RESUMO
This study aimed to investigate changes in the cerebellum of formaldehyde-exposed rats and the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on these changes. The study involved 21 male Wistar-Albino rats which were divided into three groups. The rats in Group I comprised the control group. The rats in Group II were injected with intraperitoneal 10% formaldehyde every other day. The rats in Group III received omega-3 fatty acids daily while exposed to formaldehyde. At the end of the 14-day experimental period, all rats were killed by decapitation and the cerebellum removed. The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), xanthine oxidase (XO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined in cerebellum specimens by using spectrophotometric methods. In our study, levels of SOD and CAT were significantly decreased, and GSH-Px, XO, MDA levels were significantly increased in rats treated with formaldehyde compared with those of the controls. Whereas, it was seen that there was an increase in SOD and CAT enzyme activities and decrease in MDA, XO, and GSH-Px levels in rats administered to omega-3 fatty acids with exposure of formaldehyde. It was determined that exposure of formaldehyde increased free radicals in cerebellum of rats and this increase was prevented by administration of omega-3 fatty acids.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias/prevenção & controle , Cerebelo/efeitos dos fármacos , Desinfetantes/toxicidade , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Formaldeído/toxicidade , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/farmacologia , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Encefalopatias/induzido quimicamente , Encefalopatias/metabolismo , Encefalopatias/patologia , Cerebelo/metabolismo , Cerebelo/patologia , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
OBJECT: We investigated the protective effects of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) after global brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups as follows: Group I was control rats, Group II was ischemia rats, Group III was Isch + ASU rats. Brain ischemia was produced via four-vessel occlusion model. These processes followed by reperfusion for 30 min for both II and III groups. Rats were sacrificed and their brains were removed immediately. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in left PFC, levels of TNF-α concentration were measured in the plasma. The number of apoptotic neurons was assayed in histological samples of the right PFC. RESULTS: MDA and TNF-α levels as well as the number of apoptotic neurons were observed to have decreased significantly in Group III compared to Group II, while SOD activities have been found to have increased significantly in Group III in comparison to Group II, significantly. CONCLUSIONS: We think that ASU might have an antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in brain I/R injured rats.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Glycine max/química , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Persea/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Doença Aguda , Animais , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Marcação In Situ das Extremidades Cortadas , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/patologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus may lead to functional and structural changes in the brain. Fish oil is a rich source of n-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexoenoic acids. We examined the neuroprotective effects of fish n-3 EFA in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen adult male rats were divided into three groups. Group I (control; n = 6) was fed a normal rat diet. Group II (diabetic; n = 6) was fed a normal rat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) was administered to induce diabetes mellitus. Group III (n-3 + diabetic; n = 7) was fed a normal rat diet and fish n-3 EFA (Marincap, 0.4 g/kg/day) for 8 weeks and STZ was administered to induce diabetes mellitus. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured in the left hippocampus after the animals were sacrificed. The right hemisphere was completely blocked. The sections were stained with Cresyl Violet and apoptotic neurons were counted in the hippocampus. RESULTS: The levels of MDA and activities of SOD and CAT increased in diabetic rats compared to control rats. However, the levels of MDA and activities of SOD and CAT decreased in n-3 + diabetic rats compared to diabetic rats. Also, the number of apoptotic neurons increased in diabetic rats compared to control rats and decreased in n-3 + diabetic rats compared to diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS: Fish n-3 EFA reduces oxidative stress and induces apoptotic changes in the hippocampus of STZ-diabetic rats. The addition of fish n-3 EFA to diets may be useful to prevent functional and structural changes to cerebral centers due to diabetes mellitus.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Catalase/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/enzimologia , Dieta , Hipocampo/enzimologia , Hipocampo/patologia , Masculino , Malondialdeído/análise , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/patologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
This study presents neuroprotective effects of fish n-3 EFA on the prefrontal cortex after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Eighteen rats divided into three groups. Group A rats were used as control. Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion was produced in rats either on a standard diet (Group B) or a standard diet plus fish n-3 EFA for 14 days (Group C). The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured and the number of apoptotic neurons was counted. The levels of MDA and activities of SOD increased in Group B rats as compared to Group A rats, and decreased in Group C rats as compared to Group B rats. The activities of CAT increased in Group C as compared to Group B rats. The number of apoptotic neurons in the prefrontal cortex was lower in Group C as compared to Group B rats.
Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/fisiologia , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/prevenção & controle , Catalase/análise , Catalase/metabolismo , Contagem de Células , Infarto Cerebral/metabolismo , Infarto Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Gorduras na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/uso terapêutico , Produtos Pesqueiros , Alimentos Formulados , Masculino , Malondialdeído/análise , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Degeneração Neural/tratamento farmacológico , Degeneração Neural/metabolismo , Degeneração Neural/prevenção & controle , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Superóxido Dismutase/análise , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The beneficial effects of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) are known as an antiarthritic agent. This experimental study presents the effects of ASU on oxidant/antioxidant systems and the number of apoptotic neurons of hippocampal formation after ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS: Eighteen rats were divided into three equal groups: group I rats were used as controls; group II rats were fed with standard diet and group III rats were fed with standard diet plus ASU pills for 10 days. One day after electrocauterization of bilateral vertebral arteries for groups II and III, bilateral common carotid arteries were occluded for 30 min and then reperfused for 30 min. After these procedures, rats of all groups were sacrificed. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured in the left hippocampus. The number of apoptotic neurons was counted by Tunel method in histological samples of right hippocampus. RESULTS: MDA and NO levels increased in group II compared with group I rats (p = 0.002, p = 0.015). In group III, MDA and NO levels decreased as compared to group II (p = 0.041, p = 0.002). SOD and CAT activities increased in group III as compared to group II rats (p = 0.002, p = 0.002). The number of apoptotic neurons was lower in group III as compared to group II rats. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that ASU could decrease oxidative stress and apoptotic changes in ischemic rat hippocampus. Dietary supplementation of ASU may be beneficial to prevent or ameliorate ischemic cerebral vascular disease.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Fitoterapia , Óleos de Plantas/uso terapêutico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Oral , Animais , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Apoptose , Isquemia Encefálica/sangue , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/patologia , Catalase/sangue , Catalase/metabolismo , Feminino , Hipocampo/patologia , Marcação In Situ das Extremidades Cortadas , Malondialdeído/sangue , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/sangue , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Persea , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/sangue , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/patologia , Glycine max , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral injury after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Fish n-3 essential fatty acids (EFA), contain eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) and docosahexoenoic acids (DHA), exhibit antioxidant properties. DHA is an important component of brain membrane phospholipids and is necessary for the continuity of neuronal functions. EPA prevents platelet aggregation and inhibits the conversion of arachidonic acid into thromboxane A(2) and prostaglandins. They have been suggested to be protective agents against neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, the neuroprotective effects of fish n-3 EFA on oxidant-antioxidant systems and number of apoptotic neurons of the hippocampal formation (HF) subjected to cerebral I/R injury was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Six rats were used as control (Group I). Cerebral ischemia was produced by occlusion of both the common carotid arteries combined with hypotension for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 30 min, in rats either on a standard diet (Group II) or a standard diet plus fish n-3 EFA (Marincap((R)), 0.4 g/kg/day, by gavage) for 14 days (Group III). At the end of procedures, the rats were sacrificed and their brains were removed immediately. The levels of malonedialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured in left HF. In addition, the number of apoptotic neurons was counted by terminal transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay in histological samples of the right HF. We found that SOD activities and MDA levels increased in Group III rats compared with Group II rats. On the other hand, CAT activities and NO levels were found to be decreased in Group III rats compared with Group II rats. Additionally, the number of apoptotic neurons was lower in Group III in comparison with Group II rats. The present findings suggest that fish n-3 EFA could decrease the oxidative status and apoptotic changes in ischemic rat hippocampal formation. Dietary supplementation of n-3 EFA may be beneficial to preserve or ameliorate ischemic cerebral vascular disease.
Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica/prevenção & controle , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Peixes , Hipocampo/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
The aim of this study was to examine the neurotoxicity of formaldehyde on prefrontal cortex and the protective effects of omega-3 essential fatty acids against these toxic effects. For this purpose, 21 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The rats in group I comprised the controls, while the rats in group II were injected every other day with formaldehyde (FA). The rats in group III received omega-3 fatty acids daily while exposed to formaldehyde. At the end of the 14-day experimental period, all rats were killed by decapitation. The brains of the rats were removed and the prefrontal cortex tissues were obtained from all brain specimens. Some of the prefrontal cortex tissue specimens were used for determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The remaining prefrontal cortex tissue specimens were used for light microscopic and immunohistochemical evaluation. The levels of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly decreased, and MDA levels were significantly increased in rats treated with formaldehyde compared with those of the controls. Furthermore, in the microscopic examination of this group, formation of apoptotic bodies, pycnotic cells, and apoptotic cells including nuclear fragmentation and membrane budding were observed. However, increased SOD and GSH-Px enzyme activities, and decreased MDA levels were detected in the rats administered omega-3 fatty acids while exposed to formaldehyde. Additionally, cellular damage caused by formaldehyde was decreased, and structural appearance was similar to that of the control rats in this group. The biochemical and histological findings observed in all groups were also confirmed by immunohistochemical evaluation. It was determined that formaldehyde-induced neuronal damage in prefrontal cortex was prevented by administration of omega-3 essential fatty acids.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Formaldeído/toxicidade , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/patologia , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/patologia , Encefalopatias/induzido quimicamente , Encefalopatias/prevenção & controle , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/ultraestrutura , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Phospholipids located in the cellular membrane play a critical role in the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure and membrane function. Evidence is mounting for the role of abnormal phospholipid metabolism in some neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. As an important essential fatty acid (EFA), omega-3 (omega-3) fatty acid series are found in large amounts in fish oil. The aim of this experimental study was to assess the changes of some of the oxidant and antioxidant parameters in the hypothalamus of rats fed with omega-3 EFA diet (0.4 g/kg/day) for 30 days. Eight control rats and nine rats fed with omega-3 were decapitated under ether anesthesia, and hypothalamus was removed immediately. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme activities in the hypothalamus were measured. SOD activity was significantly decreased in omega-3 EFA treated group compared to control group (p < 0.014). Tissue MDA and NO levels were also decreased in omega-3 EFA treated group compared to control rats (p < 0.0001). Xanthine oxidase activity was found to be increased in omega-3 EFA treated rats when compared to the control group (p < 0.0001). Taken together, this preliminary animal study provides strong support for a therapeutic effect of omega-3 EFA in some neuropsychiatric disorders in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are recently accused to be an important physiopathogenetic factor.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Hipotálamo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Xantina Oxidase/metabolismo , Animais , Dieta , Hipotálamo/enzimologia , Masculino , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espectrofotometria UltravioletaRESUMO
In this experimental study, the effect of fish n-3 fatty acids was studied on the some important enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, hexokinase (HK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in rat liver. Wistar albino rats of experimental group (n= 9) were supplemented fish omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) as 0.4 g/kg bw. by gavage for 30 days in addition to their normal diet. Isotonic solution was given to the control group (n= 8) by the same way. At 30th day, the rats were killed by decapitation under ether anesthesia, autopsied and liver was removed. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the activities of above-mentioned enzymes in the liver. The n-3 PUFA caused increases in the activities of HK, G6PD, LDH, and MDH in comparison with control. These increases were statistically significant (P < 0.01) except 6PGD activity. As a result, n-3 PUFA may regulate the metabolic function of liver effectively by increasing HK, G6PD, 6PGD, LDH, and MDH enzyme activities of rat liver when added in enough amounts to the regular diet.
Assuntos
Enzimas/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Fígado/enzimologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Hexoquinase/efeitos dos fármacos , Hexoquinase/metabolismo , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/efeitos dos fármacos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Malato Desidrogenase/efeitos dos fármacos , Malato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Masculino , Fosfogluconato Desidrogenase/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfogluconato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Omega-3 (omega-3) is an essential fatty acid (EFA) found in large amounts in fish oil. It contains eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA is one of the building structures of membrane phospholipids of brain and necessary for continuity of neuronal functions. Evidences support the hypothesis that schizophrenia may be the result of increased reactive oxygen species mediated neuronal injury. Recent reports also suggest the protective effect of omega-3 EFA against neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. This study proposed to assess the changes in antioxidant enzyme and oxidant parameters in the corpus striatum (CS) of rats fed with omega-3 EFA diet (0.4g/kg/day) for 30 days. Eight control rats and nine rats fed with omega-3 were decapitated under ether anesthesia, and CS was removed immediately. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels as well as total superoxide dismutase (t-SOD) and xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme activities in the CS were measured. Rats treated with omega-3 EFA had significantly lower values of TBARS (P<0.001), NO (P<0.002) and XO (P<0.005) whereas higher values of t-SOD enzyme activity (P<0.002) than the control rats. These results indicate that omega-3 EFA rich fish oil diet reduces some oxidant parameters in CS. This may be revealed by means of reduced CS TBARS levels as an end product of lipid peroxidation of membranes in treated rats. Additionally, reduced XO activity and NO levels may support this notion. On the other hand, although the mechanism is not clear, omega-3 EFA may indirectly enhance the activity of antioxidant enzyme t-SOD. Taken together, this preliminary animal study provides strong support for a therapeutic effect of omega-3 EFA supplemented to classical neuroleptic regimen in the treatment of schizophrenic symptoms and tardive dyskinesia.