vinculado a la falta de conocimiento y falta de incentivos. (AU)

Effect of photobiomodulation combined with physical therapy on functional performance in children with myelomeningocele: A protocol randomized clinical blind study.

INTRODUCTION: Myelomeningocele is a severe type of spina bifida, resulting from improper closure of the neural tube. This condition drastically affects the structures of the spinal cord resulting in deficiencies. The combination of these deficiencies results in an overall decrease in mobility and functional participation amongst this population. Physiotherapy plays an essential role in rehabilitating people with MMC. The current literature shows that resources such as photobiomodulation (PBM) may support the rehabilitation of neurological conditions. The aim of the proposed study is to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) combined with physical therapy on functional performance in children with low lumbosacral myelomeningocele. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a protocol randomized clinical blind study, that will include 30 individuals of both sexes, aged between 5 to 8 years, diagnosed with low and sacral lumbar myelomeningocele and capable of performing the sit-to-stand task. The participants will be randomly assigned into two treatment groups: PBM + physiotherapeutic exercises and sham PBM + physiotherapeutic exercises. Irradiation will be carried out with light emitting diode (LED) at a wavelength of 850 nm, energy of 25 J per point, 50 seconds per point and a power of 200 mW. The same device will be used in the placebo group but will not emit light. Muscle activity will be assessed using a portable electromyograph (BTS Engineering) and the sit-to-stand task will be performed as a measure of functioning. Electrodes will be positioned on the lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior and rectus femoris muscles. The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory will be used to assess functional independence. Quality of life will be assessed using the Child Health Questionnaire-Parent Form 50. Changes in participation will be assessed using the Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth. The data will be analyzed with the aid of GraphPad PRISM. DISCUSSION: The results of this study can contribute to a better understanding of the effectiveness of PBM on functioning and quality of life in children with myelomeningocele. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04425330.

Hypoglycaemic and Antioxidant Properties of Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd Ex Mart. Extract Are Associated with Better Vascular Function of Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

Oxidative stress is involved in the metabolic dysregulation of type 2 diabetes (DM2). Acrocomia aculeata (Aa) fruit pulp has been described for the treatment of several diseases, and recently we have proved that its leaves have phenolic compounds with a marked antioxidant effect. We aimed to assess whether they can improve metabolic, redox and vascular functions in DM2. Control Wistar (W-Ctrl) and non-obese type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK-Ctrl) rats were treated for 30 days with 200 mg.kg-1 aqueous extract of Aa (EA-Aa) (Wistar, W-EA-Aa/GK, GK-EA-Aa). EA-Aa was able to reduce fasting glycaemia and triglycerides of GK-EA-Aa by improving proteins related to glucose and lipid metabolism, such as GLUT-4, PPARγ, AMPK, and IR, when compared to GK-Ctrl. It also improved viability of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes exposed by H2O2. EA-Aa also increased the levels of catalase in the aorta and kidney, reduced oxidative stress and increased relaxation of the aorta in GK-treated rats in relation to GK-Ctrl, in addition to the protective effect against oxidative stress in HMVec-D cells. We proved the direct antioxidant potential of the chemical compounds of EA-Aa, the increase in antioxidant defences in a tissue-specific manner and hypoglycaemic properties, improving vascular function in type 2 diabetes. EA-Aa and its constituents may have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of DM2 complications.

The Effect of Photobiomodulation on Analgesia During Childbirth: A Controlled and Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Pain during labor can be a barrier when choosing vaginal delivery. In an attempt to relief pain during labor, several pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods are proposed. Objective: To assess the effect of light-emitting diode (LED) photobiomodulation on analgesia during labor. Methods: A clinical trial was conducted with 29 women who were divided into two groups: G1 (experimental group-LED) and G2 (control group-hot shower). In the experimental group, an LED plate with red and infrared merged [red 660 ± 20 nm, 5 mW/cm2, 3 J per LED (108 J) and infrared 850 ± 20 nm, 5 mW/cm2, 3 J per LED (108 J), total energy = 216 J] was placed on the subjects' dorsal region, at the level of T10 to S4, for 10 min, with the plate automatically turning off. Hot shower at controlled temperature was offered for 30 min. To verify the effect of LED on analgesia during labor, the following variables were assessed: (1) perception of pain, (2) fetal well-being assessed by cardiotocography or intermittent auscultation of fetal heart rate, (3) Apgar score at minutes 1 and 5 after birth, and (4) labor duration. Results: There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in pain reduction evidenced by a millimetric visual scale, before and after application on G1-LED (7.92 ± 1.78). Regarding the other variables, there was no statistical difference between the groups when comparing fetal well-being, Apgar score and labor duration. Conclusions: It is concluded that LED can be considered an alternative, since it caused pain reduction without changing other parameters during labor, compared with hot shower, a method included in hospital protocols, proving to be safe. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT03496857.

Influence of microcurrent on the modulation of remodelling genes in a wound healing assay.

The literature has shown the beneficial effects of microcurrent (MC) therapy on tissue repair. We investigated if the application of MC at 10 µA/90 s could modulate the expression of remodeling genes transforming growth factor beta (Tgfb), connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf), insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1), tenascin C (Tnc), Fibronectin (Fn1), Scleraxis (Scx), Fibromodulin (Fmod) and tenomodulin in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts in a wound healing assay. The cell migration was analyzed between days 0 and 4 in both fibroblasts (F) and fibroblasts + MC (F+MC) groups. On the 4th day, cell viability and gene expression were also analyzed after daily MC application. Higher expression of Ctgf and lower expression of Tnc and Fmod, respectively, were observed in the F+MC group in relation to F group (p < 0.05), and no difference was observed between the groups for the genes Tgfb, Fn1 and Scx. In cell migration, a higher number of cells in the scratch region was observed in group F+MC (p < 0.05) compared to group F on the 4th day, and the cell viability assay showed no difference between the groups. In conclusion, MC therapy at an intensity/time of 10 µA/90 s with 4 daily applications did not affect cell viability, stimulated fibroblasts migration with the involvement of Ctgf, and reduced the Tnc and Fmod expression.

Evaluation of the Preventive Effect of Photobiomodulation on Orofacial Discomfort in Dental Procedures: A Randomized-Controlled, Crossover Study and Clinical Trial.

Background: Orofacial pain has been a prevalent symptom in the worldwide population, which may cause restrictions in daily activities and, consequently, have a great impact on the well-being of affected individuals. Photobiomodulation using light sources, such as low-level laser or light emitting diodes, with different wavelengths, has been widely used in the last years, in addition to being a noninvasive, low-cost resource and reducing pain. Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the effect of photobiomodulation as a protocol treatment to prevent facial muscle discomfort after long-term clinical procedures. Methods: The volunteers were randomized and allocated as follows: laser (n = 16) and placebo (n = 16) groups, following a crossover study design. The laser parameters were as following: 786 nm wavelength, 9 J per point, and 100 mW power of 2.393 W/cm2 irradiance. The discomfort was induced by simulating a 50-min dental procedure (with bilateral mouth open), and the pain scale (assessed bilaterally), tiredness, and temperature measurement through thermography were used for analysis. Results: The results showed a significant lower pain and tiredness in the laser group. Also, the results showed a statistically significant valid temperature change between the groups at times: T1, T40, and T50. Conclusions: According to our results, photobiomodulation showed a positive effect on the face musculature in patients submitted to the treatments, reducing pain and improving the subjective perception of exertion.

Effects of photobiomodulation on cellular viability and cancer stem cell phenotype in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common head and neck malignancy; it has been shown that cancer stem cells (CSC) are present in OSCC and associated with tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is an alternative tool for oncologic treatment adverse effects such as oral mucositis (OM); however, controversy exists regarding the undesirable effects of PBM on tumor or CSC. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro, the effects of PBM, with the same dosimetric parameters as those used in the clinic for OM prevention and treatment, on OSCC cellular viability, as well as PBM's effect on CSC properties and its phenotype. OSCC cell lines were submitted to single or daily PBM with 3 J/cm2 and 6 J/cm2 and then the cellular viability was evaluated by MTT, NRU (neutral red uptake), and CVS (crystal violet staining). The CSC populations were evaluated by clonogenic formation assay, flow cytometry, and RT-qPCR. The single PBM with the 3 J/cm2 group was associated with increased cellular viability. Daily PBM with 3 J/cm2 and 6 J/cm2 was associated with a significant decrease in cellular viability. Additionally, daily PBM was not able to promote CSC self-renewal or the CD44high/ESAlow and CD44high/ESAhigh cellular phenotypes. Moreover, a decrease in the number of spheres and in the expression of the CSC related gene BMI1 was observed after daily PBM with 6 J/cm2. Daily PBM with 3 J/cm2 and 6 J/cm2 showed an inhibitory effect on cellular viability and was not able to promote the CSC self-renewal or phenotype.

Can Photons Pass through Primary Coatings Used to Treat Cutaneous Wounds?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the transmittance spectrum of primary dressings commonly used in the treatment of cutaneous wounds to verify if there is a real need to remove them during photobiomodulation. METHODS: Spectroscopic analysis was performed on 17 dressings using a spectrophotometer (USB 2000+; OceanOptics, Delray Beach, Florida). A piece of each dressing was inserted into a quartz cuvette; the reflection from the slide walls was corrected for using a 0.9% saline solution to completely fill the cuvette (baseline). The transmittance of each dressing was measured between 350 and 950 nm, and a transmittance table was created based on the main wavelengths used in photobiomodulation. RESULTS: Six dressings (Supriderme, Membracel, Cuticell Contact, UrgoTul, Tegaderm, and Opsite Flexigrid) have a transmittance greater than 50% in most of the spectral range and therefore may remain on wounds during irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: It may not always be necessary to remove a primary dressing when lasers or LED lights are used to treat wounds. It is the authors' hope that the results of this article will increase the effectiveness of both photobiomodulation and primary dressings and reduce patient discomfort as well as the cost of primary dressings via a reduction in unnecessary dressing changes.

Calretinin and calbindin architecture of the midline thalamus associated with prefrontal-hippocampal circuitry.

The midline thalamus bidirectionally connects the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HC) creating a unique cortico-thalamo-cortical circuit fundamental to memory and executive function. While the anatomical connectivity of midline thalamus has been thoroughly investigated, little is known about its cellular organization within each nucleus. Here we used immunohistological techniques to examine cellular distributions in the midline thalamus based on the calcium binding proteins parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR), and calbindin (CB). We also examined these calcium binding proteins in a population of reuniens cells known to project to both mPFC and HC using a dual fluorescence retrograde adenoassociated virus-based tracing approach. These dual reuniens mPFC-HC projecting cells, in particular, are thought to be important for synchronizing mPFC and HC activity. First, we confirmed the absence of PV+ neurons in the midline thalamus. Second, we found a common pattern of CR+ and CB+ cells throughout midline thalamus with CR+ cells running along the nearby third ventricle (3V) and penetrating the midline. CB+ cells were consistently more lateral and toward the middle of the dorsal-ventral extent of the midline thalamus. Notably, single-labeled CR+ and CB+ zones were partially overlapping and included dual-labeled CR+ /CB+ cells. Within RE, we also observed a CR and CB subzone specific diversity. Interestingly, dual mPFC-HC projecting neurons in RE expressed none of the calcium binding proteins examined, but were contained in nests of CR+ and CB+ cells. Overall, the midline thalamus was well organized into CR+ and CB+ rich zones distributed throughout the region, with dual mPFC-HC projecting cells in reuniens representing a unique cell population. These results provide a cytoarchitectural organization in the midline thalamus based on calcium binding protein expression, and set the stage for future cell-type specific interrogations of the functional role of these different cell populations in mPFC-HC interactions.

Nutrient and sediment fluxes in microbasins with different conservation states in the northeastern Brazil.

The implications of land use change in small watersheds through the conversion of forests to agropastoral areas have altered the natural nutrient cycle, intensifying exports under freshwater ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the land use effects on nutrient and sediment exports in two small watersheds in northeastern Brazil to understand if anthropogenic disturbance alters the structure end functioning of these systems. Thus, land use mapping and hydrological treatment of a digital elevation model were made to characterize the basins. Water samples were collected monthly from Aug. 2016 to Jan. 2017 to evaluate suspended sediments and dissolved nutrient fluxes ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus). The results indicated that land use change had a greater influence on exports from the most disturbed basin, where the nutrient and sediment increments were respectively an average 6.61 and 5.81 times higher than the most preserved basin. Thus, the conservation status of the forest cover has influenced the assimilation capacity of diffuse loads, highlighting the differences between the microbasins of this study.

Patient safety in the prevention and care of skin lesions in newborns: integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the main evidence available in the literature on safe practices in the prevention and care of skin lesions in newborns admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units. METHODS: integrative literature review in the PubMed, BDENF, LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO and Cochrane Library databases between 2013 and 2018. We included primary articles on: lesion prevention and skin care in newborns in Portuguese, English or Spanish and excluded editorials, thesis, dissertations and duplicate articles. For the evidence level, we used the Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt classification, which classifies studies between weak to strong evidence. RESULTS: a total of 10 articles with moderate to weak evidence on thermoregulation, bathing, lesion prevention, use of patches and skin antisepsis. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: there was a shortage of publications with high evidence, and it is necessary to invest in research that seeks to support safer skin care practices.

Mindfulness, promoção da saúde e semiótica: bases para modelos comunicacionais em saúde online / Mindfulness, health promotion, and semiotics: Bases for communication models in online health / Mindfulness, promoción de la salud e semiótica: bases para modelos de comunicación en salud em línea

OBJETIVO: identificar como o texto verbo-visual do curso produz sentidos e como isso pode auxiliar na construção do design de outros cursos. MÉTODO: foi feita a análise semiótica de duas práticas e de um print de tela do curso denominado Programa de Autocuidado Baseado em Mindfulness, na modalidade Educação à Distância, desenvolvido pelo Centro Brasileiro de Mindfulness e Promoção da Saúde ("Mente Aberta"), do Departamento de Medicina Preventiva da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Foram avaliados os elementos estéticos que contribuiriam para a construção de um ambiente de prática eufórico (ligado à saúde) e estabelecidas relações entre o plano de conteúdo e o plano de expressão das práticas, responsáveis pela construção de um sistema semissimbólico. RESULTADOS: confirmou-se a valorização de uma estética da simplicidade de cores e formas que converge para uma afirmação dos valores calma e bem-estar compatíveis com as práticas de mindfulness. CONCLUSÃO: a partir dessa análise, busca-se refletir sobre as bases para o desenvolvimento de modelos comunicacionais relacionados à promoção da saúde em ambiente digital.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze an online course on health promotion based on mindfulness (mindfulness) through the theory of discursive semiotics in one of its most recent developments, the visual or plastic aspect. The objective is to identify how the verbal-visual text of the course produces meanings and how it can help in the design of other courses. METHOD: a semiotic analysis of two practices and a screen print of the course called Mindfulness-Based Self-Care Program, in distance learning, developed by the Brazilian Center for Mindfulness and Health Promotion ("Open Mind"), of the Department of Preventive Medicine at the Federal University of São Paulo. RESULTS: the aesthetic elements that contributed to the construction of an euphoric practice environment (linked to health) were evaluated and relationships were established between the content plan and the practice expression plan, responsible for the construction of a semi-symbolic system. CONCLUSION: it was confirmed the appreciation of an aesthetics of simplicity of colors and shapes that was converged to an affirmation of the values ​​of calm and well-being compatible with the practices of mindfulness. From this analysis, we seek to reflect on the bases for the development of communicational models related to health promotion in a digital environment.

OBJETIVO: analizar un curso en línea sobre promoción de la salud basado en la atención plena (mindfulness) a través de la teoría de la semiótica discursiva en uno de sus desarrollos más recientes, el aspecto visual o plástico. El objetivo es identificar cómo el texto verbal-visual del curso produce significados y cómo puede ayudar en el diseño de otros cursos. MÉTODO: se llevó a cabo un análisis semiótico de dos prácticas y una impresión de pantalla del curso llamado Programa de autocuidado basado en la atención plena, en educación a distancia, desarrollado por el Centro Brasileño de Mindfulness y Promoción de la Salud ("Mente Abierta"), del Departamento de Medicina Preventivade de la Universidad Federal de São Paulo. RESULTADOS: se evaluaron los elementos estéticos que contribuyeron a la construcción de un entorno de práctica eufórica (vinculado a la salud) y se establecieron relaciones entre el plan de contenido y el plan de expresión de práctica, responsables de la construcción de relaciones semi-simbólicas. CONCLUSIÓN: se confirmó la valoración de una estética de simplicidad de colores y formas, que convergió en una afirmación de los valores de calma y bienestar compatibles con las prácticas de mindfulness. A partir de este análisis, buscamos reflexionar sobre las bases para el desarrollo de modelos comunicacionales relacionados con la promoción de la salud en un entorno digital.