RESUMO
Diets impact host health in multiple ways and an unbalanced diet could contribute to the initiation or progression of a variety of diseases. Although a wealth of information exists on the connections between diet and chronic metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, etc., how diet influences enteric infectious disease still remain underexplored. The review summarizes the current findings on the link between various dietary components and diverse enteric infectious diseases. Dietary ingredients discussed include macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins), micronutrients (vitamins, minerals), and other dietary ingredients (phytonutrients and probiotic supplements). We first describe the importance of enteric infectious diseases and the direct and indirect relationship between diet and enteric infectious diseases. Then we discuss the effects of different dietary components on the susceptibility to or progression of enteric infectious disease. Finally, we delineate current knowledge gap and highlighted future research directions. The literature review revealed that different dietary components affect host resistance to enteric infections through a variety of mechanisms. Dietary components may directly inhibit or bind to enteric pathogens, or indirectly influence enteric infections through modulating immune function and gut microbiota. Elucidating the unique repercussions of different diets on enteric infections in this review may help provide dietary guidelines or design dietary interventions to prevent or alleviate enteric infectious diseases.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Dieta , Humanos , Micronutrientes , NutrientesRESUMO
Patulin (PAT) is a kind of mycotoxins that commonly found in decayed fruits and their products. Our previous studies have shown that PAT induced cell apoptosis and the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. The present study aimed to further investigate the functional role of NADPH oxidase, one of the main cellular sources of ROS, in PAT-induced apoptosis and oxidative damage in HEK293 cells. We demonstrated that the protein and mRNA expression levels of NADPH oxidase catalytic subunit NOX2 and regulatory subunit p47phox were up-regulated under PAT stress. Inhibiting of NADPH oxidase with the specific antagonist diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) suppressed cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by PAT as evidenced by the increase of cell viability, the decrease of LDH release and the inhibition of caspase activities. Furthermore, DPI re-established mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and enhanced cellular ATP content. Importantly, DPI supplementation elevated endogenous GSH contents as well as the ratio of GSH/GSSG. Meanwhile, the antioxidant-enzyme activities of GPx, GR, CAT and SOD were significantly promoted. Collectively, our results suggested that NADPH oxidase played a critical role in PAT-induced nephrotoxicity, and inhibition of NADPH oxidase by DPI attenuated cell injury and apoptosis via regulation of oxidative damage.
Assuntos
Compostos de Bifenilo/farmacologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Oniocompostos/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Patulina/toxicidade , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Caspases/genética , Caspases/metabolismo , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Lactato Desidrogenases/genética , Lactato Desidrogenases/metabolismo , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mutagênicos/toxicidade , NADPH Oxidases/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
Punicalagin, one of the main active compounds in pomegranate peel, has been reported to possess many properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and immunosuppressive activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of punicalagin against Staphylococcus aureus and possible mode of action. Growth inhibition activity was examined by the agar diffusion method. Then agar dilution method was adopted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The effects of punicalagin on cell membrane were assessed by measuring potassium efflux. Morphological changes of S. aureus were assessed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Crystal violet assay was applied to investigate antibiofilm activity of punicalagin. Punicalagin exhibited good antistaphylococcal effect with an MIC of 0.25 mg/mL. An increase of potassium efflux was observed when cells were treated with punicalagin at 2 × MIC. Punicalagin induced morphological damages to the cell membrane. Moreover, punicalagin exerted a remarkable inhibitory effect on biofilm formation of S. aureus. These findings suggest that punicalagin has antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against S. aureus and may have potential application to control S. aureus contamination in food industry.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Lythraceae/química , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen transmitted by food that affects mainly newborns, infants, and immune-compromised adults. In this study, the antibacterial activity of ferulic acid was tested against C. sakazakii strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration of ferulic acid against C. sakazakii strains was determined using the agar dilution method. Changes in intracellular pH, membrane potential and intracellular ATP concentration were measured to elucidate the possible antibacterial mechanism. Moreover, SYTO 9 nucleic acid staining was used to assess the effect of ferulic acid on bacterial membrane integrity. Cell morphology changes were observed under a field emission scanning electron microscope. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of ferulic acid against C. sakazakii strains ranged from 2.5 to 5.0 mg/mL. Addition of ferulic acid exerted an immediate and sustained inhibition of C. sakazakii proliferation. Ferulic acid affected the membrane integrity of C. sakazakii, as evidenced by intracellular ATP concentration decrease. Moreover, reduction of intracellular pH and cell membrane hyperpolarization were detected in C. sakazakii after exposure to ferulic acid. Reduction of green fluorescence indicated the injury of cell membrane. Electronic microscopy confirmed that cell membrane of C. sakazakii was damaged by ferulic acid. Our results demonstrate that ferulic acid has moderate antimicrobial activity against C. sakazakii. It exerts its antimicrobial action partly through causing cell membrane dysfunction and changes in cellular morphology. Considering its antimicrobial properties, together with its well-known nutritional functions, ferulic acid has potential to be developed as a supplement in infant formula or other foods to control C. sakazakii.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Ácidos Cumáricos/metabolismo , Cronobacter sakazakii/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Conservantes de Alimentos/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/ultraestrutura , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , China , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Ácidos Cumáricos/farmacologia , Cronobacter sakazakii/efeitos dos fármacos , Cronobacter sakazakii/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cronobacter sakazakii/ultraestrutura , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacologia , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lactente , Alimentos Infantis/microbiologia , Fórmulas Infantis/microbiologia , Líquido Intracelular/efeitos dos fármacos , Líquido Intracelular/metabolismo , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Viabilidade Microbiana/efeitos dos fármacos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Pomegranate rind has been found to inhibit numerous pathogens, mostly attributed to its tannin fraction. The present study was conducted to investigate the quorum sensing (QS) inhibition effect of tannin-rich fraction from pomegranate rind (TFPR) by using an indicator strain Chromobacterium violaceum. Meanwhile, its effect on biofilm formation and motility of Escherichia coli was evaluated. It was shown that TFPR inhibited QS-regulated violacein pigment production. Biofilm formation and motility of E. coli were also hindered by TFPR. Transcriptional analysis further showed that TFPR repressed expressions of curli genes (csgB and csgD) and various motility genes (fimA, fimH, flhD, motB, qseB, and qseC). Our findings indicated that TFPR has potential application for controlling E. coli contaminations or biofilms in the food industry.
Assuntos
Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Chromobacterium/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Lythraceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Percepção de Quorum/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Chromobacterium/fisiologia , Escherichia coli/fisiologia , Contaminação de Alimentos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/microbiologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Taninos/química , Taninos/isolamento & purificação , Taninos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Punicalagin, a major bioactive component of pomegranate peel, has been proven to have antioxidant, antiviral, anti-apoptosis, and hepatoprotective properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-infective activity of punicalagin in a mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were initially challenged with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and then treated with punicalagin. Food and water consumption and body weight were recorded daily. On day 8 post infection, the mice were sacrificed to examine pathogen counts in tissues, hematological parameters, cytokine levels, and histological changes. Compared to mice only infected with S. typhimurium, punicalagin-treated mice had more food consumption and less weight loss. A higher survival rate and lower counts of viable S. typhimurium in feces, liver, spleen, and kidney were found in the punicalagin-treated mice. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay showed that the levels of IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ in serum and the spleen and TNF-α in serum, the spleen and the liver were reduced by punicalagin. Moreover, more neutrophils and higher neutrophil-to-mononuclear cell ratios in the punicalagin-treated mice were observed. Histological examination showed that punicalagin protected cells in the liver and spleen from hemorrhagic necrosis. It is concluded that punicalagin has a beneficial effect against S. typhimurium infection in mice. The anti-infective properties, together with other nutritionally beneficial effects, make punicalagin a promising supplement in human food or animal feeds to prevent disease associated with S. typhimurium.
Assuntos
Taninos Hidrolisáveis/administração & dosagem , Lythraceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Infecções por Salmonella/tratamento farmacológico , Salmonella typhimurium/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Humanos , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Infecções por Salmonella/genética , Infecções por Salmonella/metabolismo , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella typhimurium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Pomegranate rind is rich in tannins that have remarkable antimicrobial activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a tannin-rich fraction from pomegranate rind (TFPR) on Listeria monocytogenes virulence gene expression and on the pathogen's interaction with human epithelial cells. Growth curves were monitored to determine the effect of TFPR on L. monocytogenes growth. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and fluorescence staining assays were used to examine the cytotoxicity of TFPR. The effects of TFPR on L. monocytogenes adhesion to and invasion of epithelial cells were investigated using Caco-2 cells. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis was conducted to quantify mRNA levels of three virulence genes in L. monocytogenes. Results showed that a MIC of TFPR against L. monocytogenes was 5 mg/ml in this study. TFPR exhibited cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cells when the concentration was 2.5 mg/ml. Subinhibitory concentrations of TFPR significantly reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, adhesion to and invasion of Caco-2 cells by L. monocytogenes. When L. monocytogenes was grown in the presence of 2.5 mg/ml TFPR, the transcriptional levels of prfA, inlA, and hly decreased by 17-, 34-, and 28-fold, respectively.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Listeria monocytogenes/efeitos dos fármacos , Listeria monocytogenes/patogenicidade , Lythraceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Taninos/farmacologia , Aderência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Células CACO-2 , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/genética , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , Humanos , Fatores de Terminação de Peptídeos/genética , Epiderme Vegetal/química , RNA Mensageiro/análise , Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
Pomegranate rind has been reported to inhibit several foodborne pathogens, and its antimicrobial activity has been attributed mainly to its tannin fraction. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the tannin-rich fraction from pomegranate rind (TFPR) against Listeria monocytogenes and its mechanism of action. The tannin-related components of TFPR were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TFPR was determined using the agar dilution method. Extracellular potassium concentration, the release of cell constituents, intra- and extracellular ATP concentrations, membrane potential, and intracellular pH (pHin) were measured to elucidate a possible antibacterial mechanism. Punicalagin (64.2%, g/g) and ellagic acid (3.1%, g/g) were detected in TFPR, and the MICs of TFPR were determined to be 1.25-5.0 mg/mL for different L. monocytogenes strains. Treatment with TFPR induced a decrease of the intracellular ATP concentration, an increase of the extracellular concentrations of potassium and ATP, and the release of cell constituents. A reduction of pHin and cell membrane hyperpolarization were observed after treatment. Electron microscopic observations showed that the cell membrane structures of L. monocytogenes were apparently impaired by TFPR. It is concluded that TFPR could destroy the integrity of the cell membrane of L. monocytogenes, leading to a loss of cell homeostasis. These findings indicate that TFPR has the potential to be used as a food preservative in order to control L. monocytogenes contamination in food and reduce the risk of listeriosis.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Listeria monocytogenes/efeitos dos fármacos , Listeriose/prevenção & controle , Lythraceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Trifosfato de Adenosina/análise , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ácido Elágico/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Elágico/farmacologia , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Conservantes de Alimentos/química , Conservantes de Alimentos/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/microbiologia , Frutas/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/isolamento & purificação , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/farmacologia , Listeria monocytogenes/citologia , Listeriose/microbiologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Potássio/análise , Taninos/isolamento & purificação , Taninos/farmacologiaRESUMO
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of an anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice on hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats. Rats fed fructose diet for 4 weeks exhibited significantly higher plasma insulin levels and lower insulin sensitivity than the control rats fed AIN-93G diet. Dietary supplementation with the anthocyanin-rich extract (5 g/kg of high-fructose diet) prevented the development of fructose-induced insulin resistance. After fructose-induced insulin resistance had been established, 4-week treatment with the anthocyanin-rich extract (5 g/kg of high-fructose diet) or pioglitazone (270 mg/kg of high-fructose diet) ameliorated the glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia, but the extract failed to reverse the fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia as pioglitazone did. In addition, rats supplemented by the extract exhibited lower oxidative stress than the fructose-fed controls, as indicated by the lower concentrations of plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and blood oxidized glutathione. Overall, these results suggest that the anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice improves certain metabolic abnormalities associated with diets high in fructose.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/uso terapêutico , Hiperlipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapêutico , Resistência à Insulina , Oryza/química , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Glicemia/metabolismo , Frutose/efeitos adversos , Glutationa/sangue , Glutationa/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Masculino , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análise , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Black rice and its pigment fraction may have antiatherogenic activity, but the exact component contributing to the beneficial effect remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice on the vulnerability of advanced plaques in apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient mice. Using LC-MS, the anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice was identified as containing cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside. ApoE-deficient mice (n = 30; 30 wk old) were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group (fed the AIN-93G diet), the simvastin group [simva; fed the AIN-93G diet containing simvastatin, 50 mg/(kg.d)], or the anthocyanin-rich extract group [antho; fed the AIN-93G diet supplemented with anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice, 300 mg/(kg.d)]. After 20 wk of intervention, the plaque area that developed in the brachiocephalic artery of mice in the antho group was smaller than that of the control mice. Both the antho and simva groups had lower frequencies of the large necrotic core and thin fibrous cap in plaques than the control group. Collagen I was increased and matrix metalloproteinase-1 contents were reduced in the brachiocephalic lesion of both the antho and simva groups compared with the control group. Furthermore, mRNA levels of tissue factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase in aortae were decreased in the antho and simva groups. Supplementation of anthocyanin-rich extract improved the lipid profile by decreasing serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol. These results suggest that chronic diet intake of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice may enhance plaque stabilization in old apoE-deficient mice. The underlying mechanism is related mainly to inhibiting proinflammatory factors and improving the serum lipid profile.