RESUMO
The search for new substances with cytotoxic activity against various cancer cells, especially cells that are very resistant to currently used chemotherapeutic agents, such as melanoma cells, is a very important scientific aspect. We investigated the cytotoxic effect of Chelidonium majus, Mahonia aquifolium and Sanguinaria canadensis extracts obtained from different parts of these plants collected at various vegetation stages on FaDu, SCC-25, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Almost all the tested extracts showed higher cytotoxicity against these cancer cells than the anticancer drug etoposide. The highest cytotoxicity against the FaDu, SCC-25, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines was obtained for the Sanguinaria candensis extract collected before flowering. The cytotoxicity of extracts obtained from different parts of Chelidonium majus collected at various vegetation stages was also evaluated on melanoma cells (A375, G361 and SK-MEL-3). The highest cytotoxic activity against melanoma A375 cells was observed for the Chelidonium majus root extract, with an IC50 of 12.65 µg/mL. The same extract was the most cytotoxic against SK-MEL-3 cells (IC50 = 1.93 µg/mL), while the highest cytotoxic activity against G361 cells was observed after exposure to the extract obtained from the herb of the plant. The cytotoxic activity of Chelidonium majus extracts against melanoma cells was compared with the cytotoxicity of the following anticancer drugs: etoposide, cisplatin and hydroxyurea. In most cases, the IC50 values obtained for the anticancer drugs were higher than those obtained for the Chelidonium majus extracts. The most cytotoxic extract obtained from the root of Chelidonium majus was selected for in vivo cytotoxic activity investigations using a Danio rerio larvae xenograft model. The model was applied for the first time in the in vivo investigations of the extract's anticancer potential. The application of Danio rerio larvae xenografts in cancer research is advantageous because of the transparency and ease of compound administration, the small size and the short duration and low cost of the experiments. The results obtained in the xenograft model confirmed the great effect of the investigated extract on the number of cancer cells in a living organism. Our investigations show that the investigated plant extracts exhibit very high cytotoxic activity and can be recommended for further experiments in order to additionally confirm their potential use in the treatment of various human cancers.
Assuntos
Alcaloides , Antineoplásicos , Chelidonium , Mahonia , Melanoma , Sanguinaria , Animais , Humanos , Chelidonium/química , Etoposídeo , Peixe-Zebra , Alcaloides/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Cromatografia Líquida , Isoquinolinas/farmacologia , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Goji fruit (Lycium barbarum L.) has been identified as a polyphenolic compound plant source of noted richness. It also contains polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals, fatty and organic acids. The purpose of the presented research was to produce innovative instant corn gruels with various dry goji berry contents (1, 3 and 5%), to determine the level of included polyphenolic compounds (including individual free phenolic acids) and to assess the antioxidant properties of these functional-food products. A further objective was to identify the optimum value of one of the most important production parameter, the rotational speed of the extruder's screw during gruel processing. The undertaken chromatographic analysis (LC-ESI-MS/MS) showed a wide variety of available phenolic acids. In the samples with 5% addition of fruit, eight phenolic acids were detected, whereas in the corn gruel without additives, only five were noted. The antioxidant activity, the content of free phenolic acids and the sum of polyphenols increased with increase of the functional additive. For all goji content, screw speeds of 100 and 120 rpm rather than 80 rpm resulted in higher polyphenol amounts and greater Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, as well as higher ability to scavenge DPPH.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Alimentos Fortificados , Frutas/química , Lycium/química , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Zea mays/química , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Calibragem , Cromatografia Líquida , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/química , Hidroxibenzoatos/análise , Limite de Detecção , Picratos/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Quinolizidine alkaloids exhibit various forms of biological activity. A lot of them were found in the Leguminosae family, including Laburnum and Genista. The aim of the study was the optimization of a chromatographic system for the analysis of cytisine and N-methylcytisine in various plant extracts as well as an investigation of the cytotoxic activities of selected alkaloids and plant extracts obtained from Laburnum anagyroides, Laburnum anagyroides L. quercifolium, Laburnum alpinum, Laburnum watereri, Genista germanica, and Genista tinctoria against various cancer cell lines. The determination of investigated compounds was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD), while High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS) was applied for the qualitative analysis of plant extracts. The retention, separation selectivity, peaks shape, and systems efficiency obtained for cytisine and N-methylcytisine in different chromatographic systems were compared. The application of columns with alkylbonded and phenyl stationary phases led to a very weak retention of cytisine and N-methylcytisine, even when the mobile phases containing only 5% of organic modifiers were used. The strongest retention was observed when hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) or especially when ion exchange chromatography (IEC) were applied. The most optimal system in terms of alkaloid retention, peak shape, and system efficiency containing an strong cation exchange (SCX) stationary phase and a mobile phase consisted of 25% acetonitrile and formic buffer at pH 4.0 was applied for investigating alkaloids analysis in plant extracts. Cytotoxic properties of the investigated plant extracts as well as cytisine and N-methylcytisine were examined using human tongue squamous carcinoma cells (SCC-25), human pharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells (FaDu), human triple-negative breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231), and human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7). The highest cytotoxic activity against FaDu, MCF-7, and MDA-MB cancer cell lines was observed after applying the Genista germanica leaves extract. In contrast, the highest cytotoxic activity against SCC-25 cell line was obtained after treating with the seed extract of Laburnum watereri. The investigated plant extracts exhibit significant cytotoxicity against the tested human cancer cell lines and seem to be promising for further research on its anticancer activity.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/isolamento & purificação , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Alcaloides/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Azocinas/isolamento & purificação , Azocinas/farmacologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/patologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Quinolizinas/isolamento & purificação , Quinolizinas/farmacologia , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Alkaloids have protective functions for plants and can play an important role in living organisms. Alkaloids may have a wide range of pharmacological activities. Many of them have cytotoxic activity. Nowadays, cancer has become a serious public health problem. Searching for effective drugs with anticancer activity is one of the most significant challenges of modern scientific research. The aim of this study was the investigation of cytotoxic activity of extracts obtained from Corydalis lutea root and herb, Dicentra spectabilis root and herb, Fumaria officinalis, Macleaya cordata leaves and herb, Mahonia aquifolia leaves and cortex, Meconopsis cambrica root and herb on FaDu, SCC-25, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of these extracts has not been previously tested for these cell lines. The aim was also to quantify selected alkaloids in the investigated extracts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The analyses of alkaloid content were performed using HPLC in reversed phase (RP) mode using Polar RP column and mobile phase containing acetonitrile, water and ionic liquid (IL). Cytotoxic effect of the tested plant extracts and respective alkaloid standards were examined using human pharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells (FaDu), human tongue squamous carcinoma cells (SCC-25), human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7), human triple-negative breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231). All investigated plant extracts possess cytotoxic activity against tested cancer cell lines: FaDu, SCC-25, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231. The highest cytotoxic activity against FaDu, SCC-25, and MCF-7 cell lines was estimated for Macleaya cordata leaf extract, while the highest cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB-231 cell line was obtained for Macleaya cordata herb extract. Differences in cytotoxic activity were observed for extracts obtained from various parts of investigated plants. In almost all cases the cytotoxic activity of investigated plant extracts, especially at the highest concentration against tested cell lines was significantly higher than the activity of anticancer drug etoposide. Our investigations exhibit that these plant extracts can be recommended for further in vivo experiments to confirm their anticancer activity.
Assuntos
Alcaloides , Antineoplásicos , Isoquinolinas , Magnoliopsida , Extratos Vegetais , Alcaloides/análise , Alcaloides/toxicidade , Antineoplásicos/análise , Antineoplásicos/toxicidade , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/análise , Isoquinolinas/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
The extracts of seven Lavandulae species (Lavandula stoechas, Lavandula lanata, Lavandula viridis, Lavandula angustifolia "Rosea", Lavandula angustifolia "Afropurpurea", Lavandula angustifolia and one unknown) were analyzed using the reversed-phase-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (RP-HPLC-DAD) with gradient elution technique to obtain the chromatographic fingerprint profiles. The HPLC analysis was performed using the Kinetex RP18 chromatographic column and eluent consisting of methanol-water-0.1% formic acid (5-100% (v/v)) at 30 °C with the run time of 60 min. and the detection wavelength 280 nm. The chromatograms were preliminary processed with the smoothing, noise reduction, background subtraction and alignment using the SpecAlign program (version 2.4.1). The presence of selected standards (apigenin, myricetin, luteolin, luteolin 7-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid) in the extracts was confirmed. The chemical similarity between studied plants was evaluated using the Cluster Analysis (Pearson correlation coefficient, r, and Euclidean) and PCA. The preliminary antioxidant activity of studied extracts was evaluated based on the total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), ferric ion reducing antioxidant parameter (FRAP) and α,α-diphenyl-ß-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method using the spectrophotometric technique.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/química , Lavandula/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Apigenina/química , Apigenina/isolamento & purificação , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Compostos de Bifenilo/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Cafeicos/química , Ácidos Cafeicos/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Picratos/química , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
An HPLC procedure on a polar reversed-phase column with mobile phases containing ionic liquid (IL) was developed for the analysis of selected alkaloids from different chemical groups. We aimed to obtain optimal conditions for the separation of alkaloids because widely used silica-based stationary phases exhibit a silanol effect, rendering analysis of basic analytes extremely difficult. Retention, separation selectivity, peak symmetry, and system efficiency were examined in various eluent systems containing different concentrations of IL and acetonitrile. The obtained results revealed substantial influence from the concentrations of IL, the organic modifier, and temperature on the retention behavior of the investigated alkaloids. The most selective and efficient chromatographic systems were applied for the analysis of several alkaloids in a plant extract.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa/métodos , Acetonitrilas/química , Alcaloides/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/instrumentação , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa/instrumentação , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/análise , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Imidazóis/química , Líquidos Iônicos/química , Isoquinolinas/química , Dióxido de Silício , TemperaturaRESUMO
The dried aerial parts of 12 plants of Cirsium species were extracted with the Soxhlet apparatus using dichloromethane and methanol as solvents. Next, the extracts were separated by TLC methods to obtain the fingerprint chromatograms. The analysis was performed on silica gel or RP-18 layers as stationary phases using the following eluents: ethyl acetate/formic acid/acetic acid/water (12/1.5/1.5/4; v/v) for silica gel, and 5% (v/v) aqueous solution of formic acid/methanol (70/30; v/v) for the first development and the same system in the proportion of 50/50 (v/v) for the second development for RP-18. The double development was applied in the case of RP-18 plates. The analysis was performed for all Cirsium methanolic extracts and five selected standards (naringin, apigenin, rutin, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid). The results were analyzed using chemometrics. The comparison of individual Cirsium species and the identification of unknown species were performed using the similarity indices (Pearson's correlation coefficient, determination coefficient and congruence coefficient), distance indices (Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance and Chebyshev's distance) and Multi-Scale Structural SIMilarity. Based on chemometric analysis, the first extract of the widely grown species is identified as Cirsium arvense and the second one as Cirsium rivulare.
Assuntos
Cromatografia em Camada Fina/métodos , Cirsium/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Apigenina/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Cafeicos/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Clorogênico/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia em Camada Fina/normas , Cirsium/classificação , Flavanonas/isolamento & purificação , Metanol/química , Cloreto de Metileno/química , Componentes Aéreos da Planta/química , Análise de Componente Principal , Padrões de Referência , Rutina/isolamento & purificação , Solventes/químicaRESUMO
Bioautography carried out with the aid of thin-layer chromatographic adsorbents can be used to assess antibacterial activity in samples of different origin. It can either be used as a simple and cost-effective detection method applied to a developed chromatogram, or to the dot blot test performed on a chromatographic plate, where total antibacterial activity of a sample is scrutinized. It was an aim of this study to compare antibacterial activity of 18 thyme (Thymus) specimens and species (originating from the same gardening plot and harvested in the same period of time) by means of a dot blot test with direct bioautography. A two-step extraction of herbal material was applied, and at step two the polar fraction of secondary metabolites was obtained under the earlier optimized extraction conditions [methanol-water (27+73, v/v), 130°C]. This fraction was then tested for its antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis bacteria. It was established that all investigated extracts exhibited antibacterial activity, yet distinct differences were perceived in the size of the bacterial growth inhibition zones among the compared thyme species. Based on the results obtained, T. citriodorus "golden dwarf" (sample No. 5) and T. marschallianus (sample No. 6) were selected as promising targets for further investigations and possible inclusion in a herbal pharmacopeia, which is an essential scientific novelty of this study.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Thymus (Planta) , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
This study presents the results of comparative evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the phenolic fraction exhaustively extracted with aqueous methanol from 18 different thyme (Thymus L.) specimens and species. This evaluation is made with use of the same free radical source (DPPH⢠radical), three different free radical scavenging models (gallic acid, ascorbic acid, and Trolox), and three different measuring techniques (the dot blot test, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, EPR). A comparison of the equivalence of these three different measuring techniques (performed with use of hierarchical clustering with Euclidean distance as a similarity measure and Ward's linkage) is particularly important in view of the fact that different laboratories use different antioxidant activity measuring techniques, which makes any interlaboratory comparison hardly possible. The results obtained confirm a semiquantitative equivalence among the three compared methodologies, and a proposal is made of a simple and cost-effective dot blot test that uses the DPPH⢠radical and provides differentiation of antioxidant activity of herbal matter comparable with the results of the UV-Vis spectrophotometry and EPR.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Thymus (Planta) , Espectroscopia de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônica , Espectrofotometria UltravioletaRESUMO
The Thymus genus has a firm position in Mediterranean folk medicine and culinary tradition, and yet certain confusion is observed in its botanical taxonomy. Therefore, chemical analysis of secondary metabolites and selection of reliable chemotaxonomic markers can prove helpful. In this study, the volatile fraction derived from 20 different thyme specimens was analyzed by means of headspace GC with MS detection. From the obtained chromatographic fingerprints, the diversity of the volatile fraction originating from the different thyme species clearly emerged. Identification of volatile components was based on a software library of mass spectra. There was only one common component derived from all 20 investigated thyme species, i.e., ß-linalool. For three different Thymus species, a comparison was made of the performance of the headspace extraction and hydrodistillation. Characteristic differences in composition of the volatile fraction obtained with use of these two techniques were discussed. Finally, the obtained chromatographic fingerprints of the volatile fraction were analyzed by means of a chemometric approach (principal component analysis), in order to trace similarities in their chemical composition.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Thymus (Planta)/química , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análiseRESUMO
The main goal of this study was to establish the optimum accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) conditions for the isolation of the total phenolics contained in common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) based on the results of TLC. Additionally, two different extraction methods, i.e., Soxhlet extraction and ASE, were compared in terms of their relative performance. Binary methanol-water mixtures in different volume proportions were used as the extraction solvents. Thirteen experiments utilizing different methanol concentrations and different extraction temperatures were designed using response surface methodology. Additionally, the temperature dependence of rosmarinic and caffeic acid extraction yields was analyzed by applying HPLC. Finally, the optimum working conditions established within the framework of the assumed central composite experimental design were determined to be 27% methanol at 130°C. It was found that the extraction carried out by ASE provided higher total phenolic yields than that done in the Soxhlet apparatus. The final aim of this study was a comparison of the six different Thymus species in terms of their total phenolic content and their TLC fingerprints. It was found that the phenolic content of four species, T. pulegioides, T. kosteleckyanus, T. citriodorus, and T. marschallianus, differs from the phenolic content of T. vulgaris and T. serpyllum.
Assuntos
Cromatografia em Camada Fina/métodos , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Thymus (Planta)/químicaRESUMO
Micro two-dimensional separations were performed on polar bonded stationary phases of the type cyanopropyl-silica using non-aqueous eluents (polar modifier dissolved in n-heptane) as the first direction eluents and aqueous eluents (organic modifier-MeOH dissolved in water) as the second direction eluents. The chromatographic process was performed in micro scale using 5 × 5 cm plates, small volumes of eluents and 10 µL of plant extracts to obtain satisfying separation. Plates developed in horizontal chambers were dried and observed in UV light (254 nm and 366 m) photographed by digital camera and derivatized by DPPH to detect antioxidants (free radical scavengers) or derivatized by Naturstoff reagent to detect phenolic compounds (characteristic luminescence of some phenolic compounds). The above experiments give the possibility to construct fingerprints for investigated Polygonum hydropiper, Betula verrucosa and Pulmonaria officinalis extracts. It can be used in quality control of the plant material and its antioxidative activity. Novelty of the paper is the micro-scale of the separation by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography mode. For the first time two-dimensional separation of plant extracts on 5 × 5 cm plates in two directions is performed.
RESUMO
TLC coupled with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl staining was used to analyze phenolic acid fractions of selected Salvia and Thymus species. Documented videoscans were processed by means of an image processing program. This is the first time that free phenolic acids fractions, as well as fractions containing phenolic acids derived from basic and acidic hydrolysis, have been analyzed and compared for selected sage and thyme species. The analyzed samples along with caffeic acid (CA; standard) were chromatographed on silica gel plates with toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid (60 + 40 + 1, v/v/v) mobile phase. The extracts were investigated with respect to the activity of CA. It was found that CA was most abundant in the fractions derived from basic hydrolysis. This compound was not detected in any of the fractions obtained after acidic hydrolysis. S. officinalis and S. triloba have similar free radical scavenging activity fingerprints obtained for all the analyzed fractions.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Compostos de Bifenilo/análise , Cromatografia em Camada Fina/métodos , Hidroxibenzoatos/química , Picratos/análise , Ácidos Cafeicos/química , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/química , Radicais Livres/química , Hidrólise , Lamiaceae/química , Metanol , Fenol , Extratos Vegetais/química , Salvia/química , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por ComputadorRESUMO
Two dimensional thin layer chromatography on DIOL polar bonded stationary phase was performed to optimize the separation of some anioxidant phenolic compounds from Eupatorium cannabinum extracts. Ethyl-methyl ketone mixed with n-heptane and ethyl acetate mixed with n-heptane were used as non-aqueous mobile phases in normal phase separations (1st direction of development in 2D-HPTLC mode) and methanol mixed with water was used as a mobile phase in reversed phase (2nd direction of development in 2D-HPTLC mode). The plates were sprayed by use of Merck TLC sprayer using 2-(diphenylboryoxy)-ethylamine and PEG4000 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) or DPPH and photographed in Camag Cabinet UV lamp at 254 nm and 365 nm by use of Fuji 8 mpx camera. Satisfactory separations of antioxidant phenolic compounds in Eupatorium cannabinum extracts were obtained by use of optimized 2D-HPTLC systems.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Eupatorium/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antioxidantes/química , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Flores/química , Fenóis/químicaRESUMO
A novel, easy, and cheap technique for preliminary quantitative evaluation of antiradical activity, based on HPTLC, has been proposed. This method combines chromatographic separation of polar compounds, present in plant extracts, with data analysis by means of image processing software. Bleaching of the purple DPPH colour, caused by substances with antiradical activity, was observed and recorded using a photo camera. ImageJ, a free and open source image processing program was used for quantitative measurements. For evaluation of assay efficiency, the antiradical activity of rose flower extracts (from Rosa rugosa Thunb.) was expressed as Standard Activity Coefficients (SACs), which are relative measures of the activity to the four well known antioxidants; i.e., quercetin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and Trolox. The method uses small amounts of free radical and is easily applicable - only a digital camera with freely available open source software is required.
Assuntos
Cromatografia em Camada Fina/métodos , Radicais Livres/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antioxidantes , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres , Radicais Livres/análiseRESUMO
In the previous paper from this series, we proposed mass spectrometric fingerprinting of complex botanical samples upon the examples of the pharmacologically important phenolic acids and flavonoids selectively extracted from Salvia lavandulifolia. In this study, we explore fingerprinting efficiency with a novel two-dimensional analytical system composed of the reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography and the reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (2D RP-TLC-RP-LC-MS). We also compare its efficiency with that of the one-dimensional analytical system (the reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography with mass spectrometric detection; 1D RP-TLC-MS). As our present study is basically focused on the method development, we considered it as justified to carry out our comparison with the phenolic acid extracts selectively derived from the Salvia lavandulifolia species, similar as it was done in Part II from this series. Upon the results obtained, it was established that the 1D RP-TLC-MS mode and the 2D RP-TLC-RP-LC-MS mode can be applied to fingerprinting of herbal extracts, and that the 2D RP-TLC-RP-LC mode can provide a more abundant information than that originating from the 1D RP-TLC mode.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa/métodos , Cromatografia em Camada Fina/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Plantas Medicinais/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/instrumentação , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
This study is focused on an important family of the sage (Salvia) species, with Salvia officinalis L. having a long-established position in European traditional medicine. Binary fingerprints (chromatographic profiles) of six different sage species were compared using HPLC coupled with two different detectors: the diode-array detector and the evaporative light-scattering detector. Advantages of using binary fingerprinting over single-detector fingerprinting are demonstrated and discussed, with selected examples. Experimental data are provided for a comparison of the chemical composition of sage samples originating from two harvesting seasons (2007 and 2008). A number of phytochemical standards (i.e., certain phenolic acids, flavonoids, and coumarin) were used that allowed identification and semiquantitative estimation of these particular compounds in the analyzed methanol extracts.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/instrumentação , Salvia/química , Canfanos , Cumarínicos/análise , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Flavonoides/análise , Hidroxibenzoatos/análise , Luz , Metanol , Panax notoginseng , Extratos Vegetais/química , Salvia miltiorrhiza , Salvia officinalis/química , Espalhamento de Radiação , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic systems on cyano-bonded polar stationary phases were used for the separation of some phenolic compounds extracted from two species of Polygonum: Polygonum hydropiper L. and Polygonum cuspidatum L. Non-aqueous solvents were used in the first direction and aqueous solvents were used in the second direction on CN silica TLC plates. For the separation of phenolics' standards optimal chromatographic systems were chosen from the retention data collected in one-dimensional TLC experiments by plotting graphs of R(F) vs. R(F) dependencies. Using above described method the satisfactory results of separations were obtained.