First report of leaf blight caused by Stemphylium lycopersici on Salvia splendens in China.

Salvia splendens is a popular ornamental plant in China with extensive potentials, including value in traditional Chinese medicine and in environmental restoration function (Li et al. 2008). In September 2019, leaf blight disease was observed on road side plants of S. splendens in Bayi park, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China. The typical symptoms appeared as irregular necrotic spots or leaf blight, accompanied by extensive scorch necrosis or ultimately defoliation. Small segments cut from diseased leaves were surface sterilized in a 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 min and rinsed three times with sterile distilled water. Then, the samples were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates incubated at 25°C in darkness. Pure cultures were obtained by the hyphal tip method. Morphologically, all 11 colonies were identical to each other on PDA. Two strains, YZU 191468 and YZU 191481, were selected for further study and deposited in the Fungal Herbarium of Yangtze University (YZU), Jingzhou, Hubei, China. The 7-day-old colonies were circular, 53 to 56 mm in diameter, and consisted of white mycelium with a buff margin, and were cinnamon colored in the center of the reverse side. To examine conidial morphology, the mycelium was transferred onto potato carrot agar (PCA) and incubated at 23°C with a period of 8 h light/16 h dark for 7 days. Conidia were normally solitary or two in a chain, ellipsoid or long ellipsoid, beakless, 10 to 23×30 to 60 µm in size (n=50). Based on morphology, the isolates were consistent with Stemphylium lycopersici (Yamamoto 1960). To confirm the identification, genomic DNA was extracted from both isolates and used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer rDNA region (ITS), glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and calmodulin (CAL) genes with primer pairs ITS5/ITS4, gpd1/gpd2, and CALDF1/CALDR2, respectively (Woudenberg et al. 2017). Sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers OP564983 and OP564984 (ITS), OP892529 and OP892530 (GAPDH), OP584970 and OP584971 (CAL). A neighbor-joining tree was constructed with Mega 7.0 based on the combined dataset with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The resulting phylogenetic tree showed that the strains from S. splendens clustered with S. lycopersici (CBS 122639 and CBS 124980) supported with 100% bootstrap values. The molecular analyses confirmed that the species causing leaf blight symptoms was S. lycopersici. To test pathogenicity, healthy leaves of S. splendens were surface sterilized and inoculated by mycelium blocks (6 mm in diameter) and spore suspension (1×106 spore/mL) of representative strains YZU 191468 and YZU 191481, respectively. Controls were inoculated with blocks of PDA and sterile water. Each strain was inoculated on three leaves of a plant. One clean plant was used as control. The test was replicated three times. After inoculation, the plants were covered with plastic bags and incubated in a greenhouse (25℃, 80 % relative humidity, 8 h light/16 h dark). After 5 days, the inoculated leaves exhibited dark brown spots with white mycelium, followed by withering of necrotic tissues. There were no symptoms observed on the controls. The fungal isolates inoculated leaves had the same morphological characteristics as the strains used for inoculation. S. lycopersici has been found on eggplant and Zinnia elegans in China (He et al. 2019; Yang et al. 2017). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of S. lycopersici causing leaf blight on S. splendens in China. This finding offers a new reference for the management and control of S. splendens leaf diseases in China.

Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine alleviates DSS-induced colitis in BALB/c mice.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common inflammatory bowel disease, whose incidence is on the rise worldwide. The drugs commonly used for UC are often associated with a number of side effects. Therefore, the development of effective, food-borne substances for UC is in line with the current needs. Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC) is one of the abundant lipids in egg yolk and possesses various biological activities. However, its protective effect against UC has not been clarified. In this study, the anti-UC activity of EYPC was investigated using a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model of BALB/c mice. The results showed that EYPC supplementation inhibited DSS-induced colon shortening, the spleen index and disease activity index increase and intestinal structural damage. EYPC could down-regulate the levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and MPO in the colon and restore the number of goblet cells and the level of tight junction (TJ) proteins. Besides, EYPC modulated the composition of the gut microbiota, lowered the relative abundance of the pathogenic bacterium Parabacteroides and upregulated the abundance of the beneficial bacteria Alistipes and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. These results evidenced that EYPC could attenuate DSS-induced colitis in mice and had the potential to prevent and treat UC.

Isolation and Characterization of the Zearalenone-Degrading Strain, Bacillus spizizenii B73, Inspired by Esterase Activity.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a widespread mycotoxin found in grain and feed, presenting a serious threat to animal and human health. This study investigated the ability of the novel strain B73, isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil, to detoxify ZEN. B73 was identified as Bacillus spizizenii through physiological and biochemical tests, and further confirmed based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and the complete genome sequence. B. spizizenii B73 was capable of degrading up to 99.3% of ZEN at a concentration of 10 µg/mL in a minimal medium (pH = 7.0) within 8 h at 37 °C via HPLC-UV. In addition, B. spizizenii B73 was used to treat ZEN-contaminated wheat bran, dried distillers grains (DDGS), and corn meal, whereby the respective degradation rates reached 96.32%, 98.73%, and 80.31% after 36 h of treatment. HPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS analysis revealed one of the degradation products to have the formula C17H24O4. B. spizizenii B73 is a novel strain isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil, and the extracellular enzymes secreted by this strain show a remarkable ability to degrade ZEN.

Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Type, Gut Microbiome, and Host Immunity in Predicting Early and Advanced Stage Colorectal Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndrome type, gut microbiome distribution, and host immunity function in predicting the early and advanced clinical stages of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: A cross-sectional case-control study was performed which included 48 early stage and 48 advanced patients with CRC enrolled from March 2018 to December 2020. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to analyze the gut microbiomes of the patients, while T and B lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood were assessed using flow cytometry. TCM syndrome type was measured using the spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS) scale. RESULTS: The abundance levels of Prevotella, Escherichia-Shigella, and Faecalibacterium in the gut microbiota were significantly increased in the advanced group, while Bacteroides was significantly decreased. Phascolarctobacterium was detectable only in the early metaphase group, whereas Alistipes was detectable only in the advanced group. The lymphocyte (P = .006), T helper cell (TH) (P = .002), cytotoxic T cell (TC) (P = .003), double positive T cell (DPT) (P = .02), and total T counts (P = .001) were significantly higher in the early metaphase group than in the advanced metaphase group. Compared with patients with early stage CRC, the advanced group had a higher SDS score. After adjusting for clinical stage, Spearman's correlation analysis showed interactions among gut microbiome abundance, T cell level, and SDS score. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that after controlling for the SDS score, abundance of Alistipes and Faecalibacterium, and double negative T cell (DNT) level, DPT was significantly associated with a lower risk of advanced-stage disease (hazard ratio, 0.918; P = .022). CONCLUSION: Our study suggested associations between clinical stage, SDS, gut microbiota, and T lymphocytes, which provided insights for a potential prediction model for the disease progression of CRC.

[Network Meta-analysis of traditional Chinese medicine injections against anthracycline-induced cardiac injury].

This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) injections on anthracycline-induced cardiac injury. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase, CNKI, and other databases were electronically retrieved to gather randomized controlled trials(RCTs) of TCM injections against anthracycline-induced cardiac injury from their inception to September 2021. After two research fellows independently screened the literature and extracted the data, the risk of bias of included RCTs was assessed and network Meta-analysis was performed by R 4.1.0 and Stata 15.1. A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving eight TCM injections. Network Meta-analysis showed that:(1)the combination of anthracyclines with Huachansu Injection might be the optimal treatment to reduce the abnormal electrocardiogram.(2)The combination with Shenfu Injection might be the optimum treatment to ameliorate the left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) decrease.(3)The combination with Shenqi Fuzheng Injection might reduce the incidence of cardiotoxicity most satisfactorily.(4)The combination with Xinmailong Injection might improve the elevated cardiac troponin I(cTnI) optimally.(5)The combination with Shenmai Injection might be optimal to control the rise of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme(CK-MB).(6)The combination with Kushen Injection might be the regimen with the lowest gastrointestinal reactions. TCM injections had desirable effect on anthracycline-induced cardiac injury, with low incidence of adverse reactions, and each TCM injection had its own unique advantages. Due to the limitations in quality and methodological conduct of the included studies, more high-level RCTs are needed to validate the conclusions.

Toxic Nephropathy Secondary to Chronic Mercury Poisoning: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes.

Introduction: Kidney disease secondary to mercury poisoning has not been well documented and is often misdiagnosed and mistreated. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with having mercury poisoning over a 6-year period between July 2013 and June 2019. Demographics, clinical measures, renal pathologic examinations, treatments, and outcomes were compared between patients with kidney disease and those without kidney disease. Results: Of the 172 patients with mercury poisoning, 46 (26.74%) had renal damage. Among the 46 patients, 41 (89.13%) presented nephrotic syndrome, and 5 (10.87%) showed proteinuria alone. The pathologic abnormality associated with kidney disease caused by mercury poisoning was mainly membranous nephropathy (18 of 35 patients, 51.43%). Among 41 patients with nephrotic syndrome, 25 were treated with chelation therapy alone and 12 with mercury chelation therapy and glucocorticoids. The remaining 4 patients were treated with chelation therapy, glucocorticoids, and immunosuppressive therapies. The overall effective rate was 97.5% (40 patients). There was no significant difference in complete remission rate among the 3 treatment methods (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The main clinical manifestation of kidney disease secondary to chronic mercury poisoning was nephrotic syndrome, which was reflected in pathologic examinations as membranous nephropathy. Kidney disease to chronic mercury poisoning is prone to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. Chelation therapy is the main treatment, and the prognosis is good. Patients with severe condition can be supplemented with glucocorticoid.

Peptide supplementation relieves stress and enhances glycolytic flux in filamentous fungi during organic acid bioproduction.

Filamentous fungi occupy a uniquely favorable position in the bioproduction of organic acids. Intracellular stress is the main stimulator in filamentous fungi to produce and accumulate organic acids with high flux. However, stress can affect the physiological activities of filamentous fungi, thereby deteriorating their fermentation performance. Herein, we report that peptide supplementation during Rhizopus oryzae fermentation significantly improved fumaric acid production. Specifically, fumaric acid productivity was elevated by approximately 100%, fermentation duration was shortened from 72 to 36 h, while maintaining the final titer. Furthermore, transcriptome profile analysis and biochemical assays indicated that the overall capabilities of the stress defense systems (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) were significantly improved in R. oryzae. Consequently, glycolytic metabolism was distinctly enhanced, which eventually resulted in improved fumaric acid production and reduced fermentation duration. We expect our findings and efforts to provide essential insights into the optimization of the fermentation performance of filamentous fungi in industrial biotechnology and fermentation engineering.

Network Pharmacology and Absolute Bacterial Quantification-Combined Approach to Explore the Mechanism of Tianqi Pingchan Granule Against 6-OHDA-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rats.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Tianqi Pingchan Granule (TPG) is a clinically effective formula of traditional Chinese medicine to treat PD. However, the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanisms of TPG in PD remain unclear. Based on network pharmacology, the corresponding targets of TPG were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database and Analysis Platform Database. Differentially expressed genes in PD were obtained from the Therapeutic Target Database, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, GeneCards, and DrugBank databases. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of intersected targets were constructed using the STRING database and visualized using Cytoscape. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed, and the pathways directly related to the pathogenesis of PD were integrated manually. Furthermore, in vivo studies were carried out based on network pharmacology. The gut microbiota, peripheral inflammatory cytokines, and glia-mediated neuroinflammation in substantia nigra were evaluated. A total of 99 target genes were intersected between targets of TPG and deferentially expressed genes in PD. The PPI network analysis indicated the proinflammatory cytokine as essential targets. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that inflammatory response and its related signaling pathways were closely associated with TPG-mediated PD treatment. In vivo studies revealed that class Negativicutes and order Selenomonadales decreased, whereas class Mollicutes, order Enterobacteriales, and Mycoplasmatales increased in fecal samples of PD rats via 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Furthermore, the function prediction methods purposely revealed that TPG therapy may be involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, which have anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, in vivo studies revealed that TPG exposure was found to not only attenuate the production of peripheral inflammatory cytokines but also inhibit the activation of microglia and astrocytes in substantia nigra of PD rats. Through network pharmacology and in vivo experiment-combined approach, the mechanisms of TPG in the treatment of PD were revealed, and the role of TPG in the regulation of gut microbiota and inflammatory response was confirmed.

Study on the mechanism of Danshen-Guizhi drug pair in the treatment of ovarian cancer based on network pharmacology and in vitro experiment.

Our study aims to explore the active components and mechanisms of the Danshen-Guizhi drug pair in treating ovarian cancer by network pharmacology and in vitro experiment. The "component-target-pathway" diagram of the Danshen-Guizhi drug pair was established by network pharmacology, and the effective active components, important targets as well as potential mechanisms of the Danshen-Guizhi drug pair were analyzed. The predicted results were verified by molecular docking and in vitro experiments. The main active components of the Danshen-Guizhi drug pair in the treatment of ovarian cancer are salviolone, luteolin, ß-sitosterol and tanshinone IIA. The main core target is PTGS2. The pathways involved mainly include the cancer pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and IL-17 signaling pathway. The molecular docking results showed that salviolone and tanshinone IIA had good binding ability to the target. The expression of PTGS2 mRNA and PGE2 in ovarian cells were significantly inhibited by salviolone. The mechanism of the Danshen-Guizhi drug pair in the treatment of ovarian cancer may be regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis and tumor immunity. This provides a theoretical basis for the clinical development and application of the Danshen-Guizhi drug pair.

Cell cycle arrest is an important mechanism of action of compound Kushen injection in the prevention of colorectal cancer.

Compound Kushen injection (CKI) is the most widely used traditional Chinese medicine preparation for the comprehensive treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) in China, but its underlying molecular mechanisms of action are still unclear. The present study employed a network pharmacology approach, in which we constructed a "bioactive compound-target-pathway" network. Experimental RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis was performed to identify a key "bioactive compound-target-pathway" network for subsequent experimental validation. Cell cycle, proliferation, autophagy, and apoptosis assays and a model of azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in mice were employed to detect the biological effect of CKI on CRC. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were performed to verify the selected targets and pathways. We constructed a predicted network that included 82 bioactive compounds, 34 targets, and 33 pathways and further screened an anti-CRC CKI "biological compound (hesperetin 7-O-rutinoside, genistein 7-O-rutinoside, and trifolirhizin)-target (p53 and checkpoint kinase 1 [CHEK1])" network that targeted the "cell cycle pathway". Validation experiments showed that CKI effectively induced the cell-cycle arrest of CRC cells in vitro and suppressed the development of CRC in vivo by downregulating the expression of p53 and CHEK1. Our findings confirmed that inducing cell-cycle arrest by CKI is an important mechanism of its anti-CRC action, which provides a direct and scientific experimental basis for the clinical application of CKI.

Effect of the labour roadmap on anxiety, labour pain, sense of control, and gestational outcomes in primiparas.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The pain and uncertainty of the labour process can lead to anxiety. Birth ball exercises are one of the pain relief methods for the labour process. This study aimed to explore the outcomes of the use of the labour roadmap with birth balls in primiparas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized controlled trial involved Chinese women between the gestational ages of 37-42 weeks who were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. The outcomes of labour pain, anxiety, and self-control were collected using the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, visual analogue scale-anxiety, and Labor Agentry Scale, respectively. RESULTS: The study found improvements in anxiety, pain, and self-control (P < 0.05), as well as the duration of the first stage of labour (P < 0.05) in the intervention group, but there were no significant differences in the duration of the second and third stages of labour, volume of bleeding, or the 1-min Apgar score between the two groups (P = 0.09, 0.07, 0.06, 0.63, respectively). CONCLUSION: The labour roadmap was effective for improving self-control, reducing pain and anxiety during labour, and accelerating the first stage of labour.

[Effect of Huangqin Decoction on pyroptosis pathway of NLRP3/caspase-1 in mice with ulcerative colitis].

To explore the effect of Huangqin Decoction on ulcerative colitis(UC) pyroptosis, and to explain the mechanism of pyroptosis based on NOD-like receptor thermoprotein domain 3(NLRP3)/cysteine proteinase 1(caspase-1) pathway. The animal model of UC induced with 3% dextran sodium sulfate(DSS) was established. The experimental animals were divided into control group, model group, low-dose(4.55 g·kg~(-1)), medium-dose(9.1 g·kg~(-1)) and high-dose(18.2 g·kg~(-1)) Huangqin Decoction groups and salazosulfapyridine group(0.45 g·kg~(-1)). While modeling, intragastric administration was given for 7 consecutive days. On the 8 th day, the mice were euthanized, the colon length was collected, and the histopathological changes were observed by HE staining. The content of interleukin-18(IL-18) was observed by ELISA. The content of lactatedehydrogenase(LDH)was determined by microplate method. TUNEL assay kit was used to detect the cell death. The immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expressions of NLRP3 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD(ASC). Western blot was used to detect the expressions of interleukin-1ß(IL-1ß), caspase-1 and gasdermin D(GSDMD).The experimental study showed that compared with normal group, the LDH content, TUNEL positive staining, inflammatory factors(IL-18, IL-1ß), and proteins associated with pyroptosis were significantly increased(P<0.05). Compared with model control group, the LDH content, TUNEL positive staining, inflammatory factors(IL-18, IL-1ß), and proteins associated with pyroptosis were decreased, and these results were more significant in high-dose groups(P<0.05). The results of HE staining showed that Huangqin Decoction could improve the pathological changes of colon. Huangqin Decoction could inhibit UC cell pyroptosis, and the mechanism may be closely related to NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway.

Egg yolk oils exert anti-inflammatory effect via regulating Nrf2/NF-κB pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Egg yolk oils (EYO) is a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson, which has been used to treat inflammatory related diseases such as cheilitis, ulceration and acute anal fissure. However, the detailed anti-inflammatory mechanism of EYO is still unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY: The anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of EYO were investigated in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced Caco-2 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: EYO was obtained by direct-heat extraction (HE), ethanol extraction (EE) and petroleum ether extraction (PE), respectively. Fatty acid compositions of three EYO were measured by gas chromatography (GC). Cell viability, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), transcriptome, RT-PCR and Western blotting were also performed. RESULTS: Fatty acid compositions of three EYO were different with varied extraction methods. EYO significantly reduced interleukin (IL)-8 secretion. EYO exerted anti-inflammatory effect via coordinating regulation of Nrf2/NF-κB pathways based on the results of transcriptome, Q-PCR and Western blotting. In detail, PE and HE inhibited the NF-κB pathway, whereas EE exerted anti-inflammatory activity via the Nrf2/NF-κB pathways. CONCLUSIONS: The aforementioned results showed the anti-inflammatory mechanism of EYO. These findings might be beneficial to clinical applications of EYO.

Controllable synthesis of iron-polyphenol colloidal nanoparticles with composition-dependent photothermal performance.

Iron-polyphenol nanoparticles are usually prepared with nontoxic plant polyphenols as a main building block, which are an emerging photothermal agent for photothermal therapy. However, till now, few works have been made on the controllable synthesis of iron-polyphenol nanoparticles with tunable composition, as well as investigation of the relationship between material composition and photothermal property. In the present study, iron-polyphenol colloidal nanoparticles with tunable diameter (21-303 nm) and ion content (9.2-97.6 mg/g), as well as high colloidal stability are successfully synthesized using different polyphenols (such as tannic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, gallic acid, epicatechin and proanthocyanidin) as a ligand. In addition, photothermal performance is highly dependent on the organic ligand, iron content and particle size. Higher iron content and smaller diameter can contribute to higher photothermal performance. The iron-polyphenol nanoparticles with the optimal iron content and particle size are selected as a photothermal agent. They can effectively inhibit the tumour growth in vivo. The current work demonstrates a general synthesis strategy for iron-polyphenol colloidal nanoparticles with tailorable composition and clarifies the relationship between material composition and photothermal performance. Moreover, it is conductive to the rational design of polyphenol-based photothermal agents for theranostic applications.

The "Traditional Chinese medicine regulating liver regeneration" treatment plan for reducing mortality of patients with hepatitis B-related liver failure based on real-world clinical data.

On the basis of real-world clinical data, the study aimed to explore the effect and mechanisms of the treatment plan of "traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) regulating liver regeneration." A total of 457 patients with HBV-related liver failure were retrospectively collected. The patients were divided into three groups: the modern medicine control group (MMC group), patients treated with routine medical treatment; the control group combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine (CTW), patients treated with routine medical treatment plus the common TCM formula; and the treatment group of "TCM regulating liver regeneration" (RLR), patients treated with both routine medical treatment and the special TCM formula of RLR. After 8 weeks of treatment, the mortality of patients in the RLR group (12.31%) was significantly lower than those in the MMC (50%) and CTW (29.11%) groups. Total bilirubin level significantly decreased and albumin increased in the RLR group when compared with the MMC and CTW groups (P < 0.05). In addition, there were significant differences in the expression of several cytokines related to liver regeneration in the RLR group compared with the MMC group. RLR treatment can decrease jaundice, improve liver function, and significantly reduce the mortality in patients with HBV-related liver failure. The mechanism may be related to the role of RLR treatment in influencing cytokines related to liver regeneration.

[Application of mind mapping model in the teaching of molecular biology].

Molecular biology is a biology course containing multiple core concepts and complex biological processes, which are organized in a strong logic. In order to help the medical students in college of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) understand the content of this professional foundation course, we integrated the mind mapping model into the three sessions of teaching this course. First, putting forward teaching questions through a "nine grids analysis" model before the class teaching; second, transforming class teaching through a "six thinking hats" model; third, reviewing teaching content through a "pyramid principle" model, which helps students develop closed-loop thinking skills. The students' understandings to the course content were enhanced by connecting, merging and diverging the relevant knowledge through thinking visualization. According to the questionnaire, 91% of the students believe that the application of mind mapping model is an effective teaching method, which improves the teaching efficiency and effect. Furthermore, 76% of the students deem this method helps them improve their thinking ability and they also try to apply this method to the study process of other courses. Therefore, the application of mind mapping model in teaching plays an important role in fostering students' high-order thinking skills and provides a new approach for college curriculum teaching.

[Bioinformatics analysis and systematic review of key genes and therapeutic traditional Chinese medicine of ulcerative colitis active stage].

Data GSE75214 and GSE48959 that contained ulcerative colitis(UC) in the active stage was download from GEO database. Differential genes of UC in the active phase were obtained by using adjusted P<0.05 and |log_2 FC|≥1.5, which was the screening criteria. PPI analysis was performed in the STRING database, and GO and KEGG pathway analysis was performed in DAVID database. Cytoscape was used to visualize differential genes, and calculate key genes in the active phase. Coremine Medical was used to analyze and systematically evaluate traditional Chinese medicines for treating key genes. Finally, 139 differentially expressed genes in the active phase were screened out, which included the 109 up-regulated genes and 30 down-regulated genes. DAVID analyzed that the biology and pathways of these differential genes were mainly concentrated in inflammatory response, immune response, chemokine activity, TNF pathway, NF-κB pathway, and Toll-like receptor pathway. Cytoscape software calculated that IL-6, CXCL8, IL-1ß, MMP9, CXCL1, ICAM1, CXCL10, TIMP1, PTGS2 and CXCL9 were the key genes of UC in the active phase. According to Coremine Medical analysis, traditional Chinese medicines for UC in the active stage included Curcumae Longae Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix, Curcumae Radix had clearing heat clearing damp, reducing fire and detoxifying effects, which was in line with the pathogenesis of UC active stage, and was often used in clinical treatment of dampness-heat diarrhea. Therefore, Huangqin Decoction, which Scutellariae Radix was the principal drug, was selected for systematic evaluation. The evaluation showed that Scutellariae Radix was superior to Western medicine in terms of improving clinical efficiency, reducing inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin levels, with statistically significant differences and fewer adverse reactions. This study provided a new idea for further research on the pathogenesis of UC in the active phase by analyzing the genes and their mechanism of action, and the systematic evaluation of Chinese medicine for the treatment of UC active stage provided a basis for the clinical prevention and treatment of UC by Chinese medicine.

Arnebiae Radix prevents atrial fibrillation in rats by ameliorating atrial remodeling and cardiac function.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Arnebiae Radix, a common herbal medicine in China, is often utilized to treat blood-heat syndrome and has been reported to exert an effect on the heart. AIM OF THE STUDY: The combination of acetylcholine (Ach) and CaCl2 has been widely used to induce atrial fibrillation (AF) in animals. However, whether Arnebiae Radix displays any preventive action on Ach-CaCl2 induced AF in rats remains uncertain. In our study, we attempted to investigate the protective effects of Arnebiae Radix on Ach-CaCl2 induced AF compared to amiodarone, which was employed as the positive control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To establish the AF model, SD rats were treated with a mixture of 0.1 mL/100 g Ach-CaCl2 (60 µg/mL Ach and 10 mg/mL CaCl2) by tail vein injection for 7 days. Rats were also given a gavage of Arnebiae Radix (0.18 g/mL) one week before or concurrently with the establishment of the AF model. At the end of the experimental period, the induction, duration and timing of AF were monitored using electrocardiogram recordings. Left atrial tissues were stained to observe the level of fibrosis. Electrophysiological measurements were used to examine atrial size and function. RESULTS: In Ach-CaCl2-induced AF rats, Arnebiae Radix decreased AF induction, duration and susceptibility to AF. In addition, Arnebiae Radix significantly reduced atrial fibrosis and inhibited atrial enlargement induced by Ach-CaCl2. Moreover, there was an apparent improvement in cardiac function in the Arnebiae Radix-treated group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that Arnebiae Radix treatment can attenuate Ach-CaCl2-induced atrial injury and serve as an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AF in the future.

Effects of dietary replacement of fish oil by vegetable oil on proximate composition and odor profile of hepatopancreas and gonad of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis).

Five different diets with different ratio of fish oil to vegetable oil were prepared. The biological index and proximate composition of Eriocheir sinensis fed with different diets were compared, and then sensory analysis, electronic nose (E-nose) and headspace-solid phase micro-extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (HS-SPME-GC-MS) analysis were applied to determine the odor profile of E. sinensis. The results showed that partial replacement (50%-75%) of fish oil by vegetable oil (FO/VO) was beneficial to the weight increment, nutrition accumulation, and odor-active compounds (OACs) formation of E. sinensis. A total of 7 and 11 OACs were detected in the hepatopancreas and gonad, respectively, these OACs contributed greatly to the overall odor profiles of E. sinensis when the dietary replacement levels were at 50% and 75%, respectively. The results could provide the guide for dietary fish oil replacement as well as improving the odor quality of E. sinensis. Practical application The objective of this research is to compare the effects of dietary replacement of fish oil by vegetable oil on proximate composition and odor profiles of E.sinensis. The results obtained from this study would not only chose an optimal dietary replacement level and serve as a useful database for the odor of female and crabs, but also provide some guide for the improvement of Chinese mitten crab aquaculture.

Isolation and identification of peptides from simulated gastrointestinal digestion of preserved egg white and their anti-inflammatory activity in TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cells.

Simulated gastrointestinal digestion of preserved egg white (SGD-PEW) exerts anti-inflammatory effects on Caco-2 cells and a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis. Here, we aimed to separate peptides derived from SGD-PEW and evaluate their anti-inflammatory effects using an in vitro inflammatory model. Six peptides were isolated and identified. DEDTQAMPFR (DR-10), DEDTQAMPF (DF-9), MLGATSL (ML-7) and MSYSAGF (MF-7) significantly inhibited IL-8 secretion and markedly decreased gene expression, including TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1ß and IL-12 and promoted IL-10 gene expression in Caco-2 cells. DR-10, DF-9, ML-7 and MF-7 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK. In the meantime, DR-10 and DF-9 significantly reduced the phosphorylation of IκB and p38. These results indicated that ML-7 and MF-7 exerted their anti-inflammatory activity through the MAPK signaling pathway in TNF-α-induced Caco-2 cells. Whereas, DR-10 and DF-9 inhibited the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The results suggested that DR-10, DF-9, ML-7 and MF-7 derived from SGD-PEW may be a new type of prophylactic food for the treatment of inflammation.