Phytochemistry and biological activities of corynanthe alkaloids.

Medicinal plants constitute a source for designing clinically useful drugs targeting diseases through various mechanisms. Plant secondary metabolites can be used as lead compounds of drugs. Corynanthe alkaloids are highly abundant natural bioactive substances of various core structures possessing important properties such as nerve excitation and antimalarial and analgesic effects. In this review, we summarize and review the state-of-the-art corynanthe-type alkaloid research focusing on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and structural chemistry. Approximately 120 articles reporting 231 alkaloids classified into simple corynanthe, yohimbine, oxindole corynanthe, mavacurane, sarpagine, akuammiline, strychnos, and ajmaline-type groups were compiled. Relevant biological properties discussed include antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, muscle-relaxant, vasorelaxant, and analgesic activities and activities affecting the main nervous and cardiac systems, as well as NF-κB inhibitory and Na+-glucose cotransporter inhibitory properties. This review provides insights and a reference for future studies, thus paving the way for the discovery of drugs based on corynanthe alkaloids.

New Type of Tannins Identified from the Seeds of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS.

There is a lack of information on the compound profile of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. seeds. This greatly affects their optimal utilization. In our preliminary study, we found that the extract of the seeds displayed a strong positive reaction to the FeCl3 solution, indicating the presence of polyphenols. However, to date, only nine polyphenols have been isolated. In this study, HPLC-ESI-MS/MS was employed to fully reveal the polyphenol profile of the seed extracts. A total of 90 polyphenols were identified. They were classified into nine brevifolincarboxyl tannins and their derivatives, 34 ellagitannins, 21 gallotannins, and 26 phenolic acids and their derivatives. Most of these were first identified from the seeds of C. officinalis. More importantly, five new types of tannins were reported for the first time: brevifolincarboxyl-trigalloyl-hexoside, digalloyl-dehydrohexahydroxydiphenoyl (DHHDP)-hexdside, galloyl-DHHDP-hexoside, DHHDP-hexahydroxydiphenoyl(HHDP)-galloyl-gluconic acid, and peroxide product of DHHDP-trigalloylhexoside. Moreover, the total phenolic content was as high as 79,157 ± 563 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g in the seeds extract. The results of this study not only enrich the structure database of tannins, but also provide invaluable aid to its further utilization in industries.

[Comparison of three root canal disinfection methods for removal of Enterococcus faecalis under minimally invasive root canal treatment].

PURPOSE: To obtain an efficient and simple root canal disinfection method based on minimally invasive root canal treatment by comparing different root canal disinfection methods between minimally invasive root canal treatment and conventional root canal treatment. METHODS: Sixty-six extracted maxillary first molars were randomly divided into experimental group (computer-guided precision minimally invasive root canal treatment) and control group (conventional root canal treatment). All teeth were prepared to ProTaper universal F2, and Enterococcus faecalis infection models were established.Each group was randomly divided into three subgroups, sodium hypochlorite+EDTA root canal irrigation, sodium hypochlorite+EDTA+ultrasonic and sodium hypochlorite +EDTA +Er: YAG laser. After root canal disinfection,the samples were collected by paper tip method and cultured, and colony forming units (CFU) values of each sample were calculated. Then dentin debris was prepared and collected with F3 file. After being diluted and cultured, the CFU value was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 26.0 software package. RESULTS: Comparison of the amount of bacterial inner wall of root canal between the experimental group and the control group showed that the germicidal efficacy of group C and group B were significantly better than that of group A (P＜0.05), but there was no significant difference between group B and group C(P＞0.05). In the experimental group, there was significant difference between group B1, C1 and A1 (P＜0.05). The results of group B1 and C1 were lower than that of group A1, but there was no significant difference between group B1 and group C1(P＞0.05). In the control group, there were significant differences between group B2, C2 and A2 (P＜0.05). The results of group B2 and C2 were lower than that of group A2, but there was no significant difference between group B2 and C2(P＞0.05). Comparison of the amount of bacteria in dentin debris between the experimental group and the control group showed that the effect of group C was the best, followed by group B, and group A, and there were significant differences between three groups(P＜0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The disinfection effect of Er:YAG laser or ultrasound assisted computer-guided precision minimally invasive root canal treatment is similar to conventional root canal treatment, and Er:YAG laser is better than ultrasound in removing bacteria from dentinal tubules, which is more suitable for minimally invasive root canal treatment.