Longitudinal Relationship between the Percentage of Energy Intake from Macronutrients and Overweight/Obesity among Chinese Adults from 1991 to 2018.

To investigate the prospective relationship between macronutrient intake and overweight/obesity, data were collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1991 to 2018. Adults who participated in at least two waves of the survey and were not obese at baseline were selected as the study subjects. A total of 14,531 subjects were finally included with complete data. Overweight/obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24.0 kg/m2. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to analyze the relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and BMI and overweight/obesity. The percentages of energy intake from protein and fat showed an increasing trend (p < 0.01), and the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate showed a decreasing trend (p < 0.01) among Chinese adults between 1991 and 2018. Adjusting for covariates, the energy intake from fat was positively correlated with BMI, while the energy intake from carbohydrates was negatively correlated with BMI. The percentage of energy intake from non-high-quality protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were positively correlated with overweight/obesity. In contrast, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and high-quality carbohydrates were negatively correlated with overweight/obesity. In short, fat, non-high-quality protein, saturated fatty acids (SFA), and PUFA were positively correlated with the risk of obesity, whereas higher carbohydrate, MUFA, and high-quality carbohydrate intake were associated with a lower risk of obesity. Obesity can be effectively prevented by appropriately adjusting the proportion of intake from the three major macronutrients.

[Cost-benefit analysis on the intervention of application iron-fortified soy sauce for anemia in Deqing 15-54 years women, Zhejiang].

OBJECTIVE: To make a cost-benefit analysis on anemia intervention with iron-fortified soy sauce in 15-54 years old women. METHODS: The study was conducted in Deqing county, Zhejiang province in 2012-2013. A total 585 women as sampling size were estimated with statistical model and randomly selected by probability proportionate to size sampling. Hemoglobin were measured before intervention and after 15 months. The cost of the intervention project were collected with manpower, communication and other invest. The benefit was estimated with profiling model. RESULTS: After the intervention, the anemia prevalence of sampled women decreased from 31.1% to 21.9%(P<0.01). The major cost of the project was 156 400 RMB, and total benefits result ing from projects were 1 448 485 RMB. The cost-benefit ratio of the project is 1∶9.49. If investing one yuan can produce economic benefits of nearly 9.49 yuan, therefore, the intervention projectis worth to be scaling up. Sensitivity analysis showed the result of this study was stable. CONCLUSION: The intervention can significantly reduce the prevalence of anemia in women, and reduce the economic burden of the diseases. .

Yingyangbao Reduced Anemia among Infants and Young Children Aged 6-23 Months When Delivered through a Large-Scale Nutrition Improvement Program for Children in Poor Areas in China from 2015 to 2020.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of intervention with Yingyangbao (YYB) on hemoglobin (Hb) and anemia status among infants and young children (IYC) aged 6-23 months (mo) through a large-scale Nutrition Improvement Program for Children in Poor Areas (NIPCPA) in China from 2015 to 2020. Five rounds of cross-sectional surveys were conducted using a stratified and multi-stage probability proportional to size sampling of IYC in 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020. Multivariable regression analyses were fitted to determine the effectiveness of the YYB intervention on Hb and anemia, respectively. A total of 36,325, 40,027, 43,831, 44,375 and 46,050 IYC aged 6-23 mo were included, and the prevalence of anemia was 29.7%, 26.9%, 24.1%, 21.2% and 18.1% in 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Compared with the results in 2015, the Hb concentrations significantly improved and anemia prevalence significantly decreased among IYC in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 (p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that higher YYB consumption was significantly associated with the increment in Hb concentration and reduction in anemia stratified by age group (p < 0.001). The most significant increment in Hb concentration of 2.189 mg/L and the most significant reduction in odds of anemia were observed among IYC aged 12-17 mo who consumed 270 to 359 sachets of YYB (OR: 0.671; 95% CI: 0.627, 0.719; p < 0.001). This study suggests that YYB intervention is a successful public health strategy for reducing the risk of anemia among IYC when delivered through a large-scale NIPCPA in China. It is necessary to continue to advance the program and increase the adherence of YYB.

Association between Micronutrient-Related Dietary Pattern and Cognitive Function among Persons 55 Years and Older in China: A Longitudinal Study.

Appropriate dietary patterns for preserving cognitive function in China remains unknown. This study explored the association between dietary pattern and cognitive function in the Chinese population. A total of 6308 adults aged 55 and above who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey at least two waves from 1997 to 2018 were selected. The dietary pattern was determined using the reduced rank regression method with responses regarding vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium intakes. We used a three-level random coefficient model to evaluate the association. A "vegetable-pork" dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of Legume products, vegetables, fruits, nuts, pork, fish, and plant oil was identified. Compared to the first quartile (Q1) of dietary scores, the regression coefficients (p value) for the global cognitive score across Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.27 (p = 0.030), 0.45 (p < 0.001), and 0.50 (p < 0.001), respectively. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for poor cognition across Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.82 (0.73 to 0.93), 0.79 (0.69 to 0.91), and 0.74 (0.63 to 0.86), respectively. The relationship appeared to be stronger among people who were 65 years and older, women, people from the south, and smokers. Higher adherence to the "vegetable-pork" diet is associated with better cognitive function among Chinese elders.

A new Desmodesmus sp. from the Tibetan Yamdrok Lake.

Revegetation of exposed sub-soil, while a desirable recovery strategy, often fails due to extreme soil chemical properties, such as low organic matter and pH levels. Microalgae play a key role in maintaining water quality in the lakes and rivers on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Plateau microalgae have extensive application prospects in environmental purification, biotechnology, medicine and cosmetics, food industry, and renewable energy. To identify the high biomass of microalgae present in nature, microalgae with the greatest biomass were screened from natural water samples through filtration, pre-culture, and plate scribing separation. Following identification via 18S rRNA sequencing as for the Desmodesmus sp., we constructed a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree. The novel Desmodesmus sp. from the Tibetan Yamdrok Lake were identified through polyphasic taxonomy. Simultaneously, the sequence of the experimental samples and the target species were shown different following the identification and analysis of SNP and InDel loci. The light-absorbing properties of plateau Desmodesmus sp. have been investigated previously. The characteristic absorption peak of Desmodesmus sp. on the plateau was measured at 689 nm in the visible spectrum using full wavelength scanning with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. For Desmodesmus sp. which is prone to settling in the process of amplification culture. By monitoring the change trend of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH and electrical conductivity in algae solution system, we determined that the logarithmic growth phase and the best transfer window of Desmodesmus sp. were at 15-20 days. This study can provide basic research methods for the study of microalgae in high altitude areas, and lay a foundation for the later study and application of microalgae.

[Fat intake from pre-packaged foods among Chinese residents of 16 provinces in 2018].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of prepackaged food consumption on fat intake in 16 provinces of China in 2018. METHODS: Data used in present study was derived from the eleventh round of China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS), 17312 residents aged 6 and over were selected and their consumed information of pre-packaged food was collected. The consumption of pre-packaged food and fat intake from pre-packaged food in urban and rural areas, different age groups, different regions and different genders were calculated and compared. RESULTS: The median intake of fat from pre-packaged food among subjects and consumers were 33.6 g/d and 34.7 g/d, respectively.73.5% of the intake of fat from pre-packaged food comes from vegetable oil. CONCLUSION: Vegetable oil was the main source of fat from pre-packaged food for Chinese residents.

[Cost-benefit analysis of Ying Yang Bao (YYB) intervention in 6 to 23 months rural infants].

OBJECTIVE: To study on the cost-benefit from anemia and stunting reduction of Ying Yang Bao(YYB) intervention in 6 to 23 months rural infants in the six counties of Shanxi, Hubei and Yunnan provinces. METHODS: YYB was distributed to 6-23 months infants in 6 counties by YYB nutrition intervention project. The numbers of childhood recovered from stunting and anemia was collected by a designed project monitoring plan. The cost-benefit was analyzed with PROFILING model as a nutritional microeconomic tool. RESULTS: Total numbers of monitored infants was 10 672 while the total cost of YYB intervention was estimated 2.57 million RMB. From 2012 to 2020, the total benefit was 14.92 million RMB from recover of stunting and anemia by YYB project and the average cost-benefit ratio of 6 counties was 1∶5.8. Sensitivity analysis showed the result of this study was stable. CONCLUSION: The YYB nutrition intervention for infants aged 6-23 months in the six counties of Shanxi, Hubei and Yunnan provinces showed a high cost-benefit ratio.

Protein-enriched fiber vegan meal promote satiety and suppress food intake in rats.

Dietary preferences were closely associated with the pathogenesis of numbers of metabolic disorders, in particularly, obesity. Dietary fiber was shown to be capable of preventing weight gain and excessive food intake mainly through stimulating chewing and saliva secretion, and promote satiety signals. In this study, we characterized the "Vitamin World® Vegan Meal" Formula of Feihe, a novel protein-enriched fiber dietary supplement contained potato protease inhibitor II (PI2) that developed. And we demonstrated that this particular fiber formula was effective in preventing weight gain, increasing satiety signals, and reducing food intake in rats in a dosage-dependent manner. Our study provides lines of evidence and would further bolster the use of this nutritious vegan meal in regulating satiety and food intake in clinics.

Calycosin Influences the Metabolism of Five Probe Drugs in Rats.

BACKGROUND: Calycosin (CAL), a type of O-methylated isoflavone extracted from the herb Astralagusmembranaceus (AM), is a bioactive chemical with antioxidative, antiphlogistic and antineoplastic activities commonly used in traditional alternative Chinese medicine. AM has been shown to confer health benefits as an adjuvant in the treatment of a variety of diseases. AIM: The main objective of this study was to determine whether CAL influences the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) system involved in drug metabolism. METHODS: Midazolam, tolbutamide, omeprazole, metoprolol and phenacetin were selected as probe drugs. Rats were randomly divided into three groups, specifically, 5% Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for 8 days (Control), 5% CMC for 7 days + CAL for 1 day (single CAL) and CAL for 8 days (conc CAL), and metabolism of the five probe drugs evaluated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS: No significant differences were observed for omeprazole and midazolam, compared to the control group. T max and t1/2 values of only one probe drug, phenacetin, in the conc CAL group were significantly different from those of the control group (T max h: 0.50±0.00 vs 0.23±0.15; control vs conc CAL). C max of tolbutamide was decreased about two-fold in the conc CAL treatment group (conc vs control: 219.48 vs 429.56, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Calycosin inhibits the catalytic activities of CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9. Accordingly, we recommend caution, particularly when combining CAL as a modality therapy with drugs metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9, to reduce the potential risks of drug accumulation or ineffective treatment.

Tetrandrine Ameliorates Airway Remodeling of Chronic Asthma by Interfering TGF-ß1/Nrf-2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway-Mediated Oxidative Stress.

Background: Imbalanced oxidative stress and antioxidant defense are involved in airway remodeling in asthma. It has been demonstrated that Tetrandrine has a potent role in antioxidant defense in rheumatoid arthritis and hypertension. However, the correlation between Tetrandrine and oxidative stress in asthma is utterly blurry. This study aimed to investigate the role of Tetrandrine on oxidative stress-mediated airway remolding. Materials and Methods: Chronic asthma was established by ovalbumin (OVA) administration in male Wistar rats. Histopathology was determined by HE staining. Immunofluorescence was employed to detect the expression of α-SMA and Nrf-2. Level of oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinases were examined by ELISA kits. Cell viability and cell cycle of primary airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) were evaluated by CCK8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Signal molecules were detected using western blot. Results: Tetrandrine effectively impairs OVA-induced airway inflammatory and airway remodeling by inhibiting the expression of CysLT1 and CysLTR1. The increase of oxidative stress and subsequent enhancement of MMP9 and TGF-ß1 expression were rescued by the administration of Tetrandrine in the rat model of asthma. In in vitro experiments, Tetrandrine markedly suppressed TGF-ß1-evoked cell viability and cell cycle promotion of ASMCs in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Tetrandrine promoted Nrf-2 nuclear transcription and activated its downstream HO-1 in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion: Tetrandrine attenuates airway inflammatory and airway remodeling in rat model of asthma and TGF-ß1-induced cell proliferation of ASMCs by regulating oxidative stress in primary ASMCs, suggesting that Tetrandrine possibly is an effective candidate therapy for asthma.

Evaluation of lentinan effects on cytochrome P450 activity in rats by a cocktail method.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, a cocktail of probe drugs was used to assess whether lentinan could influence the activities of rat enzymes CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9 in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen days after intraperitoneal injection of lentinan, rats were given an oral dose of a cocktail solution containing phenacetin, tolbutamide, omeprazole, metoprolol, and midazolam. Then, we obtained blood in specific durations for the determination of plasma concentration of the probe drugs using UPLC-MS/MS. We also evaluated the pharmacokinetic parameters using the DAS 2.0 software. RESULTS: We found that various concentrations of lentinan increased the activity of rat CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP2C19 but not CYP2C9. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that clinical application of lentinan combination with CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C19, or CYP2D6 should be given careful consideration as this may lead to herb-drug interactions and hence treatment failure.

[Improved effect of comprehensive nutritional intervention of whole covering for Kazak's pregnant women, lactating women and infants in Altay farming and stockbreeding region].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of nutritional intervention for Kazak's pregnant women, lactating women and infants in farming and stockbreeding region of Jeminay County, Altay City. METHODS: 24 h record method was conducted to implement dietary survey, and results were used to analyze dietary structure and nutrient intake level of pregnant women, lactating women and infants. Pregnant women, lactating women and infants over 6 months were intervened with iron fortified soy sauce nutrients supplement and Yingyangbao(YYB) for 2. 4 years. Hemoglobin was detected for pregnant women, lactating women and infants by using HemoCue analyzer. RESULTS: The nutrient intakes of the pregnant women, lactating women and infants were averagely lower than that of the recommended levels. In these infants who received breast feeding, the least acceptability diet quality rate was 42. 1%, and in other infants who didn't receive breast feeding, the rate was 25%. After intervention, anemia prevalence of pregnant women, lactating women and infants were significantly reduced compared with the base line levels at 2 survey time points(2014:pregnant women χ~2=26. 27, lactating women χ~2=18. 06, infants χ~2=44. 46, 2015:pregnant women χ~2=35. 62, lactating women χ~2=25. 05, infants χ~2=39. 61;all P<0. 001). CONCLUSION: The nutrition intervention of whole covering could improve nutrition status of Kazak's pregnant women, lactating women and infants.

Influences of Oldenlandia diffusa on the CYP450 Activities in Rats Using a Cocktail Method by UHPLC-MS/MS.

Oldenlandia diffusa has been used to treat various cancers. Cytochrome P450, a drug metabolic enzyme, might be influenced by herbal medicine. Currently, the problem that remains is the effective treatment in drug-drug interaction situation. Potential influences of Oldenlandia diffusa were elucidated on the CYP450 activities in rats using a cocktail method. Blood samples were precipitated by acetonitrile. Quantitative determination of target test object was done by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detection. Influences of oldenlandia diffusa on the activities of five CYP450 subtypes in rats were evaluated by five specific probe drugs (phenacetin for CYP1A2, omeprazole for CYP2C19, tolbutamide for CYP2C9, metoprolol for CYP2D6, and midazolam for CYP3A4) according to the pharmacokinetic parameters changes. No statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in pharmacokinetic behaviors can be observed in the five probe drugs. There is a potential guidance on clinical drug combination with Oldenlandia diffusa. Oldenlandia diffusa in compound preparation showed well security.

Effects of salidroside on rat CYP enzymes by a cocktail of probe drugs.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of salidroside on the activities of the different drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in rats, in which a specific probe drug was used for each enzyme. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After pretreatment with salidroside, five probe drugs were simultaneously administered to rats by gavage. The given dose was 2.0 mg/kg for phenacetin (CYP1A2 activity), 4.0 mg/kg for bupropion (CYP2B6 activity), 2.0 mg/kg for losartan (CYP2C9 activity), 8.0 mg/kg for metoprolol (CYP2D6 activity) and 1.0 mg/kg for midazolam (CYP3A4 activity). Then, an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the concentrations of rats' blood, which were collected at different corresponding times. RESULTS: Our data showed that salidroside exhibited an inductive effect on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 activities by changing the main pharmacokinetic parameters (t1/2, CL/F, Cmax and AUC(0-∞)) of the four probe drugs in rats. However, no significant changes in CYP2D6 activity were observed. CONCLUSION: In a word, the results displayed that salidroside could induce the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4, which may influence the disposition of the drugs that are mainly metabolized by these pathways. Our research can provide the basis for the study of related herb-drug interactions in clinic.

[Evaluation of iron fortified soy sauce on changes of anemia prevalence in 2004-2013].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the role of iron fortified soy sauce( IFSS) on the decrease of anemia prevalence in Chinese population in 2004- 2013. METHODS: Meta analysis was used to analyze the effect of IFSS on anemia through published randomcontrol studies on the population intervention with IFSS. Integrated with other data from IFSS statistic on IFSS production and consumption, the recovered population from IFSS was identified and anemia decrease determined, therefore, IFSS contribution to anemia change could be estimated. RESULTS: By Meta analysis, the anemia rate of the population consumed IFSS was 27% compared with the anemia rate of the population non-consumed IFSS. In the past 10 years, IFSS had covered more than 186 millions population with effect validity time. A total of 28. 49 millions anemic population recovered from anemia. To recover one anemic with IFSS, the cost was 0. 12 RMB. CONCLUSION: IFSS has showed effect on the decline of anemia prevalence in last decade, 23. 2% of the decrease was estimated owe to IFSS project, but there are unidentified factors which may bring bias to the result.

The complex jujube genome provides insights into fruit tree biology.

The jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), a member of family Rhamnaceae, is a major dry fruit and a traditional herbal medicine for more than one billion people. Here we present a high-quality sequence for the complex jujube genome, the first genome sequence of Rhamnaceae, using an integrated strategy. The final assembly spans 437.65 Mb (98.6% of the estimated) with 321.45 Mb anchored to the 12 pseudo-chromosomes and contains 32,808 genes. The jujube genome has undergone frequent inter-chromosome fusions and segmental duplications, but no recent whole-genome duplication. Further analyses of the jujube-specific genes and transcriptome data from 15 tissues reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying some specific properties of the jujube. Its high vitamin C content can be attributed to a unique high level expression of genes involved in both biosynthesis and regeneration. Our study provides insights into jujube-specific biology and valuable genomic resources for the improvement of Rhamnaceae plants and other fruit trees.

Enantioselective quenching of room-temperature phosphorescence lifetimes of proteins: bovine and human serum albumins.

Enantioselective quenching of the room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) lifetime of proteins was demonstrated due to the effects of various external chiral quenching agents. In the absence of quenchers, the RTP lifetimes for bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) were found to be 5.0 +/- 0.2 and 4.0 +/- 0.1 ms, respectively. The addition of various chiral quenchers (three pairs of binaphthols and two pairs of beta-blockers) into the deoxygenated sample solutions containing BSA and HSA reduced their RTP lifetimes significantly, i.e., from ca. 4-5 ms (in the absence) to an average lifetime of ca. 1-2 ms (in the presence) of the chiral quenchers. For the R and S enantiomers examined, marked differences in RTP lifetimes were observed, i.e., ranging from ca. 20-29% for the binaphthols to ca.14-16% for the beta-blockers. Such findings could lead to a better understanding of the relationship between chirality, dynamics/conformational changes, and biological functions of proteins.