Multiple pesticide residues and risk assessment of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo: a three-year investigation.

Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (D. officinale) is a traditional Chinese medicine homologous to food, and its safety has attracted considerable attention. Pesticide residues are critical indicators for evaluating the safety of D. officinale. This study investigated the levels of 130 pesticides in 137 stem samples and 82 leaf samples from five main production areas of D. officinale in Zhejiang Province, along with the associated risk of dietary exposure for the population between 2019 and 2021. Forty-five pesticides were detected in 171 samples, of which pyraclostrobin had the highest detection frequency. Multiple residues were detected in 52.56% of the stem samples and 54.88% of the leaf samples, and one stem sample contained up to 18 pesticides. Here, the level of difenoconazole in three samples (two stem samples and one leaf sample) was higher than the maximum residue limit (MRL) in China. Considering the possible health risks related to pesticide residues, a risk assessment of human exposure to pesticides via the intake of D. officinale stems and leaves was evaluated, indicating negligible short-term, long-term, and cumulative risks to human health. However, considering the high detection rate of unregistered pesticides, the supplementation of pesticide registration information on D. officinale should be expedited, and MRLs should be established to ensure food and drug safety.

Synthesis of germanium/germanium phosphide in-plane heterostructure with efficient photothermal and enhanced photodynamic effects in the second near-infrared biowindow.

Inspired by the bifunctional phototherapy agents (PTAs), constructing compact PTAs with efficient photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects in the near-infrared (NIR-II) biowindow is crucial for high therapeutic efficacy. Herein, none-layered germanium (Ge) is transformed to layered Ge/germanium phosphide (Ge/GeP) structure, and a novel two-dimensional sheet-like compact S-scheme Ge/GeP in-plane heterostructure with a large extinction coefficient of 15.66 L/g cm-1 at 1,064 nm is designed and demonstrated. In addition to the outstanding photothermal effects, biocompatibility and degradability, type I and type II PDT effects are activated by a single laser. Furthermore, enhanced reactive oxygen species generation under longer wavelength NIR laser irradiation is achieved, and production of singlet oxygen and superoxide radical upon 1,064 nm laser irradiation is more than double that under 660 nm laser irradiation. The S-scheme charge transfer mechanism between Ge and GeP, is demonstrated by photo-irradiated Kelvin probe force microscopy and electron spin resonance analysis. Thus, the obtained S-scheme Ge/GeP in-plane heterostructure shows synergistic therapeutic effects of PTT/PDT both in vitro and in vivo in the NIR-II biowindow and the novel nanoplatform with excellent properties has large clinical potential.

Spatial topological analysis of sympathetic neurovascular characteristic of acupoints in Ren meridian using advanced tissue-clearing and near infrared II imaging.

Acupuncture has been used for treating various medical conditions in traditional Chinese medicine. Both manual and electro-acupuncture stimulate specific acupoints to obtain local and systemic biological effects, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we used three-dimensional tissue-clearing technology to study acupoints on the Ren meridian of mice to reveal the distribution, density, branching, and relationships between blood vessels and nerves. Using topological Mapper methods, we found that sympathetic neurovascular networks were denser in the CV 4 acupoint compared with surrounding non-acupoints. Furthermore, high resolution in vivo real-time vascular imaging using the near infrared-II probe LZ-1105 demonstrated increased blood flow in the CV 4 acupoint compared with neighboring non-acupoints after manual or electro-acupuncture. Consistent with earlier findings, our research indicated that acupuncture could enhance local blood flow, and our high-resolution 3D images show for the first time the important role of sympathetic neurovascular networks in the CV 4 acupoint.

Deep learning radiomics of ultrasonography: Identifying the risk of axillary non-sentinel lymph node involvement in primary breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Completion axillary lymph node dissection is overtreatment for patients with sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis in whom the metastatic risk of residual non-SLN (NSLN) is low. However, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network panel posits that none of the previous studies has successfully identified such subset patients. Here, we develop a multicentre deep learning radiomics of ultrasonography model (DLRU) to predict the risk of SLN and NSLN metastasis. METHODS: In total, 937 eligible breast cancer patients with ultrasound images were enrolled from two hospitals as the training set (n = 542) and independent test set (n = 395) respectively. Using the images, we developed and validated a prediction model combined with deep learning radiomics and axillary ultrasound to sequentially identify the metastatic risk of SLN and NSLN, thereby, classifying patients to relevant axillary management groups. FINDINGS: In the test set, the DLRU yields the best performance in identifying patients with metastatic disease in SLNs (sensitivity=98.4%, 95% CI 96.6-100) and NSLNs (sensitivity=98.4%, 95% CI 95.6-99.9). The DLRU also accurately stratifies patients without metastasis in SLN or NSLN into the corresponding low-risk (LR)-SLN and high-risk (HR)-SLN&LR-NSLN category with the negative predictive value of 97% (95% CI 94.2-100) and 91.7% (95% CI 88.8-97.9), respectively. Moreover, compared with the current clinical management, DLRU appropriately assigned 51% (39.6%/77.4%) of overtreated patients in the entire study cohort into the LR group, perhaps avoiding overtreatment. INTERPRETATION: The performance of the DLRU indicates that it may offer a simple preoperative tool to promote personalized axillary management of breast cancer. FUNDING: The National Nature Science Foundation of China; The National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China; The Scientific research project of Heilongjiang Health Committee; The Postgraduate Research &Practice Innovation Program of Harbin Medical University.

An-te-xiao capsule inhibits tumor growth in non-small cell lung cancer by targeting angiogenesis.

An-te-xiao capsule consists of total alkaloids from the dried whole plantof Solanum lyratum, and showed antitumor effects in our previous study. However, its inhibitory effect on multiple non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated clearly. This study sought to investigate the inhibitory effects of An-te-xiao capsule on three main types of NSCLC cell lines (A549, NCI-H460, and NCI-H520) in vitro and in vivo and the underlying mechanisms of action including its potential anti-angiogenesis effects. An-te-xiao capsule showed no acute oral toxicity in mice, and significantly prolonged survival time in a mouse model of Lewis tumor xenograft. The inhibition of A549, NCI-H460, and NCI-H520 cells by An-te-xiao capsule was reflected in its effects on tumor growth, histopathological changes, tumor microvessel density (MVD), cell cycle regulatory proteins, and cell apoptosis. In vitro, An-te-xiao capsule repressed migration, invasion, and tube formation of tumor-derived vascular endothelial cells (Td-ECs), which were obtained using a co-culture system, in the presence or absence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at safe concentrations selected using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Moreover, An-te-xiao capsule inhibited the secretion of VEGF by A549 cells in the co-culture system and suppressed the phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Taken together, An-te-xiao capsule has potential for treating NSCLC.

Intervention of integrative medicine treatment has impact on serum levels of ET-1, TNF-α, MLT in RA-CVD.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that can destroy peripheral joints. However, very little is known regarding specific biological marker for RA in Chinese patients. In this study, we determined the serum biomarkers and clinical features of RA-CVD. We also evaluated the short-term efficacy of routine RA treatment combined with integrative medicine treatment on RA-CVD. We found that anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) and disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) are associated with risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in RA. And, melatonin (MLT) may play a negative regulatory role in cardiovascular damage in patients with RA. Furthermore, endothelin (ET-1) and inflammatory markers may be subclinical cardiovascular damages in RA. Moreover, of the 17 patients with RA-CVD, test results of ET-1, TNF-α and OSCAR after integrative medicine treatment were significantly decreased than before treatment. Collectively, our results provide a therapeutic potential of integrative medicine to the treatment of RA-CVD.

Residue behavior and risk assessment of imidacloprid applied on greenhouse-cultivated strawberries under different application conditions.

A risk assessment for imidacloprid applied on strawberries under different conditions was performed after residue determination using the quick, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. The application conditions were varied according to the applied dosage, addition of a plant oil or organosilicon surfactant, water volume, and sprayer type. The degradation dynamics of imidacloprid on strawberries followed first-order kinetics. At applied doses of 30-60 g a.i. ha-1, the half-lives of imidacloprid were 2.89-3.46, 1.98-3.65, and 2.57-2.77 days after application without a surfactant or with a plant oil or organosilicon surfactant, respectively. For water volumes of 112.5, 225, 450, 675, and 900 L ha-1, the half-lives of imidacloprid applied in the presence of the plant oil surfactant were 3.30, 7.70, 5.33, 7.70, and 6.30 days, respectively. The half-lives after application with a knapsack mist duster, electric sprayer, and manual sprayer were 2.16, 5.77, and 7.70 days, respectively. The health risk assessment revealed risk quotients less than 1 in all cases, indicating that the application of imidacloprid poses a low health risk to humans after a pre-harvest interval of 10 days under our application conditions. The risk assessment results can provide reference data for setting a reasonable maximum residue limit for imidacloprid on strawberries in China.

Ultrasmall Biocompatible Bi2Se3 Nanodots for Multimodal Imaging-Guided Synergistic Radiophotothermal Therapy against Cancer.

Sub-3 nm ultrasmall Bi2Se3 nanodots stabilized with bovine serum albumin were successfully synthesized through a reaction of hydroxyethylthioselenide with bismuth chloride in aqueous solution under ambient conditions. These nanodots exhibit a high photothermal conversion efficiency (η = 50.7%) due to their strong broad absorbance in the near-infrared (NIR) window and serve as a nanotheranostic agent for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal cancer therapy. In addition, they also display radioenhancement with a ratio of 6% due to their sensitivity to X-rays, which makes them a potential sensitizer for radiotherapy. These nanodots were also labled with radioactive 99mTc for quantification of their biodistribution by single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) imaging. Our work demonstrates the potential of ultrasmall Bi2Se3 nanodots in multimodal imaging-guided synergetic radiophotothermal therapy of cancer.

One-pot solventless preparation of PEGylated black phosphorus nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer.

Black phosphorus (BP) nanostructures such as nanosheets and nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their unique properties and great potential in various physical, chemical, and biological fields. In this article, water-soluble and biocompatible PEGylated BP nanoparticles with a high yield were prepared by one-pot solventless high energy mechanical milling technique. The resultant BP nanoparticles can efficiently convert near infrared (NIR) light into heat, and exhibit excellent photostability, which makes them suitable as a novel nanotheranostic agent for photoacoustic (PA) imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer. The in-vitro results demonstrate the excellent biocompatibility of PEGylated BP nanoparticles, which can be used for photothermal ablation of cancer cells under irradiation with NIR light. The in-vivo PA images demonstrate that these BP nanoparticles can be efficiently accumulated in tumors through the enhanced permeability retention effect. The resultant BP nanoparticles can be further utilized for photothermal ablation of tumors by irradiation with NIR light. The tumor-bearing mice were completely recovered after photothermal treatment with BP nanoparticles, in comparison with mice from control groups. Our research highlights the great potential of PEGylated BP nanoparticles in detection and treatment of cancer.

Comparison of greenhouse and field degradation behaviour of isoprocarb, hexaflumuron and difenoconazole in Perilla frutescens.

Isoprocarb, hexaflumuron and difenoconazole were used in Perilla frutescens at 600, 60 and 75 g a.i./ha respectively. High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used for residue determination because of high selectivity and simple treatment. The results showed that the half-lives of isoprocarb, hexaflumuron and difenoconazole at greenhouse condition were 0.71, 1.63 and 1.21 days respectively, and at field condition, the values were 1.13, 1.07 and 0.92 days respectively.

Determination of 16 insect growth regulators in edible Chinese traditional herbs by liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

A new sensitive multiresidue liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analytical method for the determination of 16 insect growth regulator (IGR) residues-RH-5849 (1,2-dibenzoyl-1-tert-butylhydrazine), halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, chromafenozide, fufenozide, tebufenozide, diflubenzuron, chlorbenzuron, triflumuron, hexaflumuron, novaluron, lufenuron, teflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, and chlorfluazuron-in herbs (Perilla frutescens, flos chrysanthemi, lily bulbs, and ginger) has been developed. After the herbs had been extracted with acetonitrile, a combined graphitized nonporous carbon/aminopropyl (ENVI-Carb/LC-NH(2)) cartridge and a Florisil cartridge were used to clean up the extracts. LC-MS/MS was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode with two specific precursor ion-product ion transitions per IGR to confirm and quantitate the residues in herbs. Quantitation was performed on the basis of matrix-matched calibrations. The method showed excellent linearity (r(2) > 0.99) and precision (relative standard deviations of 13.6 or lower) for all the target insecticides. The limits of quantitation were 0.6-10 µg kg(-1) for the 16 insecticides in the four herbs. The average recoveries, measured at three concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 mg kg(-1)), were in the range 74.8-105.3%. The method was satisfactorily applied for the analysis of 60 herb samples (Perilla frutescens, flos chrysanthemi, lily bulbs, and ginger). Hexaflumuron was detected at concentrations of 0.029 and 0.051 mg kg(-1) in Perilla frutescens.

[Clinical observation on strong stimulation of acupoints around eyes for treatment of adolescent myopia].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effect and influential factors of strong stimulation of acupoints around eyes by reducing method of twisting the needle for treatment of adolescent myopia, and to compare the different curative effects of both weak and strong stimulus intensities and wearing glasses in daytime. METHODS: According to the principle of knowing and permission, the patients were divided into a strong stimulation group (60 cases, 120 eyes), a weak stimulation group (60 cases, 120 eyes) and a wearing glasses group (60 cases, 120 eyes). Both the strong stimulation group and the weak stimulation group were treated by reducing method of twisting the needle, with Cuanzhu (BL 2), Yuyao (EX-HN 4), Sizhukong (TE 23), Sibai (ST 2) and Taiyang (EX-HN 5) selected. Each acupoint was twisted 360 and 90 times per min for the strong stimulation group, and 90 degrees and 60 times per min for the weak stimulation group; the wearing glasses group were not treated with acupuncture, but with wearing glasses in daytime. RESULTS: After treatment with the reducing method of twisting the needle, the vision improved (P < 0.01), with more obviously increased in the strong stimulation group than the weak stimulation group (P < 0.01), and there was no significant change of vision in the wearing glasses group. The age and the myopic degree of the patient before treatment were closely related with the change of vision after treatment (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The reducing method of twisting the needle has a definite clinical therapeutic effect on adolescent myopia; strong stimulation has a better effect than the weak one; the age and the myopic degree of the patient possibly influence the therapeutic effect.

[Changes of nutrients in soil of transgenic Bt crops].

Pot experiment showed that after 30 days of transgenic Bt rice planting and by the end of the growth season of transgenic Bt cotton, the contents of soil total C, total N, alkali-hydrolyzable N, and available P and S had no significant difference with the control, which suggested that there was a little disturbance in the cycle and balance of soil nutrients after a short period of transgenic Bt crops planting.