RESUMO
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are aggressive but sensitive to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Alternative therapies are needed for tumors refractory to cisplatin with hypomethylating agents providing one possibility. The mechanisms of cisplatin hypersensitivity and resistance in TGCTs remain poorly understood. Recently, it has been shown that TGCTs, even those resistant to cisplatin, are hypersensitive to very low doses of hypomethylating agents including 5-aza deoxy-cytosine (5-aza) and guadecitabine. We undertook a pharmacogenomic approach in order to better understand mechanisms of TGCT hypomethylating agent hypersensitivity by generating a panel of acquired 5-aza-resistant TGCT cells and contrasting these to previously generated acquired isogenic cisplatin-resistant cells from the same parent. Interestingly, there was a reciprocal relationship between cisplatin and 5-aza sensitivity, with cisplatin resistance associated with increased sensitivity to 5-aza and 5-aza resistance associated with increased sensitivity to cisplatin. Unbiased transcriptome analysis revealed 5-aza-resistant cells strongly downregulated polycomb target gene expression, the exact opposite of the finding for cisplatin-resistant cells, which upregulated polycomb target genes. This was associated with a dramatic increase in H3K27me3 and decrease in DNMT3B levels in 5-aza-resistant cells, the exact opposite changes seen in cisplatin-resistant cells. Evidence is presented that reciprocal regulation of polycomb and DNMT3B may be initiated by changes in DNMT3B levels as DNMT3B knockdown alone in parental cells resulted in increased expression of H3K27me3, EZH2, and BMI1, conferred 5-aza resistance and cisplatin sensitization, and mediated genome-wide repression of polycomb target gene expression. Finally, genome-wide analysis revealed that 5-aza-resistant, cisplatin-resistant, and DNMT3B-knockdown cells alter the expression of a common set of polycomb target genes. This study highlights that reciprocal epigenetic changes mediated by DNMT3B and polycomb may be a key driver of the unique cisplatin and 5-aza hypersensitivity of TGCTs and suggests that distinct epigenetic vulnerabilities may exist for pharmacological targeting of TGCTs.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Embrionárias de Células Germinativas , Neoplasias Testiculares , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cisplatino/farmacologia , Cisplatino/uso terapêutico , Metilação de DNA/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Epigênese Genética , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias Embrionárias de Células Germinativas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Testiculares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Testiculares/genética , Neoplasias Testiculares/patologiaRESUMO
Herein, we studied the cross talk between 5-HT(2B) receptor blocker (SB-204741) and GSK-3ß inhibitor (SB-216763) in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy for 28 days. SB-204741 treatment significantly ameliorated (P<0.05) myocardial dysfunction, myocyte area, fibrosis and myocardial architecture in isoproterenol insulted myocardium. Moreover, this improvement in functional and morphological changes was associated with suppression of hypertrophic (BNP and CK-MB), inflammatory (IKK-ß/NF-κB/TNF-α and CRP), and apoptotic markers (TUNEL positivity and Bax expression) along with phosphorylation of Akt/GSK-3ß/ß-catenin/eNOS. Intriguingly, co-treatment with GSK-3ß inhibitor (P<0.01) further amplified the anti-hypertrophic effect of SB-204741 (P<0.05) such that the effect was indistinguishable from that of vehicle treated rats. Thus, 5-HT(2B) receptor blockade mediated anti-hypertrophic effect is atleast in part is governed through phosphorylation of Akt/GSK-3ß/ß-catenin/eNOS via attenuating inflammatory and apoptotic pathways.