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1.
Av. diabetol ; 23(4): 297-303, oct.-dic. 2007. ilus
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-058338

RESUMO

En la segunda mitad del siglo XX, la medicina ha cambiado más que en toda su historia anterior. Este cambio ha sido la consecuencia no sólo de los avances científicos y técnicos, sino también de los cambios del modelo social. Los pacientes han dejado de ser personas pasivas y han pasado a disfrutar de un creciente protagonismo en la toma de decisiones: es la manera de llevar a la práctica el principio de autonomía, que, junto con los principios de beneficencia y de justicia, constituyen los pilares básicos de la ética médica. Pero la autonomía no es real si el paciente no disfruta de los instrumentos para ejercerla realmente. La educación terapéutica es el mejor instrumento para transferir información desde el médico y el sistema sanitario hacia el paciente. La diabetes mellitus es el prototipo de enfermedad crónica susceptible de beneficiarse de la participación activa del paciente. Los programas de educación de pacientes diabéticos han pasado a formar parte de los espacios establecidos de atención clínica de la diabetes. Por lo general, hasta no hace mucho los servicios clínicos carecían de experiencia en la introducción de la educación como parte de la terapéutica clínica. No es sorprendente, pues, que la manera de organizar la educación de los pacientes haya sido muy diversa: dependía de la capacidad de cada servicio para dar respuesta a los nuevos retos, pero también, y sobre todo, de la sensibilidad y la cultura que se tuviera sobre la relación médico-enfermo. Así, aunque se ha hecho un esfuerzo por estandarizar la educación terapéutica, lo cierto es que ha habido tantos programas como espacios donde se ha puesto en marcha. En el presente artículo se reflexiona sobre la educación de pacientes desde la experiencia de más de 20 años en un servicio de endocrinología y nutrición


In the second half of the 20th century, the field of «Medicine» underwent more changes than throughout its entire previous history. This transformation has been the consequence not only of scientific and technical advances, but of changes in the social model as well. Patients have gone from being passive individuals to having an increasingly prominent role in the decision-making process. This is the manner of putting into practice the principle of autonomy, which, together with the principles of beneficence and justice, is a mainstay of medical ethics. However, this autonomy is not real if the patient is not provided with the tools he or she needs to actually exercise it. Therapeutic education is the best tool for transferring information from the physician and health care system to the patient. Diabetes mellitus represents the prototype of the chronic diseases that could benefit from the active participation of the patient. Education programs for diabetic patients have become a part of the conventional ambit of clinical care in diabetes. The staffs of clinical services generally lack experience in the introduction of education as a part of clinical therapeutics. Thus, it is not surprising that the approach to organizing patient education has varied widely. It has depended on the capacity of each service to respond to the new challenges, but, above all, on the existing sensitivity and culture with respect to the physician-patient relationship, as well. Although there has been an effort to standardize therapeutic education, the truth is that there have been as many programs as settings in which they have been introduced. In the present article, the authors reflect on patient education, following more than twenty years of experience in an endocrinology and nutrition department


Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto/métodos , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Assistência ao Paciente , Relações Médico-Paciente , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto/organização & administração , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto/tendências , Hospitais Universitários/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais Universitários/tendências , Hospitais Universitários
2.
Rev. clín. esp. (Ed. impr.) ; 207(10): 501-504, nov. 2007. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-057842

RESUMO

Las incretinas son sustancias que se producen en el intestino y se liberan en respuesta a la ingestión oral de nutrientes, sobre todo hidratos de carbono, siendo poderosas secretagogas que aumentan la liberación de insulina. Las 2 hormonas incretinas más importantes son el polipéptido inhibidor gástrico (GIP) y el péptido-1 similar al glucagón (GLP-1). Además de estimular la secreción de insulina, el GLP-1 suprime la liberación de glucagón, enlentece el vaciamiento gástrico, mejora la sensibilidad a la insulina y reduce el consumo de alimentos. Otros nutrientes pueden estimular también la secreción de insulina, como son el ácido oleico y la proteína de suero. Hoy día se está desarrollando un nuevo arsenal terapéutico centrado en el papel de las incretinas para un mejor abordaje de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2) (AU)


Incretins are hormones produced in the intestine that are released in response to oral intake of nutrients, above all carbohydrates. They are powerful secretors that increase insulin release. The two most important incretin hormones are GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; also known as gastric inhibitory peptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1). GLP-1 not only stimulates insulin secretion but also reduces glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, improves insulin sensitivity and increases satiety. Other nutrients may also stimulate insulin secretion: oleic acid and serum protein. Currently a new therapeutic armamentarium focused on the role of incretins is being developed to improve the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2) (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Glucagon/análogos & derivados , Glucagon/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores dos Hormônios Gastrointestinais/metabolismo , Precursores de Proteínas , Insulina
3.
Prog. diagn. trat. prenat. (Ed. impr.) ; 17(3): 118-122, sept. 2005. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-69267

RESUMO

En España estudios recientes han demostrado que la ingesta de yodo en las mujeres embarazadas es baja, incluso en zonas donde teóricamente hay programas institucionales para promover el consumo de sal yodada para la prevención de la deficiencia de yodo. Nuestro estudio muestra que en la población de mujeres gestantes de Málaga la ingesta de yodo está por debajo de las recomendaciones nutricionales. La eliminación de yodo por la orina va aumentando a lo largo del embarazo, produciéndose un incremento del tamaño del volumen tiroideo al final del mismo. Aunque no se encontró una correlación individual entre el volumen tiroideo y la eliminación de yodo por la orina, los resultados sugieren claramente que el incremento en el volumen tiroideo es la consecuencia de una disfunción tiroidea a lo largo del embarazo. Esta disfunción del tiroides se corresponde con lo esperado en una situación de yododeficiencia. A pesar de existir en distintas zonas de España unas campañas de salud pública recomendando la utilización de sal yodada, los resultados de distintos estudios nos muestran que este aporte es insuficiente en las mujeres gestantes, con el consecuente riesgo que conlleva para el desarrollo fetal. Los resultados del presente estudio apoyan la conveniencia de instaurar programas sistemáticos de suplementación de yodo durante el embarazo


In Spain several studies have demonstrated that iodine intake of pregnant women is low. Our study shows that in the south-west (Malaga), the intake of iodine in the population of pregnant women is under the nutritional recommendations. The iodine urine elimination increases during the pregnancy with an increasing of the thyroid volume during pregnancy. There is no individual correlation between thyroid volume and urine iodine elimination, but the results suggest the origin of the thyroid dysfunction thought the pregnancy is the increased thyroid volume. Besides the health public campaign of using iodine salt in several zones of Spain, the results of some studies shown that this supplementation is inadequate, with the risk for the fetal development. The results of this study support the necessity of systematic programmes of iodine supplementation during the pregnancy


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Deficiência de Iodo/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais , Iodo/administração & dosagem , Política Nutricional , Hormônios Tireóideos/sangue , Espanha
4.
Eur J Clin Invest ; 35(7): 421-4, 2005 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16008542

RESUMO

1. Ageing represents a great concern in developed countries because the number of people involved and the pathologies related with it, like atherosclerosis, morbus Parkinson, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, cognitive decline, diabetes and cancer. 2. Epidemiological studies suggest that a Mediterranean diet (which is rich in virgin olive oil) decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease. 3. The Mediterranean diet, rich in virgin olive oil, improves the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as the lipoprotein profile, blood pressure, glucose metabolism and antithrombotic profile. Endothelial function, inflammation and oxidative stress are also positively modulated. Some of these effects are attributed to minor components of virgin olive oil. Therefore, the definition of the Mediterranean diet should include virgin olive oil. 4. Different observational studies conducted in humans have shown that the intake of monounsaturated fat may be protective against age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. 5. Microconstituents from virgin olive oil are bioavailable in humans and have shown antioxidant properties and capacity to improve endothelial function. Furthermore they are also able to modify the haemostasis, showing antithrombotic properties. 6. In countries where the populations fulfilled a typical Mediterranean diet, such as Spain, Greece and Italy, where virgin olive oil is the principal source of fat, cancer incidence rates are lower than in northern European countries. 7. The protective effect of virgin olive oil can be most important in the first decades of life, which suggests that the dietetic benefit of virgin olive oil intake should be initiated before puberty, and maintained through life. 8. The more recent studies consistently support that the Mediterranean diet, based in virgin olive oil, is compatible with a healthier ageing and increased longevity. However, despite the significant advances of the recent years, the final proof about the specific mechanisms and contributing role of the different components of virgin olive oil to its beneficial effects requires further investigations.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Dieta Mediterrânea , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Óleos de Plantas , Envelhecimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/farmacologia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Humanos , Azeite de Oliva , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Plantas/química , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia
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