RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have suggested that ninjin'yoeito (NYT), a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, improves diminished motivation in humans and animals, rendering it a novel therapeutic option for impaired motivation. To better characterize the effect of NYT on motivation, we examined its effect on motivated behaviors in mice. METHODS: Mouse models of neurodegeneration-related apathy, in which striatal dopamine receptor type 2-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) were progressively damaged by diphtheria toxin expression, were chosen. RESULTS: The decrease in effort-based operant responding for rewards (sucrose pellets), indicative of the mouse's motivated behavior, in the affected mice was not suppressed by chronic treatment with NYT suspended in drinking water at 1% (w/v). Mice were then subjected to a sucrose preference test, wherein they freely chose to ingest tap water and a sucrose solution without being required to exert effort. The affected mice showed a decline in preference for sucrose over tap water, relative to nonaffected controls, indicating anhedonia-like traits. In contrast to the diminished operant behavior, the anhedonic behavior in the affected mice was prevented by the NYT administration. Furthermore, NYT did not affect the size of Drd2 mRNA disappearance in the striatum of affected mice, suggesting that the NYT effect was unrelated to DTA-mediated neurodegeneration. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the beneficial effect of NYT on motivation is mediated, at least in part, through the potentiation of hedonic capacity by certain neuromodulatory pathways.
Assuntos
Anedonia/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Medicina Kampo/métodos , Motivação/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Dopamina D2/biossíntese , Anedonia/fisiologia , Animais , Condicionamento Operante/efeitos dos fármacos , Condicionamento Operante/fisiologia , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Japão , Camundongos , Camundongos da Linhagem 129 , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos CBA , Camundongos Transgênicos , Motivação/fisiologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D2/genéticaRESUMO
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses to end-stage renal failure via renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Malnutrition, inflammation, and arteriosclerosis interact to exacerbate the poor prognosis of CKD, and their effective management is thus essential. The traditional Japanese medicine Rikkunshito (RKT) exerts appetite-stimulating effects via ghrelin, which attenuates inflammation and fibrosis. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of RKT in unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis/inflammation and body weight loss in mice. UUO and sham-operated mice were fed a standard diet or diet containing 3.0% RKT. Renal fibrosis was investigated by histopathology and macrophage infiltration was determined by immunohistochemistry. Expression levels of genes associated with fibrosis, inflammation, ghrelin, and mitochondrial function were determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. RKT treatment partially prevented UUO-induced weight loss but failed to attenuate renal fibrosis and inflammation. Renal expression of sirtuin 1, a ghrelin-downstream signalling molecule, and gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α and Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3 were unaffected by RKT. These results indicate that RKT inhibits weight loss but does not improve renal fibrosis or inflammation in a rapidly progressive renal fibrosis mouse model. RKT may have a protective effect on weight loss associated with CKD.
Assuntos
Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Obstrução Ureteral/complicações , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Fibrose/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrose/etiologia , Fibrose/metabolismo , Fibrose/patologia , Inflamação/etiologia , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Rim/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/etiologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/metabolismo , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/patologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Obstrução Ureteral/metabolismo , Obstrução Ureteral/patologiaAssuntos
Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Humanos , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The porous structure generated during frying influences oil absorption and textural qualities. The alteration in physical properties of wheat flour is suspected to affect the structure formation. The present study investigated the effect of physicochemical changes in wheat flour by the ball-milling process on structure formation and consequently oil absorption of a fried wheat flour batter model. RESULTS: Batter models containing 600 g kg(-1) moisture were made of 0-10 h ball-milled wheat flour and then fried in frying oil at 150 degrees C for 1-7 min. The samples made of milled flour possess larger pores and exhibit lower oil absorption than sample made of 0 h milled flour. The fracture force of a fried sample prepared from 5 and 10 h milled flour is lower than that of a sample prepared from 0 h milled flour. CONCLUSION: The decrease in glass transition temperature (T(g)) and melting temperature (T(m)) of milled flour affect the microstructure formation in the fried wheat flour batter. The microstructure is responsible for oil absorption and fracturability in fried food. The samples made of flour of longer ball-milling time have lower oil absorption and higher crispness. Ball-milling may be a tool to produce mechanically modified wheat flour which can reduce oil absorption for fried batter.
Assuntos
Culinária/métodos , Gorduras na Dieta , Farinha , Tecnologia de Alimentos , Óleo de Soja , Triticum/química , Absorção , Temperatura Alta , ÁguaRESUMO
We assessed the damage to onion tissue due to freeze-thawing as the water permeability determined by using PFG-NMR and light microscopy. The water diffusion in fresh onion tissue was restricted due to cellular barriers, and the estimated water permeability was 6.99 x 10(-6)m/s. The water diffusion became considerably less restricted after freeze-thawing; the convergent value for the restricted diffusion coefficient increased and the water permeability significantly increased to 2.85 x 10(-5) m/s. While NMR could detect a distinct change in the diffusion behavior of water molecules in freeze-thawed tissue, light microscopy revealed no significant tissue damage. These results suggest that freeze-thawing damaged the vegetable tissues primarily through destruction of the cell membrane rather than the cell wall.