Efficacy and safety of salvianolate and enoxaparin in the prevention of perioperative deep venous thrombosis in gastrointestinal surgery.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, the efficacy and safety of salvianolate were compared with enoxaparin in the prevention of perioperative deep vein thrombosis in gastrointestinal surgery. METHODS: From October 2017 to September 2019, 563 patients who underwent gastrointestinal surgery were collected. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 119 patients were divided into two groups: enoxaparin group (n = 65) and salvianolate group (n = 54). Comparisons were made regarding the outcomes: prothrombin time (PT), prothrombin activity (PTA), international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), thrombin time (TT), D-dimer level (D-D), platelet count (PLT), hematokrit (HCT), and incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). RESULTS: The main outcomes showed no significance between enoxaparin group and salvianolate group (p > .05). The incidence of DVT in salvianolate group was 1.85%, significantly lower than that in enoxaparin group (12.3%) (p < .05). No serious adverse reactions occurred in the two groups during treatment. CONCLUSION: Compared with enoxaparin, salvianolate has an advantage in the prevention of perioperative thrombosis in gastrointestinal surgery with a lower incidence of DVT.

Geraniol relieves mycoplasma pneumonia infection-induced lung injury in mice through the regulation of ERK/JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is a serious pediatric lung injury disease caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) with increasing global prevalence every year. The WHO has reported that nearly 19% of children die due to pneumonia worldwide. OBJECTIVE: The present research was conducted to discover the ameliorative properties of geraniol against M. pneumoniae-provoked pneumonia in mice through the modulation of inflammatory responses. METHODOLOGY: The pneumonia was provoked in the male Swiss albino mice via infecting animals with 100 µl of M. pneumoniae for 2 days and supplemented concurrently with 20 mg/kg of geraniol for 3 days. 100 mg/kg of azithromycin was used as a standard drug. The nitric oxide (NO) level and MPO activity were measured using kits. The SOD activity, GSH, and MDA levels were studied using standard methods. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study was performed to examine the M. pneumoniae DNA load. The inflammatory cytokines status was assessed by assay kits. The ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and NF-κB expressions were studied by reverse-transcription (RT-PCR). The lung tissues were analyzed microscopically to investigate the histological alterations. RESULTS: Geraniol treatment effectively reduced lung weight, NO level, and MPO activity in the pneumonia mice. The total cells and M. pneumoniae DNA load were also decreased by the geraniol. The SOD activity and GSH level were improved and MDA was decreased by the geraniol treatment. The IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TGF status were appreciably depleted by the geraniol in the pneumonia mice. Geraniol also suppressed the ERK1/2 and NF-κB expressions in the lung tissues. Histological findings also suggest the therapeutic roles of geraniol against pneumonia in mice. CONCLUSION: In summary, our results proved the beneficial roles of geraniol against the M. pneumoniae-provoked pneumonia. Geraniol could be a hopeful therapeutic agent to treat pneumonia in the future.

The role of oxidative stress in hormesis induced by sodium arsenite in human embryo lung fibroblast (HELF) cellular proliferation model.

Hormetic dose-response relationships induced by environmental agents are often characterized by a low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition. The mechanisms underlying hormesis induced by environmental agents still remain an enigma; however, hormetic consequences may have significant implications for health risk assessments. To investigate the role of oxidative stress in hormetic phenomena associated with cell proliferation induced by sodium arsenite, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and heat-shock proteins (HSP) and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in human embryo lung fibroblast (HELF) cells after treatment with sodium arsenite at various concentrations for differing times. Results showed that sodium arsenite induced significant cell proliferation at low concentrations (0.5 microM for 12, 24, and 48 h), but inhibited cell growth at high amounts (5 and 10 microM for 24 and 48 h), reflected as a beta concentration-response curve. Data indicated that the relationship between ROS levels and sodium arsenite exposure concentration displayed a positive correlation. It was found out that sodium arsenite at high concentrations induced LPO damage. The activities of SOD were enhanced at low metal concentrations but inhibited with high amounts in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, heat-shock protein 27 (HSP27) levels were increased by sodium arsenite of low concentrations with early exposure time (3, 6, and 12 h), but decreased with high metal concentrations with greater exposure time (24 and 48 h). Sodium arsenite decreased HSP70 expression at lower concentrations, but increased HSP70 expression at higher concentration. The results indicated that this cellular hormetic model of cell proliferation induced by sodium arsenite occurred in HELF cells, which may explain contradictory effects seen with this metal. Sodium arsenite at low concentrations induced enhanced ROS generation without cytotoxicity and a cellular protective effect. In contrast, sodium arsenite at high concentrations produced marked ROS formation, marked oxidative stress, and cellular damage, as evidenced by LPO.

[Effects of carbaryl on serum steroid hormone and the function of antioxidant system in female rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of carbaryl on serum steroid hormone and function of antioxidant system in female Sprague Dawley rats. METHODS: Carbaryl was administrated to the adult female rats at doses of 0, 1.028, 5.140 and 25.704 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) for 30 d. Vaginal smears of rats were taken to determine estrous cycle. Serum 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) and progesterone (P(4)) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were measured by spectrophotometry. RESULTS: The number of estrous cycle in exposed groups were obviously lower than in control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Body weight gain in high dose group (25.704 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) was significantly lower than that in control. Meanwhile, the organ coefficient of ovary and uterus declined in a dose-dependent manner. Serum E(2) level [(19.93 +/- 2.21) nmol/L] in 25.704 mg group was lower than in control group [(28.76 +/- 6.12) nmol/L, P < 0.05], and P(4) level (1.21 +/- 0.40) nmol/L in 1.028 mg group was higher than that in control group [(0.63 +/- 0.39) nmol/L, P < 0.05]. The activity of SOD first reduced then rose in ovary, and first rose then reduced in serum. The contents of MDA increased in ovary, while decreased in the serum. GSH contents and GST activity increased in ovary, while in serum GSH contents decreased and GST activity first increased then decreased. CONCLUSION: Carbaryl could disrupt estrous cycle and affect serum steroid hormone, and the function of antioxidant system in female SD rats.