RESUMO
Both incidence and death rate due to liver cancer have increased in the United States. Higher consumption of lycopene-rich tomato and tomato products is associated with a decreased risk of cancers. ß-Carotene-15, 15'-oxygenase (BCO1), and ß-carotene-9', 10'-oxygenase (BCO2) cleave lycopene to produce bioactive apo-lycopenoids. Although BCO1/BCO2 polymorphisms affect human and animal lycopene levels, whether dietary tomato consumption can inhibit high-fat diet (HFD)-promoted hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and affect gut microbiota in the absence of BCO1/BCO2 is unclear. BCO1/BCO2 double knockout mice were initiated with a hepatic carcinogen (diethylnitrosamine) at 2 weeks of age. At 6 weeks of age, the mice were randomly assigned to an HFD (60% of energy as fat) with or without tomato powder (TP) feeding for 24 weeks. Results showed that TP feeding significantly decreased HCC development (67%, 83%, and 95% reduction in incidence, multiplicity, and tumor volume, respectively, P < 0.05). Protective effects of TP feeding were associated with (1) decreased hepatic inflammatory foci development and mRNA expression of proinflammatory biomarkers (IL1ß, IL6, IL12α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and inducible NO synthase); (2) increased mRNA expression of deacetylase sirtuin 1 and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase involving NAD+ production; and (3) increased hepatic circadian clock genes (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput, period 2, and cryptochrome-2, Wee1). Furthermore, TP feeding increased gut microbial richness and diversity, and significantly decreased the relative abundance of the genus Clostridium and Mucispirillum, respectively. The present study demonstrates that dietary tomato feeding independent of carotenoid cleavage enzymes prevents HFD-induced inflammation with potential modulating gut microbiota and inhibits HFD-promoted HCC development.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias Hepáticas/prevenção & controle , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Animais , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/etiologia , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Dietilnitrosamina/administração & dosagem , Dietilnitrosamina/toxicidade , Dioxigenases/genética , Dioxigenases/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/etiologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/etiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Pós , beta-Caroteno 15,15'-Mono-Oxigenase/genética , beta-Caroteno 15,15'-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismoRESUMO
Obesity-induced chronic inflammation is a key factor in type 2 diabetes. A vicious cycle involving pro-inflammatory mediators between adipocytes and macrophages is a common cause of chronic inflammation in the adipose tissue. Tomato is one of the most popular vegetables and is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of tomato on diabetes is unclear. In this study, we focused on anti-inflammatory compounds in tomato. We found that the extract of tomato reduced plasma glucose and inflammatory markers in mice. We screened anti-inflammatory fractions in tomato using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, and active compounds were estimated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry over a wide range. Surprisingly, a large number of compounds including oxylipin and coumarin derivatives were estimated as anti-inflammatory compounds. Especially, 9-oxo-octadecadienoic acid and daphnetin suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and inhibitor of kappa B α protein degradation. These findings suggest that tomato containing diverse anti-inflammatory compounds ameliorates chronic inflammation in obese adipose tissue.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Glicemia/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cumarínicos/química , Cumarínicos/isolamento & purificação , Cumarínicos/farmacologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Óxido Nítrico/biossíntese , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/química , Oxilipinas/isolamento & purificação , Oxilipinas/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Células RAW 264.7 , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Umbeliferonas/química , Umbeliferonas/isolamento & purificação , Umbeliferonas/farmacologiaRESUMO
SCOPE: Beta-carotene-15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) and beta-carotene-9',10'-oxygenase (BCO2) metabolize lycopene to biologically active metabolites, which can ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigate the effects of tomato powder (TP containing substantial lycopene (2.3 mg/g)) on NAFLD development and gut microbiome in the absence of both BCO1 and BCO2 in mice. METHOD AND RESULTS: BCO1-/- /BCO2-/- double knockout mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) alone (n = 9) or with TP feeding (n = 9) for 24 weeks. TP feeding significantly reduced pathological severity of steatosis and hepatic triglyceride levels in BCO1-/- /BCO2-/- mice (p < 0.04 vs HFD alone). This was associated with increased SIRT1 activity, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase expression and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, and subsequently decreased lipogenesis, hepatic fatty acid uptake, and increasing fatty acid ß-oxidation (p < 0.05). TP feeding significantly decreased mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (tnf-α, il-1ß, and il-6) in both liver and mesenteric adipose tissue, which were associated with increased plasma adiponectin and hepatic adiponectin receptor-2. Multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed using DNA extracted from cecum fecal samples. TP feeding increased microbial richness and decreased relative abundance of the genus Clostridium. CONCLUSION: Dietary TP can inhibit NAFLD independent of carotenoid cleavage enzymes, potentially through increasing SIRT1 activity and adiponectin production and decreasing Clostridium abundance.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Dioxigenases/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/prevenção & controle , Solanum lycopersicum/química , beta-Caroteno 15,15'-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Adiponectina/agonistas , Adiponectina/sangue , Adiponectina/genética , Adiponectina/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Dioxigenases/genética , Disbiose/imunologia , Disbiose/metabolismo , Disbiose/microbiologia , Disbiose/prevenção & controle , Fezes/microbiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/imunologia , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/metabolismo , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/patologia , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Fígado/imunologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Licopeno/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Camundongos Knockout , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/imunologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/microbiologia , Receptores de Adiponectina/agonistas , Receptores de Adiponectina/genética , Receptores de Adiponectina/metabolismo , Sirtuína 1/química , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , beta-Caroteno 15,15'-Mono-Oxigenase/genéticaRESUMO
Recently, a new assay method that can quantify the singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) of natural antioxidants and food extracts was developed. The SOAC values were measured in ethanol-chloroform-D2O (50 + 50 + 1, v/v/v) solution at 35°C using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer equipped with a six-channel cell positioner and an electron-temperature control unit. In the present study, measurement of the SOAC values was performed for eight representative carotenoids and three vegetable extracts (tomato, carrot, and red paprika) using a versatile instrument, the microplate reader. A 24-well glass microplate was used for measurements because a plastic microplate, commonly used in the laboratory, dissolves in the ethanol-chloroform-D2O solution. The SOAC values of eight carotenoids and three vegetable extracts measured using a microplate reader were in good agreement with the corresponding values measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, suggesting that the microplate reader is an applicable instrument for the measurement of reliable SOAC values for general antioxidants and food extracts in solution.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Oxigênio Singlete/química , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Espectrofotometria UltravioletaRESUMO
Measurements of the second-order rate constants and the singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) values for the reaction of singlet oxygen ((1)O2) with 23 kinds of food extracts were performed in ethanol/chloroform/D2O (50:50:1, v/v/v) solution at 35 °C. It has been clarified that the SOAC method is useful to evaluate the (1)O2-quenching activity (i.e. the SOAC value) of food extracts having two orders of magnitude different rate constants from 3.18 × 10(4) L g(-1) s(-1) for tomato to 1.55 × 10(2) for green melon. Furthermore, comparison of the observed rate constants for the above food extracts with the calculated ones based on the concentrations of seven kinds of carotenoids included in the food extracts and the rate constants reported for each carotenoids was performed, in order to ascertain the validity of the SOAC assay method developed and to clarify the ratio of the contribution of principal carotenoids to the SOAC value.